American Aluminum Products, Inc. v. Pollard

EAGLES, Judge. I. Motion for New Trial Defendants first assign as error the trial court’s denial of their motion for a new trial pursuant to G.S. 1A-1, Rule 59. Initially, we note that judgment here was rendered in open court on 2 August 1988. At that time defendants gave oral notice of appeal. Defendants subsequently moved for a new trial on 9 August 1988 and the trial court denied the motion on 28 November 1988. — 545 — “For many years it has been recognized that as a general rule an appeal takes the case out of the jurisdiction of the trial court.” Wiggins v. Bunch, 280 N.C. 106, 108, 184 S.E.2d 879, 880 (1971). The rule in Wiggins is subject to two exceptions and one qualification: “The exceptions are that notwithstanding the pendency of an appeal the trial judge retains jurisdiction over the cause (1) during the session in which the judgment appealed from was rendered and (2) for the purpose of settling the case on appeal. The qualification to the general rule is that ‘the trial judge, after notice and on proper showing, may adjudge the appeal has been abandoned’ and thereby regain jurisdiction of the cause. [Citation omitted.]” Estrada v. Jaques, 70 N.C. App. 627, 637-8, 321 S.E.2d 240, 247 (1984), quoting Bowen v. Hodge Motor Co., 292 N.C. 633, 635-36, 234 S.E.2d 748, 749 (1977). Even where notices of appeal are filed on the same day as the motion for a new trial, the trial court is without jurisdiction to rule on the motion. Seafare Corp. v. Trenor Corp., 88 N.C. App. 404, 363 S.E.2d 643 (1988), writ of supersedeas denied and temporary stay denied, 321 N.C. 745, 366 S.E.2d 871 (1988), disc. rev. denied, 322 N.C. 113, 367 S.E.2d 917 (1988). Here defendants moved for a new trial after giving notice of appeal. None of the Bowen exceptions apply. Accordingly, the trial court was without jurisdiction to hear the motion for new trial and this assignment of error must fail. II. Interference With Contractual Relations Defendants next assign as error the trial court’s denial of a motion to dismiss and argue that there,was insufficient evidence as to interference with contractual relations. In order to hold a person liable for interference with contractual relations plaintiff must offer evidence tending to show: “(1) a valid contract existed between the plaintiff and a third person which confers upon the plaintiff a contractual right against a third person; (2) the defendant knows of the contract; (3) the defendant intentionally induces the third person not to perform the contract; (4) and in doing so acts without justification; (5) resulting in actual damage to plaintiff.” United Laboratories, Inc. v. Kuykendall, 322 N.C. 643, 661, 370 S.E.2d 375, 387 (1988); Childress v. Abeles, 240 N.C. 667, 84 S.E.2d 176 (1954). — 546 — Defendants contend that plaintiff has not produced evidence to prove elements (1) and (3). Defendants argue that no contractual rights accrued based on work orders submitted by salesmen after the salesmen had entered a verbal agreement with contractors. They contend that there was no “meeting of the minds” between plaintiff and the contractors and that even if oral contracts are shown, the contracts are not supported by consideration. We disagree. A valid contract can only exist when the parties “ ‘assent to the same thing in the same sense, and their minds meet as to all terms.’ ” Normile v. Miller and Segal v. Miller, 313 N.C. 98, 103, 326 S.E.2d 11, 15 (1985) (citation omitted). “This assent, or meeting of the minds, requires an offer and acceptance in the exact terms and that the acceptance must be communicated to the of-feror.” Id. “An offer may invite an acceptance to be made by merely an affirmative answer, or by performing or refraining from performing a specified act, or may contain a choice of terms from which the offeree is given the power to make a selection in his acceptance.” Durant v. Powell, 215 N.C. 628, 633, 2 S.E.2d 884, 887 (1939), quoting Rest, of Law of Contracts, American Law Inst., Volume 1, Sec. 29. At trial Mr. Queen, plaintiffs employee who supervised defendants, testified about the standard industry procedure for the sale of aluminum products. He testified that customarily the salesmen would approach contractors to discuss installation of aluminum products. If the contractor agreed, then the salesmen would make appropriate measurements and then quote a price. If that price met the contractor’s approval, the parties would then shake hands and the salesmen would return to the office and fill out a work order. Here the parties agreed not only to have the plaintiff complete the work but also agreed for the contractor to pay agreed upon costs for completion of the work. The trial judge properly found this sufficient to establish that a contract existed. Defendants further contend that even if a contract existed there was no consideration. “It has been held that ‘there is consideration if the promisee, in return for the promise, does anything legal which he is not bound to do, or refrains from doing anything which he has a right to do, whether there is any actual loss or detriment to him or actual benefit to the promisor or not.’ ” Penley v. Penley, 314 N.C. 1, 14, 332 S.E.2d 51, 59 (1985), quoting 17 — 547 — C.J.S. 426 and cases cited therein. Here, plaintiff and the contractors exchanged mutual promises. Plaintiff agreed to sell aluminum products and the contractors agreed to purchase those products. These mutual promises were sufficient consideration to support the existence of a contract. Next, defendants contend that plaintiff did not introduce sufficient evidence for the judge to find that defendants “ ‘intentionally induced’ third parties not to perform the alleged agreements with plaintiff.” Plaintiff’s evidence was that before defendants left its employment, plaintiff had contracts for work to be performed for several of the contractors and that defendants while working with Hobbs subsequently performed the work contracted for. As a result, plaintiff could not perform the work as agreed upon. “Under North Carolina law, a third party who induces one party to terminate or fails to renew a contract with another may be held liable for malicious interference with the party’s contractual rights if the third party acts without justification.” Fitzgerald v. Wolf, 40 N.C. App. 197, 199, 252 S.E.2d 523, 524 (1979). “A person is justified in inducing the termination of a contract of a third party if he does so for a reason reasonably related to a legitimate business interest.” Id. at 200, 252 S.E.2d at 524. Here, defendants had no legitimate business interests in those contracts. They left plaintiff’s employ and then approached plaintiff’s customers with whom they had previous dealings and urged the customers to abrogate their contracts with plaintiff and “get their gutters done by someone else if they so desired.” Where defendants had previously approached the contractors as representatives of plaintiff and then sought to undercut plaintiff’s business with the contractors by inducing the contractor to terminate the contract, defendants should be liable for the tort of malicious interference with contract. Finally, defendants contend that because they were not “outsiders,” they cannot be liable for interference with contractual relations. Defendants argue that Smith v. Ford Motor Co., 289 N.C. 71, 221 S.E.2d 282 (1976), requires that a person accused of tortious interference with contract be an outsider. Defendants argue that the term “outsider” “appears to connote one who was not a party to the terminated contract and who had no legitimate interest of his own in the subject matter thereof.” Id. at 87, 221 S.E.2d at 292. Defendants argue that at the time the contracts were formed they were not outsiders and had a legitimate interest in the subject — 548 — matter because their commissions from plaintiff were derived from the work orders. Recent cases hold that one need not be an outsider in order to be held liable for malicious interference with contract. See United Laboratories, Inc. v. Kuykendall, supra; Privette v. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 96 N.C. App. 124, 385 S.E.2d 185 (1989); Murphy v. McIntyre, 69 N.C. App. 323, 317 S.E.2d 397 (1984), citing Smith v. Ford Motor Company, 289 N.C. 71, 221 S.E.2d 282 (1976). Though defendants’ status as an outsider or nonoutsider is not determinative here, we note that defendants did not begin to interfere with plaintiffs contracts until after resigning from their employment with plaintiff. This assignment of error must also fail. III. Unfair and Deceptive Trade Practices Defendants next assign as error the trial court’s finding that defendants were liable under both G.S. 75-1.1 and for tortious interference with contracts. Defendants contend that in Marshall v. Miller, 47 N.C. App. 530, 268 S.E.2d 97 (1980), modified and aff’d, 302 N.C. 539, 276 S.E.2d 397 (1981), this court held that a plaintiff may recover damages for either breach of contract or for violation of G.S. 75-1.1 but not for both. While we note that defendants have correctly articulated the holding in Marshall, we find the holding inapplicable here because the facts are clearly distinguishable. In Marshall, defendants leased spaces in a trailer park to plaintiffs and failed to provide promised facilities, services and amenities. Defendants brought an action seeking to recover damages for “(1) breach of agreements under which defendants leased to the several plaintiffs spaces in the park for use as sites for their respective mobile homes, (2) breach of agreements under which defendants sold mobile homes to the several plaintiffs, and (3) violations of G.S. 75-1.1(a).” 47 N.C. App. at 531, 268 S.E.2d at 98-9. At the conclusion of the trial, the jury awarded damages for breach of the lease and then awarded damages for defendants’ failure to provide promised facilities, services and amenities, which were then trebled pursuant to G.S. 75-16. The breach of lease claim resulted from defendants’ failure to provide promised facilities, services and amenities and damages were assessed for both breach of lease and failure to provide promised facilities, services and amenities, which were then trebled pursuant to G.S. 75-16. — 549 — In reviewing this award, we stated that the net result was to give some of the plaintiffs quadruple damages. This result was inconsistent with the legislative intent. Accordingly, the Marshall court held that one could only recover damages for breach of contract or violation of G.S. 75-1.1 “[w]here the same course of conduct gives rise to traditionally recognized cause of action.” 47 N.C. App. at 542, 268 S.E.2d at 103. Here, the trial court did not allow damages for both tortious interference with contract and G.S. 75-1.1(a) violation. Instead the court calculated lost profits and then trebled that amount pursuant to G.S. 75-1.1 et seq. There was no double recovery allowed. Accordingly, this assignment of error must also fail. IV. Judicial Notice of Consent Order Defendants assign as error the trial court’s taking of judicial notice of a consent order dated 24 January 1986. Defendants entered a consent order providing for preliminary injunction restraining them from interfering with contracts entered into prior to 6 January 1986 between plaintiff and customers, from using materials to which they had access during their employment and from misleading or making false representations to contractors to divert business from plaintiff. Defendants argue in their brief that the “findings of fact and other proceedings upon a hearing to determine whether a temporary injunction should issue are not proper matters for the consideration of the court or jury in passing upon the issues at the final hearing and are, therefore, not binding upon them.” Defendants cite Huggins v. Board of Education, 272 N.C. 33, 157 S.E.2d 703 (1967). On the other hand, plaintiff argues that the facts found in a consent order constitute a judicial admission and that a consent order is a “formal concession which removes the admitted fact from the field of evidence by formally conceding its existence.” We disagree. Initially, we note that a “consent judgment is a contractual agreement and ‘[i]ts meaning is to be gathered from the terms used therein, and the judgment should not be extended beyond the clear import of such terms. . . .’” Price v. Horn, 30 N.C. App. 10, 16, 226 S.E.2d 165, 168-9 (1976), rev. denied, 290 N.C. 663, 228 S.E.2d 450 (1976), quoting 47 Am. Jur. 2d, Judgments, Section 1085, p. 142. — 550 — Here the manifest purpose of the 24 January 1986 consent order was to preserve the status quo of parties in view of motion for preliminary injunction. It was not entered into to dispose of any facts critical to disposition of the issues which were to be tried. The trial judge erred in taking judicial notice of the consent order. However, the error was harmless. The trial judge relied on the order in finding of fact number 20 where he found that “[b]y Defendants’ own admissions as set forth in the Order dated 24 January 1986, they received as compensation from Plaintiff draws against their commissions which were 10% of each Defendant’s sales.” This fact was alleged in plaintiff’s complaint and admitted in defendants’ answers. “The reception of incompetent evidence to prove an admitted fact is not cause for disturbing the result at trial.” Wiles v. Mullinax, 4 N.C. App. 73, 76, 165 S.E.2d 781, 783 (1969), modified by 275 N.C. 473, 168 S.E.2d 366 (1969). Accordingly, this assignment of error must fail. V. Overpayment of Commissions Finally, the defendants assign as error the denial of their motion to dismiss the claim based on the overpayment of commissions and argue that there was not sufficient evidence to support a finding on that issue. Defendants contend that trial court erred in finding them liable for the entire amount of commission overpayment since they introduced evidence that plaintiff had agreed “to take care of” them and defendants had performed other tasks justifying additional compensation. The law is clear that findings by the trial court will be upheld if there is some evidence to substantiate the finding. Worthington v. Worthington, 27 N.C. App. 340, 219 S.E.2d 260 (1975), disc. rev. denied, 289 N.C. 142, 220 S.E.2d 801 (1976); Wachovia Bank & Trust N.A. v. Bounous, 53 N.C. App. 700, 281 S.E.2d 712 (1981). Based upon the exhibits and testimony, the trial judge found that the basis of compensation was 10% commission. From the records submitted, the trial court then determined that defendants had been overpaid. There was evidence that each compensation check paid to defendants was annotated with the words: “advance on commission.” Further, neither social security taxes nor income taxes were withheld from the compensation checks, which fact plaintiff alleges is consistent with the conclusion that they were commission payments. Since there was evidence to support the trial court’s — 551 — findings, they will be sustained. Accordingly, this assignment of error must fail. For the foregoing reasons, the judgment is Affirmed. Judges Parker and Greene concur.