State v. Higadera

1 This memorandum opinion was not selected for publication in the New Mexico Reports. Please see 2 Rule 12-405 NMRA for restrictions on the citation of unpublished memorandum opinions. Please 3 also note that this electronic memorandum opinion may contain computer-generated errors or other 4 deviations from the official paper version filed by the Court of Appeals and does not include the 5 filing date. 6 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO 7 STATE OF NEW MEXICO, 8 Plaintiff-Appellee, 9 v. NO. 30,684 10 NOHEMI HIGADERA, 11 Defendant-Appellant. 12 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF DOÑA ANA COUNTY 13 Fernando R. Macias, District Judge 14 Gary K. King, Attorney General 15 Andrew S. Montgomery, Assistant Attorney General 16 Santa Fe, NM 17 for Appellee 18 HughW. Dangler, Chief Public Defender 19 Santa Fe, NM 20 for Appellant 21 MEMORANDUM OPINION 22 KENNEDY, Judge. 23 Defendant appeals from a judgment and sentence filed after she entered a plea 24 of no contest to residential burglary, reserving the right to challenge the denial of her 1 motion to suppress. We issued a calendar notice proposing to reverse, and the State 2 has responded with a memorandum in opposition. We reverse. 3 We will not overturn the trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress if it is 4 supported by substantial evidence. See State v. Galloway, 116 N.M. 8, 9 , 859 P.2d 5 476, 477 (Ct. App. 1993). In making this determination, we review the facts in the 6 light most favorable to the trial court’s ruling. Id. Nevertheless, we conduct a de 7 novo review on the ultimate issue concerning the reasonableness of an alleged 8 constitutional violation. State v. Flores, 1996-NMCA-059 , ¶ 6, 122 N.M. 84 , 920 9 P.2d 1038 . 10 Here, Defendant argued in her docketing statement that the motion should have 11 been granted on two independent grounds: the officer lacked probable cause to arrest 12 her, and there were no exigent circumstances to support the warrantless arrest. [DS 13 7] We issued a calendar notice that did not address the probable cause issue, because 14 we proposed to hold that the warrantless arrest was invalid under these circumstances 15 “[F]or a warrantless arrest to be reasonable the arresting officer must show that the 16 officer had probable cause to believe that the person arrested had committed or was 17 about to commit a felony and some exigency existed that precluded the officer from 18 securing a warrant.” Campos v. State, 117 N.M. 155, 159 , 870 P.2d 117, 121 (1994). 19 “Exigent circumstances means an emergency situation requiring swift action to [2] 1 prevent imminent danger to life or serious damage to property, or to forestall the 2 imminent escape of a suspect or destruction of evidence.” Id. at 158 , 870 P.2d at 120 3 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). We consider whether “on the basis 4 of the facts known to a prudent, cautious, trained officer, the officer could reasonably 5 conclude that swift action was necessary.” State v. Valdez, 111 N.M. 438, 441 , 806 6 P.2d 578, 581 (Ct. App. 1990) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). 7 In the present case, we will presume that the arresting officer had probable 8 cause to link Defendant to a residential burglary and a commercial burglary that had 9 occurred the day prior to Defendant’s arrest. The officer went to a home where a 10 vehicle was parked that was involved in at least one of the prior crimes. [MIO 2-3; DS 11 3-4] The officer was let into the home by an individual and he made contact with 12 Defendant in her bedroom. [DS 4] Defendant gave consent to search the vehicle in 13 question, and no evidence was found inside. [DS 5] No missing property was seen at 14 any point, and there were no indications that Defendant was attempting to flee; to the 15 contrary, she was cooperative, and the investigation had been taking place at her 16 residence. [DS 5] The officer arrested Defendant at this point. [DS 5] 17 In denying Defendant’s motion to suppress, the district court concluded that 18 “exigent circumstances are related to almost any property crime” and Defendant could 19 have destroyed evidence because she knew she was under investigation. [RP 79-80] [3] 1 Our calendar notice proposed to reverse because our case law is clear that there must 2 be specific, articulable facts to support exigency, and we believe that it is too 3 speculative and unfounded to conclude that all property crimes inherently involve the 4 imminent destruction of evidence. See, e.g., State v. Duffy, 1998-NMSC-014, ¶ 70 , [5] 126 N.M. 132 , 967 P.2d 807 (noting that “the presence of exigent circumstances must 6 be supported by specific articulable facts.”). 7 In its memorandum in opposition, the State argues that exigency is established 8 by a number of factors. First, it argues that the officer ran a check on Defendant’s 9 license plate, and it could be reasonably inferred that the officer discovered that 10 Defendant had a criminal record that included failure to appear and similar acts 11 involving flight. [DS 5] Even if we assume, arguendo, that such acts might constitute 12 a type of permanent exigency, the district court did not rely on this as a basis for its 13 decision, and we decline to do so on appeal in the absence of a specific factual 14 determination. See State v. Franks, 119 N.M. 174, 177 , 889 P.2d 209, 212 (Ct. App. 15 1994) (stating that this Court may “affirm a district court ruling on a ground not relied 16 upon by the district court, [but] will not do so if reliance on the new ground would be 17 unfair to the appellant”). Second, with respect to the partial concealment of the 18 license plate [MIO 5], this related to concealment of Defendant’s identity, which was 19 obviously no longer at issue. Third, the State argues that Defendant’s car was in the [4] 1 driveway, and she could have used this car to flee in the same manner that she fled the 2 crime scene. [MIO 5] Our Supreme Court has rejected this type of inherent exigency 3 approach to automobiles. See State v. Gomez, 1997-NMSC-006, ¶¶ 33-40 , 122 N.M. 4 777, 932 P.2d 1 . (requiring exigent circumstances to justify the warrantless search of 5 an automobile, contrary to federal law). Fourth, the State argues that Defendant could 6 have sought to destroy or hide the shoes she was wearing, items the officer believed 7 were linked to the burglary. [MIO 6] Again, in light of Defendant’s cooperation, it is 8 pure speculation to assume that she would have destroyed this evidence. Fifth, the 9 State argues that it was reasonable to assume that Defendant knew of the location of 10 the stolen property. [MIO 6] This is true of any investigation, and we decline to adopt 11 the State’s and the district court’s conclusion that knowing that one is the target of an 12 investigation automatically triggers exigency sufficient to dismiss the need to procure 13 a warrant. In the absence of any behavior on Defendant’s part that transformed 14 speculation into specific, articulable facts supporting exigency, we conclude that the 15 officer did not have reasonable grounds to make the warrantless arrest. 16 For the reasons stated above, we reverse. 17 IT IS SO ORDERED. [18] 19 RODERICK T. KENNEDY, Judge [6] 1 WE CONCUR: [2] 3 CYNTHIA A. FRY, Chief Judge [4] 5 TIMOTHY L. GARCIA, Judge