Johnson v. Matlock

McKAY, Circuit Judge. This case arises out of an automobile accident which occurred in rural Utah at a point where a state highway intersects a graveled county road, forming a “T”. At the time of the accident a double yellow line painted on the state highway prohibited passing in the area immediately after the county road, and the road was visible to oncoming traffic for a distance of at least 1200 feet. There was a widening of the county road where it joined the state road, extending along the side of the state road to permit acceleration by automobiles turning from the county road onto the state road. The county road had a stop sign at the point where it joined the state road. A gate designed for animal control extended across the county road at a point not visible to traffic traveling on the state road. The evidence showed that such gates across public roads are common in rural Utah. Finally, the driver of the semi-truck was familiar with this stretch of road, having often taken this route. The accident occurred at the juncture of the two roads. The semi-truck was following plaintiffs decedent in an easterly direction along the state road and attempted to pass plaintiffs vehicle at a point which would have made it impossible for the driver of the semi-truck to return to his, own lane prior to violating the no-passing zone which commenced at the intersection. At the time of the accident plaintiffs decedent was attempting to make a left-hand turn off of the state road onto the county road. The expert analysis showed that decedent’s brake lights were on at the time of the accident, and it could not be determined whether the decedent’s signal light was on or off when the accident occurred. At the close of the evidence plaintiff moved for a directed verdict on the issue of defendant’s negligence. This motion was based on Utah Code Ann. § 41-6-58(a)(2) (1953), which makes it unlawful to travel on the left side of the roadway when approaching within 100 feet of or traversing an intersection. The district court denied this motion and instructed the jury that it was to determine as a matter of fact based on all the evidence whether the juncture of the county road and the state highway constituted a statutory intersection for purposes of this section. The jury returned a verdict for defendant. Plaintiff appealed, challenging the district court’s failure to direct a verdict on the issue of defendant’s negligence and also challenging the district court’s admission of certain reconstruction evidence that will be discussed hereafter. The first issue is whether the district court erred in failing to conclude as a matter of law that the juncture of these two roads constituted a statutory intersection. Defendant asserts that the question of whether the juncture of two roads constitutes an intersection is a question of fact for the jury and therefore the district court did not err in submitting this issue to the jury for determination. In support of this argument defendant cites two Utah Supreme Court cases. In Douglas v. Gigandet, 8 Utah 2d 245, 332 P.2d 932 (1958), the Utah Supreme Court reversed and remanded the case for a new trial because of the trial court’s erroneous conclusion that the accident had occurred at an intersection. The undisputed evidence showed that there were no markers prohibiting passing in the area, there was nothing to indicate a turnoff road from the highway, and no markers showing that a road left the highway anywhere in the area. The Utah Supreme Court, rather than remanding the issue for jury determination, concluded as a matter of law that this was not an intersection. Hathaway v. Marx, 21 Utah 2d 33, 439 P.2d 850 (1968), is another case in which the Utah Supreme Court faced the question of whether a juncture of two roads was an intersection. In Hathaway the evidence showed that the intersecting of the two [1434] roads was visible to oncoming traffic, that the main highway is widened to provide an extra lane for acceleration and deceleration, and that stop signs on both the east and west side warn oncoming traffic of the existence of the intersecting road. The Utah Supreme Court held that from these facts the trial court was entirely justified in regarding the crossing as an intersection within the statutory definition. From these two cases it becomes apparent that in Utah there are two stages in the determination of whether an intersection exists for purposes of the statute making it unlawful to travel in the left-hand lane within 100 feet of an intersection. The first inquiry, clearly met in this case, is whether the two roads which form the juncture are publicly maintained as required by the statute. Finding that the road is a public road and publicly maintained, however, does not end the inquiry. It must then be determined whether the driver of the vehicle approaching the juncture would be warned that an intersection of two public roads exists. This, of course, would be a classic fact question which ordinarily would be left to the jury. While in both of the cases which address the issue the Supreme Court of Utah determined the issue and did not remand the question for submission to the jury, it seems to us that the Supreme Court was in effect concluding in the one case that a reasonable jury could not have found that the intersection was properly marked. Therefore the court directed a verdict on that issue in both cases. The facts of the present case, however, fall between the two cases cited. This road, unlike the road in Gigandet, was visible to oncoming traffic from a considerable distance. Unlike Hathaway, however, the county road forms only a “T” intersection, and while a solid yellow line commences immediately after the intersection, it appears the line is a warning about visibility due to approaching a hill rather than a warning about the intersection. Therefore, whether a reasonable driver should have been on notice of the existence of a public intersection was sufficiently in question that the district court did not err in submitting this issue to the jury. This resolution of the issue requires us to answer an additional issue raised by appellants: whether photographs by defendant’s experts depicting his reconstruction of the accident scene were improperly admitted. This issue is not a novel issue before this court. In Brandt v. French, 638 F.2d 209 (10th Cir.1981), this court closely examined the competing interests in determining the admissibility of film reproductions of the expert’s opinion, and we held that such photographs are admissible both to demonstrate mechanical principles relative to the vehicle and as a visual summary of the expert’s opinion. When offered for the later purpose they are admissible within the discretion of the trial court so long as they are carefully drawn and executed and accurately represent the theory the expert proposed. Of course, it must be pointed out that the photos represent only that view of the facts which the witness is seeking to establish. This, however, was done in the present case both by the defendant’s expert and by the court in its instructions to the jury. Therefore there was no abuse of discretion in the district court’s admittance of these photos reconstructing the accident scene.** The judgment of the district court is affirmed. Footnotes [**] Plaintiff's main objection to the photos appears to be that the defendant's expert did not photographically depict to the jury the events according to plaintiff’s theory of the accident. This deficiency could be easily cured by plaintiff producing his own photographic depictions of the accident scene. If he desired such photographs, it was his duty to produce them.