Gray v. James

WASHINGTON, Circuit Justice (charging jury). Many defences have been set up to this action, each of which will require a distinct consideration. I shall derange somewhat the order in which the points have been argued, and present first to the consideration of the jurj* that which is involved in the general issue. First, it is denied that the defendants have at any time used the machine for which a patent was granted to Guppy and Armstrong. It is not denied, that the defendants have used a machine for cutting and heading nails at one operation, but it is contended that that machine is different, not only in form, but in principle from the plaintiffs’ machine. What constitutes a difference in principle between two machines, is frequently a question of difficulty more especially if tue difference in form is considerable, and the maehin-ery complicated. But we think it may safely be laid down as a general rule, that where the machines are substantially the same, and operate in the same manner, to produce the same result, they must be in principle the same. I say substantially, in order to exclude all formal differences; and when I speak of the same result I must be understood as meaning the same kind of result though it may differ in extent. So that the result is the same according to this definition, whether the one produce more nails, for instance. in a given space of time than the other, if the operation is to make nails. The application of this rule will be more obvious and better understood, by dissecting the machine invented by Perkins, and afterwards the machine which the defendants have used. In the former, we find the two jaws of a vice, the one fixed and the other moveable on a pivot at the top, which connects them to — 1017 — .gether. In each of these jaws Is fixed a cutter, the use of which is to cut off from the bar •of iron as much 'as will be necessary to form the nail, which, being separated, falls by its own gravity into a die, which holds it by a firm gripe until the head is formed, by what is called the set or heading die. The power which produces this double operation, is a, lever of the first order, acting upon a toggle joint which compresses the two jaws, and consequently the cutters together and also raises the set, in such a manner as to head the nail. But the whole is performed by the same movement of the lever. It is impossible to describe the parts of the defendants’ machine, and its operation, without using the same expressions, except that his is inverted, the pivot of the vice being below, and a lever of the second order embracing the jaws with a friction roller, acting on an inclined plane made on the moving jaw of the vice, instead of the lever of the first order, and the toggle joint. But it is in full proof, that these differences as to the lever and the friction roller, are the necessary consequences of the machine being inverted. After having made this comparison and ascertained the mode of •operation by each machine, connected with the result of each, the jury can find little difficulty in deciding whether they are the same in principle or not. The witnesses have differed in opinion, as to the comparative merit of the toggle joint in Perkins’s machine, and the friction roller in Read’s. If their operation is precisely the same, the difference in form does not amount to an invention of any kind. If the friction-roller is better than the toggle joint, which seems to be the opinion of some of the defendants’ witnesses, then Read has the merit of having discovered an improvement on Perkins’s machine, and no more. If the jury should be of opinion, that the parts of the two machines which I have noticed are the same in principle, and that each will by the same operation cut and head nails; then it will follow, that the forcing slide, the proximity of the cutters and dies to each other, the balance wheel, and some other additional parts in Read’s machine, which give it a great and acknowledged preference over Perkins’s, are merely improvements, but do not Change the principle of the machine. If improvements only, what is the legal consequence? Most clearly this and no more: that Perkins and those claiming under his patent, have no right to use those improvements without a license from the inventor. But on the other hand, neither Read nor any other person, can lawfully use the discovery of Perkins of the principal machine without a license from him. The law wisely and with justice, discriminates between, and rewards the merit of each, by granting an exclusive property to each in his discovery, but prevents either from invading the rights of the other. If then the jury should be of opinion, that the two machines are the same in principle, it is no defence for the defendants for using Perkins’s discovery, that they have improved it, no matter to what extent. The next objection made to the plaintiffs’ right of recovery is, that the plaintiffs’ patent is void, for the following reasons: First. Because Perkins was not the original inventor. It is insisted, that the patents which have been read, show that machines for cutting and heading nails at one operation, had been discovered prior to the discovery Dy Perkins. Whether this be so or not, this court feels Itself incompetent to decide. No explanation of those machines has been given, and we cannot from the specifications and drawings which accompany these patents, form the slightest idea of their structure, operation or result. It will be for the jury to examine these papers and decide for themselves. It is however not unworthy of remark, that in addition to the circumstance, that no explanation of those machines has been given to the jury, it does' not appear that any one of them was ever put into operation. As to Rodgers’s machine, there is but one witness who gives evidence respecting it, and that in a very imperfect manner. It is not mentioned in the notice of special matter to be given in evidence, and although this affords no sufficient ground for rejecting the evidence, it furnishes a reason why the defendants should be expected to lay before the jury, a satisfactory explanation of the principles of that machine, and the manner in which it operated. Upon the whole, the jury, after examining carefully the evidence given in support of this objection, will apply to it the same rule which the court has laid down under the former head, for testing the similarity between Perkins’s and Read’s machines, and will be governed by it. Second. The next reason assigned against the validity of the plaintiffs’ patent, is, that it is too broad; or if not so, that the patent is for. a principle merely. The court is of opinion, that there is not the slightest foundation for this objection. The patent is supposed to be for the machine itself, which is composed of parts which have long become public property. This is not the fact. The patent is for an improvement in the art of making nails, by means of a machine which cuts and heads the nails at one operation. It is therefore not the grant of an abstract principle, nor is it the grant of the different parts of any machine; but of an improvement applied to a practical use, effected by a combination of various mechanical powers to produce a new result. The lever, the vice, the cutters, the dies, &c. may be used by any person without a violation of the plaintiff’s patent But they cannot be used in their combined state, to produce, by the same operation the same result, which is the distinguishing characteristic of the plaintiffs’ machine, without a license from the owners. If, indeed, Perkins was not the original inventor, then the plaintiffs’ patent is void, — 1018 — without inquiring whether it is too broad or not. But if the jury should be of opinion that he is the original inventor, then there is nothing in this objection. The third objection made to the validity of the patent, is, that the specification is defective. The law declares that it must be full, clear, and explicit, so as to distinguish it from all other machines of the same kind, and to enable any person skilied in the art, of which it is a branch, to make and use the same. These expressions are very strong, and seem intended to accommodate the description which the patentee is required to give, to the comprehension of any practical mechanic skilled in the art of which the machine is a branch, without taxing his genius or his inventive powers. Whether .the specification in this case be defective, within this interpretation of the law, must depend upon the evidence of the practical mechani-cians, who have testified on each side of the question, as well as upon the judgment of the jury. Those examined on the part of the plaintiffs, have stated, that the position of the cutters and dies would necessarily be understood by any practical mechanic acquainted with nail machines, upon examining the specifications and drawings. This is denied by some of the defendants’ witnesses. But if the jury should be of opinion, that the specification is materially defective, the objection will not be sufficient to invalidate the plaintiffs’ patent, unless they should also be satisfied, that the concealment of the circumstances not described, was intended to deceive the public.2 What degree of evidence ought to be required to prove such fraudulent intention, must rest with the jury to decide. Positive evidence can seldom be expected, nor is it necessary. The law- it is true, requires that such intention should fully appear; but still it may be presumed from circumstances entirely to the satisfaction of the jury, which would be sufficient to au-thorise them to find the fact. As if the parts concealed are so essential and so obviously necessary to be disclosed, that no mechanic skilled in the art could reasonably be expected to understand the subject, so as from the description given to make the machine; it would be difficult to impute the omission of the patentee to a fair motive. But. this presumption would seem to be much weakened in a case like the present, where so many practical mechanics have testified that they could not hesitate in supplying the omissions in this specification. With these observations. this objection is submitted to the jury. The last objection to the plaintiffs’ patent, is, that the machine' is not a' useful one, and that it was abandoned both by the inventor and his assignees. Whether this objection can, in an action for a violation of a patent right, upon the general issue, be made to the validity of the patent, may well be doubted. If true, it might afford a good reason against granting the patent as well as for repealing it on a scire facias, on the ground of the patent having issued upon a false suggestion. But, the defence is by no means involved in the general issue, which merely denies that the defendants have used the plaintiffs’ machine; nor does the 6th section of the law authorise the defendants to give it in evidence, on the general issue. They are therefore not bound to give notice of such a de-fence under that section, and the consequence would be, that the plaintiffs could not fail to be surprised at the trial, with a defence which they could not from the general issue, anticipate. As to this however, no positive opinion is given. But, is not such a defence in the mouth of these defendants, totally irreconcilable with the act which forms the basis of the action? If the machine be useless, it may fairly be asked, why do they use it? If they give the answer which has been given in this case by their counsel, that it was used with improvements which make it valuable, may it not be replied, that this proves that the original invention was useful ? For, if that had not been made by some person, it is most obvious that the improvements could not have been made. If Perkins, or some other person, had not made the discovery which he did. can any person doubt that the present improved and valuable pail-machinery would be unknown in the world? How then, can it be said with truth, that the original discovery was useless? It is contended that this discovery was abandoned. But after it was patented, no disuser of it could amount to an abandonment, so as to deprive Perkins or his assignees of their •exclusive right to it for fourteen years. There is no doubt but that it went into disuse in consequence of the subsequent improvements; but this does not prove it to be useless, any more than it impairs the plaintiffs’ right to the original discovery. If the jury should be in favour of the plaintiffs upon these points, they will find for the plaintiffs the actual damages sustained by them, by reason of the use by the defendants of the discovery to which they are entitled; which the court will treble. Verdict for 750 dollars single damages; judgment for the treble damages. [Two rules were subsequently obtained (see Case No. 5.719). one to show cause why a new trial should not be awarded, the other, why judgment should not be arrested. In support of the first rule it was contended that the evidence showed that Perkins was not the original invent- or of the machine, and also that the damages were excessive. In support of the second it — 1019 — ivas contended that the description of the patent in the declaration rendered it too vague, and that the breach was too generally stated. Both rules were discharged.] Footnotes [2] If the invention be specifically described in the patent, so as to distinguish it from what was before known, the patent is good, although the specification does not describe the invention in such full; exact, and clear terms, that a person skilled in the art or science, of which it is a branch, could construct or make the thing invented; unless such defective description or concealment, was made with intent to deceive the public. Lowell v. Lewis [Case No. 8,568].