Hostetter v. Vowinkle

DILLON, Circuit Judge. The proofs show that as far back as 1853, Dr. Jacob Hostetter and the complainants (one of whom is his son), commenced the manufacture in Pitts-burg, of what is known as “Hostetter’s Stomach Bitters,” and that the business of making and vending these bitters has been carried on by them, and by the complainants, as their successors ever since. These bitters are made after a recipe of Dr. Jacob Hostetter. The annual sales have increased from thirty thousand dollars at first, until — 547 — they reached, in 1869, the sum of over one million dollars. These bitters are extensively advertised by the plaintiffs in nine different languages in the newspapers of this country and by circulars, labels, and otherwise. It is testified that the plaintiffs employ in publishing almanacs etc., to advertise this, article twelve steam presses and several hand .presses at an annual expenditure of over three thousand dollars. In 1858, Doctor Jacob Hostetter retired from' the business, leaving it to be conducted by the present plaintiffs, David Hostetter and George W. Smith, and assigning for a valuable consideration his interest in the firm and in the right to use the recipe to his said son. Since then the plaintiffs have continued the manufacture and sale of the article in question. The proofs show beyond dispute, that for years the plaintiffs have used a certain trade mart, consisting of the designation on the bottles and on the labels of “Hostetter’s Celebrated Stomach Bitters,” in connection with directions on the label for the use thereof, and a device representing the conflict of St. George and the dragon, and the likeness of Dr. Hostetter, and'a fae simile signature of the firm of Hostetter & Smith. [For other eases involving this trade mark, see Hostetter v. Adams, 10 Fed. 838; Same v. Fries, 17 Fed. 620; Hostetter Co. v. Bruegge-man-Reinert Distilling Co., 46 Fed. 18S.] It is established by the testimony that from August 10th, 1869, until October 1st, of the •same year, the defendants adopted and used, in the sale of bitters of their own manufacture, the plaintiffs’ trade marks, labels, and devices in every respect After that and ■down to the filing of the bill in the cause, the defendants slightly altered the trade mark in certain particulars. "Hostetter” was altered to “Holsteter,” and the fac simile signature of the plaintiffs was changed from “Hostetter & Smith” to “Holsteter & Smyte,” and the place of manufacture was stated as Pittsburg instead of New York. But the size of the labels and the devices, the appearance, the directions for the use, the size and shape of the bottles, mode of packing, etc., were in exact imitation of the plaintiffs, and the boxes or cases intended for sale were marked “Dr. Hostetter’s Bitters,” the same as the genuine. The fact of infringement is too obvious to be disputed and is not seriously controverted by the respondents’ counsel. But he claims in the first place that the plaintiffs have no title to the trade mark because they have not shown a regular assignment from Dr. Jacob Hostetter to them. And the precise point is that this assignment was in writing and that a copy thereof is annexed to the deposition of the witness and no reason is given for not producing the original. Without stopping to inquire whether such an objection could be made available for the first time by way of argument after the cause is submitted, it is a sufficient answer to say that since the evidence is clear and undisputed that the present plaintiffs have been in the exclusive use of this trade mark since 1858, they are not obliged to show, as against wrong-doers, that they have a written assignment from one of their former partners. The law is well settled that a party who has appropriated a particular trade mark to distinguish his goods from other similar goods, has a right or property in it which entitles him to its exclusive use. This right is of such a nature that equity will protect it, by injunction, from invasion, and if it has been invaded the wrong-doer is liable for the damage he has thereby caused the party whose trade mark he has adopted or illegally imitated; which damage will ordinarily be the loss of profits caused by the illegal or fraudulent infringement Candee v. Deere [54 Ill. 439]; Motley & Downman, 3 Mylne & C. 1; Millington v. Fox, Id. 338; Eden, Inj. c. 14, p. 314; Story. Eq. Jur. § 951; Taylor v. Carpenter [Case No. 13,785]; Walton v. Crowley [Id. 17,133]; Coffeen v. Brunton [Id. 2,946]; Seixo v. Provezende, 1 Ch. App. 194; Amoskeag Manuf’g Co. v. Spear, 2 Sandf. 606; Filley v. Fassett [44 Mo. 168], and cases cited; Gillott v. Esterbrook, 47 Barb. 469; Burnett v. Phalon, 9 Bosw. 192; Croft v. Day, 7 Beav. 89; Edleson v. Vick, 23 Eng. Law & Eq. 53. These eases and others, also, show that it is not necessary to constitute an illegal infringement that the trade mark of the originator should be copied in every particular; it is sufficient to warrant equitable relief that it is likely to deceive or mislead the patrons of the originator or make it pass with the public as his. Applying these principles to the present case, the defendants are liable to the plaintiffs not only in respect of the bitters which they sold prior to October 1st, using the plaintiffs’ trade mark in full, but for those which they sold after making the alterations above mentioned, such as changing the name “Hostetter” to “Holsteter,” etc. From the evidence of one of the defendants, I find that he admits sales at least to the extent of two hundred dozen bottles. The evidence shows that the sales of the plaintiffs, in Omaha, fell off during the time the defendants were manufacturing and selling their imitation bitters to even a greater amount than this. I am satisfied that the plaintiffs’ sales have been lessened at least to the extent of the two hundred dozen bottles, and that their profits would have been on each case of one dozen bottles, the sum of four dollars; which would make in all the sum of eight hundred dollars. A decree will be entered for this amount, and also making perpetual the injunction heretofore allowed. Decree accordingly.'