Starr v. Stark

SAWYER, Circuit Judge. The order of discussion pursued by counsel will be followed, and the question presented by the answer of a former adjudication first disposed of. It is not pretended by defendant’s counsel that the cause of action now relied upon was, in fact, put in issue, litigated and determined in the former action; but it is insisted that it might, and therefore ought, to have been so presented. litigated and adjudged; and, this being the case, that the decree in that action is just as conclusive as if it had been so determined. It is conceded that the ground of relief now relied on was at first set up in the complaint as one ground of action in connection with the cause of action, which was actually tried and determined: that the court held the two causes set out to be inconsistent and incompatible. and required the plaintiffs to elect upon which cause they would rely, and omit the other; and that, in obedience to this order, plaintiffs did elect, and omitted the one now set up, relying upon the other; but it is insisted that the court erred in this ruling; and although there was error, it was incumbent on plaintiffs to have had it corrected on appeal; and that, failing to do that, they are barred by the ruling, and that the decree is as conclusive upon the whole title as if this ground of relief had been in fact litigated and adjudged. The complainants, on the other hand, insist that the two causes of action were inconsistent, and for that reason could not be properly relied on by plaintiffs and litigated in the same action; and that — 1121 — tlie order compelling plaintiffs to elect was correct. If wrong in this view, it is still insisted that, since the title now set tip was not in fact litigated, and not permitted to be litigated, the proceeding in the former case is not res adjudieata. It is quite clear to my mind, that the order compelling plaintiffs to elect upon which cause of action they would rely, and omit the other, was erroneous. The facts constituting the grounds upon which the plaintiffs claimed equitable relief in both cases alleged are entirely consistent with each other. Only the legal conclusions that might be insisted on, could be inconsistent. It might be claimed, and was claimed, by the opposing counsel, that under one patent the legal title was in the city. If that had been true the patent to Stark Would of course have been void, and a cloud on the title, derived through the patent to the city, and the plaintiffs’ equity,, in respect to the city, rested upon the grant to the city in trust for their use and benefit, under the act of congress, as occupants of the premises in question. On the other hand, the legal title having rested in Stark, under his patent. as decided by the United States supreme court, upon the' same state of facts as that under which title in or through the city was claimed, the patent to the city was void, and the plaintiffs’ equities as against Stark depended upon the additional, but consistent, acts of plaintiffs and Stark alleged in the omitted cause of action, as affecting their individual rights. There can be no good reasons, it seems to me, why the plaintiffs should not have been permitted to allege the real facts upou both theories as they existed, and have since been proved, and leave the court to draw the correct conclusion therefrom, and give such relief as the plaintiffs were entitled to receive, if found entitled to any, in accordance with the legal or equitable conclusion adopted. If the circuit court of Oregon was right in compelling plaintiffs to elect, then the judgment in the former case is not a bar to this action, because the complainant has never had an opportunity to be heard, and he is not to lose his rights for not litigating them in a case wherein the law will not permit them to be" litigated. If the court was in error, it still prohibited them from litigating the claim in that action, and deprived the parties of a right by compelling them to elect one cause of action, and omit the other. In either case, without any fault of their own. they have in fact been afforded no opportunity to be heard at all on their present cause of action. They did elect, and the wisdom of that election was vindicated by the judgment of the highest court in Oregon, which sustained the title ultimately relied on in that action, and decreed the appropriate relief; but that court also, turned out to be in error, and the decree was reversed by a still higher tribunal. Shall complainant now be cut off from procuring an adjudication of his rights because, under such circumstances, the court erroneously prevented him from having it adjudicated before? It is, undoubtedly, well settled, that wherever any matter is directly in issue, and actually determined, by a court of competent jurisdiction, the determination is conclusive between the same parties and their privies, whenever the same matters again arise, even though collaterally. It is said in La Guen v. Gouverneur. 1 Johns. Cas. 402: “The principle, however, extends farther. It is not only final, as to the matter actually determined, but as to every other matter which the parties might litigate in the cause, and which they might have had decided.” And this general principle ■ is repeated in similar language in many, subsequent cases. But the language is general, and must be considered in connection with the facts of the cases wherein it is used. The case cited affords as good an illustration as any of the principle upon which the rule is founded. The principle is, that an end should be put to litigation; that parties should not litigate their rights by piecemeal; that they are bound to be diligent, and when called upon to litigate their claims, they ought to present all they have to say, and that it is negligence to omit anything within their knowledge which might be available; and, if an omission is made, the-consequences must fall upon the negligent party. Negligence of the party himself is the main element of the principle upon which the rule is founded. Says Mr. Justice Badcliffe, in the case cited: “It is evidently proper to prescribe some period to controversies of this sort, and what period can be more fit and proper than that which affords a full and fair opportunity to examine and decide all those claims. This extent of the rule can impose no hardship. It requires no more than a reasonable degree of vigilance and attention.” Again (.page 495), after stating that if the rule as stated is established, he says: “The only inquiry is. whether respondents, under the circumstances of the case, would have been permitted to make a defense on the trial at law. on the ground of the fraud which they now allege?” So,- in the same case, Mr. Justice Kent says: “livery person is bound to take care of his ■ own rights, and to vindicate them in due season, and in proper order. This is a sound and salutary principle of law. Accordingly, if a defendant, having the means of defense in his power, neglects to use them, and suffers a recovery to he had against him in a competent tribunal, he is forever precluded.” Id. 004. "All the testimony now produced was, for anything that appears to the contrary, equally within their power then as now, and yet no effort was made to produce it. * * * They were guilty of gross and palpable neglect in thus slumbering upon this ground of defense, and must now be precluded from setting it up as a cause of equitable relief against the verdict. It is crassa negligentia if a party does not seek after a thing of which he is apprised, and, in law, amounts to. — 1122 — notice. So, whatever is sufficient to put a party on inquiry, is good notice in equity. If 1 am not mistaken in the principles which I have laid down, their application to the ease before us is direct and pointed, and they operate with irresistible and conclusive efficacy to produce the result.” Id. 001, 000. Now, what is the great principle which the learned judge so earnestly insists upon as excluding the defense, but negligence of the parties to avail themselves of the opportunity before afforded to bring forward their defense and have its merits determined? There had been a judgment for money recovered at law for proceeds of the sale of certain goods. Defendants then filed a bill in equity to restrain the collection of the judgment on the ground of fraud in representations as to the kind and quality of the goods, which fraud was available as a defense to the action at law, and was known to the defendants at the time, but which they did not attempt to set up, and this neglect is the principle upon which the former judgment is held to be conclusive. In the case now in hand, this element of negligence is wholly wanting. The parties did set up this cause of action in connection with the one ultimately relied on, and sought to have it determined, but the court refused to permit them to be joined, and required the plaintiff to elect one and omit the other, and this ruling must be presumed to have been obtained at the instance of the defendant, Stark, as it was made against the protest and the exception of the plaintiffs, duly taken, and noted in the order itself. Does it lie in Stark's mouth now, after procuring such a ruling, and forcing plaintiffs against their protest, under the order of court, to omit one cause of action, to say that plaintiffs might have litigated the claim in that action, and, because they did not, must now be precluded? I think not. They sought to litigate it, but were not permitted to do so. The opportunity was refused them. They were not in fault. Suppose Stark had been in possession and brought suit against the Starrs to quiet lm title, and they had set up both grounds of equitable relief in the answer, and evidence on both issues had been received, and a decree entered in favor of the Starrs upon the city title only, the court expressly declining to pass upon the other, on the ground that it was unnecessary to consider it under the view taken, and this decree had become final by affirmance, neglect to prosecute any appeal, or otherwise, would it be pretended in another litigation between the same parties, whose rights, under the claim of title not passed upon, are in question, that the former adjudication would be a bar because it was presented and evidence taken, and might have been determined if the judge had seen fit to consider and decide it? Such is. certainly, not the doctrine of the authorities, as will appear by a number of cases cited in Caperton v. Schmidt, 26 Cal. 479.). If it were so, the conclusiveness of the judgment would rest upon the discretion, negligence or something else, of the judge, over which the parties have no control, and not upon the diligence, good judgment, or other acts of the parties themselves. But it is earnestly argued, by defendant’s counsel, that the ruling of the court, that plaintiffs could only be heard upon one of their causes of action, and compelling them to elect upon w'hich they would proceed, cannot affect the operation of the decree as a bar to this action; that they had a light to be heard upon every ground they had upon which to demand the relief prayed; that the refusal of the court to allow them to be heard, was error, and should have been corrected in the same case on appeal; and, that it cannot be reached in a collateral proceeding in another suit to establish the same right or procure the same relief, and several authorities are cited as sustaining the proposition. There appears to me to be some confusion of ideas in this part of the argument, and a ■ misapplication of the legal principles invoked. The authorities cited, properly applied, seem to me to overthrow the main proposition sought to be established. The first authority cited is Cocke v. Halsey. 16 Pet. [41 U. S.] 71. In that case (page 87), the court say: “The correct legal principle applicable to such proceedings is this: That in every instance in which a tribunal has decided upon a matter within its regular jurisdiction, its decision must be presumed proper, and is binding until it shall be regularly reversed by a superior authority; and cannot be affected, nor the rights of persons dependent upon it be impaired by any collateral proceeding. This principle has been too long settled to admit of doubt at this day. as in the cases of Thompson v. Tolmie, 2 Pet. [27 U. S.] 157; U. S. v. Arredondo, 6 Pet. [31 U. S.] 720; Voorhees v. Bank of U. S. 10 Pet. [35 U. S.] 473; and Philadelphia & T. R. Co. v. Stimpson. 14 Pet. [39 U. S.] 458.” Now, what was the adjudication in the case under consideration? Clearly, not that the cause of action omitted under order of the court was invalid, but that the plaintiffs could only be heard in that particular suit upon one of the causes of action alleged. and that they must elect upon which they would proceed, and withdraw the other. This was clearly an adjudication in the progress of the cause, which the court had jurisdiction to make, and the determination is as conclusive as any other made in the progress of the cause. It was an adjudication between the parties, at the instance and in favor of one, against the other. An adjudication. not that plaintiffs could not be heard at all on that cause of action, but that both causes, on both grounds, for equitable relief, could not be heard in the same action, and that they must elect upon which they, would proceed and withdraw the other. ' Suppose, after making their election under the — 1123 — order, and proceeding upon their last amended complaint, as they did do, the decree of the court had been for the defendant instead of the plaintiffs, as it was, and the plaintiffs had appealed upon the sole ground that they had been compelled to elect and withdraw their other ground of relief, and ilie supreme court had affirmed the decree, holding that the two grounds of relief could not be heard in that action, that decision, whether right or wrong, would have settled the question by a direct adjudication, that the law of Oregon would not permit litigation of the two grounds of relief in one action. The decree in that case, would clearly not have been res adjudicata as to the cause of action which plaintiffs were compelled to withdraw, for the very role invoked is, that the judgment or decree is conclusive, not only upon all matters actually litigated and determined, but upon all that might be litigated in the action; and as, by the law thus settled, the omitted ground of relief could not be litigated in that action, the case would not be within the rule invoked at all. The adjudication by the circuit court is no less conclusive. It stands unreversed on that point. Eight or wrong, it is finally determined. and is res adjudicata between these parties, and, if erroneous, connot be reviewed collaterally in this or any other action. The ruling has the same effect, and is as conclusive as if it had been rendered by the court of last resort. It settles the question between the parties and their privies; and so the authorities cited in principle hold. The adjudication is, that the cause now relied on could not have been litigated in the former action, with the ground of relief therein actually determined. It goes no further, and this is conclusive on that point There has, then, been no negligence on the part of the plaintiffs — no laches — no opportunity presented of which they were bound' to avail themselves, conceding the determination to be erroneous. So long as the ruling did not shut the plaintiffs off from any hearing whatever, but only adjudged that they must pursue their remedy on that ground of relief in another action, they were under no obligation to have the error corrected. It left the road to another action open. It did not purport to cut them off from a hearing, and did not determine that there was no cause of action. And. so long as it did not do this, it did not matter to them whether they presented that ground of relief in this or in another action. To the plaintiffs it was only a matter of convenience. It wrould doubtless be less trouble to pursue the remedy in another action, than to attempt to correct the error in the one pending. Besides the plaintiffs were not in a position in which they could appeal. That determination was not a final decree from which an appeal could be prosecuted. It was an interlocutory adjudication. The appealable decree was in their favor on the other ground of relief, and plaintiffs could not appeal from a decree in their favor, nor could they have errors committed against them in the progress of the cause occurring before the trial corrected on Stark’s appeal. On such appeal the question would not be presented. They, therefore, had no opportunity to correct the error, had it devolved upon them to do so, in order to procure a hearing upon the cause of action which they were compelled to withdraw. It is urged by complainant’s counsel, that the two grounds of relief sought by the Starrs in the former suit, present causes of action so wholly distinct and independent, that they were not bound to litigate them in one action, evpn if it was-admissible to do so. One cause -went upon the theory that the legal title vested in the city of Portland by virtue of its patent for •the use and benefit-of the actual occupants, who as to these lots, were the Starrs, and that Stark had no title at all. The relief sought on this theory was in fact to remove a cloud upon a title already -good. The other cause of action goes upon the theory that the legal title is in Stark by virtue of his patent. but that, by reason of equities. arising between the parties themselves, the'plaintiffs had the equitable right, and were "entitled to a conveyance of the legal title. The case of Morris’ Adm’rs v. Stuart’s Adm’rs, 1 Iowa. 375. seems to be directly in point in favor of complainants on this question. . But whether this case is correctly decided, I need not consider, for my conclusion is, that the former proceedings are not a bar to this action, on the grounds already indicated. As to the equities disclosed by the bill and the evidence, the first objection in logical order arises on the conveyance to Chapman. It is said, firstly, that the power of attorney to Chapman was insufficient; and, secondly, if sufficient, that it was incompetent for Chapman, as attorney for Lownsdale, to execute a deed for Lownsdale to himself. The power is “to transact and superintend my business in said territory during my.ab-; sence; to do anything pertaining to my interests in Oregon which he in his judgment may think advisable, particularly in signing deeds to Portland lots.” The only business in Oregon which Lownsdale appears to have been engaged in at the time was selling town lots in Portland. And this power seems broad enough to cover it. The language, it is true, is by no means technical, and is liable to criticism; but considered in rela-ton to the known situation of. the parties, and the condition of things existing at the time, the intention of Lownsdale can hardly ■ be doubtful. The act of the attorney in executing a conveyance for, and in the name of the principal to himself, may well be regarded as extraordinary. But whatever view might be taken upon these points, if there was nothing more, other facts must be considered. Chapman himself had already the title to one third of all the interest ever — 1124 — claimed by Lownsdale from Fettygrove, and Coffin owned another third, and it is not even suggested that Coffin’s interest did not pass to Chapman by his conveyance. This vested in Chapman at least two undivided thirds of the lots conveyed in block eighty-one, if Lownsdale derived the title to the whole from Pettygrove, or two thirds of one half if Stark really owned one half as claimed by him. In fact the legal title to Lownsdale’s entire interest purports to have been conveyed to Coffin by the deed under which Coffin became an owner. The deed is absolute on its face, and purports to convey the whole, and it is only by the accompanying agreement, executed between Coffin and Lownsdale at the same time by which it appeared, that it was to be held partly in trust for the benefit of Lowns-dale, that the latter retained any interest at all. See Lamb v. Davenport [Case No. 8,-015; 18 Wall. (85 U. S.) 307]. In this aspect the legal title to the two thirds of the pos-sessory title passed to Chapman by Coffin’s agreement, vesting in him the legal title to the whole, irrespective of Lownsdale’s joining in the deed. But however this may b'e, Lownsdale was the only party entitled to complain, and he does not appear to have ever made any objection. He acquiesced in the transaction, accepted the lot conveyed to him at the price.fixed and charged in the accounts of the parties at the time of the conveyance, and these accounts on Lowns-dale’s return were settled between Lowns-dale. Coffin and Chapman on that basis. Chapman went into actual, several possession, and held till he conveyed to his ven-dees, who improved and have ever since occupied the lots without any claim on the part of Lownsdale. As between Lowns-dale and Chapman, this certainly vested in Chapman all the right which could at that time be transmitted by Lownsdale. and Chapman acquired at least the equitable title to the whole. He already had the legal title to the possessory claim to the greater part. The next question arises out of the deed of March 1. 1850. executed at San Francisco, by Lownsdale and Stark, by wbicb they attempted to adjust and settle the conflicting claim of Stark to one half interest in the Portland land claim, and the subsequent modification and ratification as modified of this contract. It is claimed that there is no privity between complainant and defendant; that this deed is a contract between Lownsdale and Stark alone; that in the subsequent modifications Lownsdale is no party, and that Coffin and Chapman assume to modify Lownsdale's contract without authority; and that the language of the modifying agreements is insufficient, in various particulars, to accomplish the object claimed. Like other contracts of that time relating to lands in Portland, the language of these various instruments is doubtless open to much criticism. But in construing such ' instruments we must consider them in the light of the situation of the parties, and condition of things which gave them birth. We must place .ourselves, so far as it is possible to do so by the use of extrinsic evidence now available, in the seats of the parties themselves at the time of the execution of the contracts, and examine them in view of the surrounding circumstances. Kimball v. Semple, 25 Cal. 449. And we may also consider subsequent acts of recognition tending to show the construction put upon them by the parties themselves to the instruments. Mulford v. Le Franc, 26 Cal. 110, 112; Steinbach v. Stewart, 11 Wall. [78 U. S.] 576; Le Roy v. Beard, 8 How. [49 U. S.] 468, 469; French v. Carhart, 1 Comst. [1 N. Y.] 102; U. S. v. Appleton [Case No. 14,463.] Examining the transaction, and construing these instruments by the aid of these well settled rules. I think there will be little difficulty in arriving at the true intent of the parties executing them. It is true, that the ostensible parties to the instrument are Lownsdale and Stark, and for reasons sufficiently obvious, when the circumstances are considered. They were both in San Francisco, and Lownsdale, so far as anything to the contrary appears, without any power of attorney to act for his associates in the setttlement of the controversy. He could not, therefore, make the compromise for them. It was manifestly contemplated that there were other parties whose assent it was necessary to obtain; and their assent was provided for in the only way practicable at the time, by a covenant on the part •of Lownsdale inserted in the said indenture of March 1st: “That in case any person or persons holding or claiming under him (Lownsdale), except the holders of those lots and under the conveyances especially here-inbefore confirmed-by the said-party of the' first part (Stark), shall refuse to ratify and confirm this indenture, he, the said party of the second part (Lownsdale) will, at the option of the said party of the first part (Stark), at any time within six months from this date cancel this indenture, and release all rights acquired under these presents by the parties hereto.” There can be no doubt to whom this covenant referred, because Stark knew before of, at least, Lownsdale’s conveyance to Coffin. Coffin and Stark had before this time had a full discussion of their respective claims to the Portland land claim, as Coffin distinctly testifies, and there is nothing 1» the contrary, except the unsatisfactory general allegations of the answer, although Stark was himself a competent witness, and could have testified to the contrary had Coffin’s testimony been incorrect. Besides, on September 26. 1849, at the same time when Stark executed the power of attorney to-Couch, mentioned in the statement of facts, it was also accompanied by a letter of instructions to Couch, bearing the same date relating to the subject matter of the power. — 1125 — in wliicli he says: “With this you have from me a power of attorney of the fullest character, under which, during my absence from the territory, you can look out for all my interests, particularly with reference to my interest in the Portland town claim. As regards my claim. I wish you to notify Hr. Coffin as soon as he returns, of the true position of things, and, if .possible, have the difficulty concerning my undivided half settled.” And again gave directions how to proceed if, “after the return of Mr. Coffin, the matter can be brought no nearer to a settlement upon just and equitable principles.” In this letter of instructions he does not mention Lownsdale at all, but treats Coffin as the man with whom his controversy existed.. Lownsdale’s deed to Coffin had been made in March previous, and being a deed absolute on its face, he may have supposed at that time the whole title to be in Coffin. Indeed, prior to the conveyance to Chapman, Coffin and Lownsdale acted themselves as though the entire legal title was in Coffin, for Lownsdale when he sold a lot did it as attorney for Coffin, as will be seen by reference to Lamb v. Davenport, already cited. But however that may be, it is clear that Stark knew of Coffin’s interest. Although there is no direct evidence of the fact, it is altogether probable that he was also aware of Chapman’s interest; for it is highly improbable that Lownsdale would have entered into the arrangement without disclosing it, and there is nothing in the testimony to justify the inference that he did not know of it. There can be no doubt, I think, that Coffin and Chapman were the parties had especially in mind in making this covenant, although not mentioned by name. Perhaps these general terms were used in order to embrace any others who might have held such conveyances unknown to Stark. But whether Coffin and Chapman are, or are not. the parties specially referred to. they are clearly embraced in the terms of covenant. The assent of Coffin and Chapman to this settlement, and the ratification of the indenture by them was regarded as essential, and provided for in this way. It was, therefore, contemplated that they were in fact, though not named as such, parties to said transaction and indenture, as well as Lownsdale and Stark. Lownsdale returned to Portland on or about April 13, and brought to Coffin and Chapman the first information of the execution of the said indenture by Lownsdale and Stark. They promptly declined to ratify it. After some negotiation between Coffin. and Chapman on one side, and Couch on the other, who acted for Stark, claiming to have authority for that purpose, the two instruments, one dated April 13, 1850, "signed by Coffin and Chapman, and the other April 15, 1850, signed “John H. Couch, for Benj. Stark,” set out in the statement of facts, were indorsed on the said indenture of March 1, and executed by the parties, and from that time forward the several parties and their grantees were in possession and exercising acts of ownership in accordance with said agreements and modifications without let, hindrance, objection or adverse claim from the other till after the patent, to Stark issued. Some questions have been made upon the construction of these modifying and ratifying instruments. It is claimed that they are not ratifications, but modifications if anything; but are not the latter, because they are not the agreement of Lownsdale at all, who is claimed to be the only party, and that Chapman and Coffin had no authority to act for Lownsdale in modifying his agreement; • that it only purported to ratify sales of lots made by Lownsdale either in person or by his lawful attorney, etc. . In view of the rules of construction cited; the relation of the parties to each other, and to the lots; and of the condition of things already stated, the language, however inarti-ficial, appears to me to be susceptible of but one reasonable construction. Chapman and Coffin were deemed to be the parties in interest. whose assent to the indenture of March 1. it was considered necessary to obtain, and which was sought to be secured by the covenant already considered. In the modifying instruments they were acting for themselves with respect to their own interests and not for Lownsdale merely. They were unwilling to accept all the terms of the compromise - made by Lownsdale and Stark; but were willing to accept them in part. They insisted that all the property disposed of since January 1, up to the time of receiving notice of the compromise, should be placed on the same footing with the property sold prior to January 1; and this being acceded to'by Couch on behalf of Stark, they indorsed upon the indenture of March 1, a supplementary agreement, whereby they “ratify and confirm” that agreement between Lownsdale and Stark “respecting an adjustment of title, hereby placiug the disposition of property up to notice of said adjustment upon the same footing with the disposition of property before the first day of January last.” The plain meaning of which is, that the contract made between Lownsdale and Stark shall be modified to this extent, and the contract as so modified, ratified and confirmed. This modifying clause does not limit the enlargement to lots sold by Lownsdale individually since January 1. Its terms are general — “the disposition of property up to notice of said adjustment” — that is to say, all property sold or otherwise disposed of. It is perfectly obvious that the object was to take out of the conveyance to Stark, all the property which Coffin and Chapman in prosecuting the- busi-nes of what they call in their own agreements, “the partnership in selling town property,” all those lots disposed of during Lowns-dale’s absence from about the first of January — 1126 — till his return on or about April 13. Lowns-dale having been absent during all that time had in person disposed of none. But Coffin and Chapman had remained at home and continued to dispose- of the common property, and these are clearly the dispositions intended by the modification insisted on. It is equally obvious that the instrument signed by Couch for Stark and appended to that executed by Coffin and Chapman, to-wit: — “I ratify the above agreement as far as my interest is concerned in said property,” was intended to ratify the indenture between Lownsdale and Stark, as so modified and agreed to by that of Coffin and Chapman. If Couch had authority to sign the latter, or it ■having been signed by him for Stark, the latter, after being informed of the facts, acquiesced in and adopted it, then the contract so modified finally became the real and only .contract between the parties, and all property disposed of subsequent to January 1, and before April 13, stood upon the same footing as that disposed of before January 1. That is to say, Stark by the terms of the first covenant in the said indenture, thus extended in its scope by these modifications thus adopted, in the language of the covenant,- “so far as his right, title and interest are concerned, ratifies and confirms all conveyances of” lots disposed of by Coffin, Chapman and Lowns-dale as owners of the Portland land claim through Coffin and Chapman, from January •1 to April 13, as well as those to the lots sold before January 1, particularly enumerated in the covenant; and this embraces the lots in controversy. It is next insisted that Couch had no authority to make this modification, and it is, therefore, not binding on Stark. We have seen that a power of the most general character was given by Stark to Couch, his mercantile partner, September 26, 1S49, in which the authority to Couch is in these words: “to do any and all acts during my temporary absence which I might myself do were I personally present,” without more particular specification or limitation. So, also, in an accompanying letter upon the subject matter of the power, in which he directs Couch to notify Coffin, as soon as he should return, of the true position of things with reference to the interest claimed by Stark .in the Portland land claim, “and, if possible, have the dif-' ficulty, concerning my undivided half, settled.” This letter shows that the power of attorney, was intended to cover this very matter,' and that lie expected Couch to settle • his controversy with Coffin in relation to this claim. It shows that Stark intended the power to be broad enough to settle this controversy. If it is not, the letter is,' and it does not matter whether the authority is conferred by a formal power or by letter. Lee v. Rogers [Case No. 8,201]. It is sufficient that the authority is given, and directions to do' a specific thing embraces power to act. Now this is precisely what Couch did with Coffin and Chapman, the latter having in the meantime, through conveyance from Coffin in part, at least, become interested with Coffin and Lownsdale. It is claimed that this power, whatever it authorized, had been revoked; but there is no evidence, other than by implication, that it had been revoked at the time. Another full power of attorney, given to George Sherman, dated January IT, 1830, was introduced, and claimed to be a revocation of Couch’s power in the case of Failing v. Stark [Id. 4,-600], but I do not find it in evidence in this and the other cases. But suppose it to be in evidence, that power does not purport to revoke Couch’s power, and if It does revoke it. it is by implication only, and that implication arises only from the fact that a second power has been given, embracing the same subject matter. It is by no means clear that it does embrace the entire subject matter. While it is a very full power, authorizing Sherman to prosecute claims to land against individuals, and the government, and to lease and sell lands, it does not in express terms, or by reasonable construction, appear to me to authorize him to compromise or adjust this claim. It may well be that Stark, would be willing to entrust his clerk, a young man. with power to prosecute or sell, while he would reserve to his more experienced partner’s discretion and judgment the authority to settle or compromise by yielding a part to secure the remainder of his claim. But, if otherwise, T am not aware that giving a second power to another necessarily constitutes a revocation of the former power. I do not know any reason why two different persons may not be empowered to do the same thing. It has been held that they may. Davol v. Quimby, 11 Allen, 20S. Where not absolutély inconsistent the construction must be determined by the circumstances, and from these I see no reason to suppose that Stark intended to revoke Couch’s power in the particular under consideration. The circumstances indicate the contrary. At the time of the execution by Couch of this instrument ratifying the modification made by Coffin and Chapman, Couch had in his possession the said indenture of March 1, between Lowns-dale and Stark, to which these modifications were appended. It must have been sent to him by Stark to be used in connection with the agency claimed under the power before given. Stark must have sent it up to him at about the same time Lownsdale returned. The fact that it was sent to him by Stark would indicate that his agency was intended to be still continued with reference to a settlement of this controversy. It was contemplated that something further was to be done by way of procuring the assent of Coffin and Chapman to the settlement, and somebody must attend to it. Besides, Sherman was himself a clerk in the employ of Couch and Stark. And it is quite clear from the evidence that he, too, was consulted, took part — 1127 — in, and assented to. the arrangement, although Couch actually executed for Stark the assent to the - modification of the agreement. So, also, Sherman himself acting for Stark put the agreement with the modifica- . tions appended by Coffin and Chapman, and by Couch on the records, and-this, too. after Stark himself had been at Portland in June, and been informed of all these transactions, and it will be presumed under the circumstances by Stark's directions. This itself was an act of acceptance and adoption. In addition to this, Stark himself, while at Portland in June, called upon Coffin and Chapman for, and was furnished by them with, a list of all property disposed of by them prior to the date of said modification. He stated to Coffin at that time, or on the steamer during his return voyage to San Francisco, that he would sanction the contract or submit to it, and carry out its provisions, and his subsequent acts, and the acts .of all parties interested down to the issue of the patent — a period of ten years — are consistent with that idea, and totally incousist- • ent with any other. Stark was in possession and exercised acts of ownership over the part . conveyed to him by the modified contract , from that time, without setting up any claim ■ to that released to Lownsdale, Coffin and Chapman, and the latter continued in possession, and exercised acts of ownership over the part released to them, without setting up any adverse claim to Stark’s portion. Stark ■ did not exercise his option to annul the contract within six months under the covenant in the indenture with Stark authorizing him so to do in case those having conveyances ■ from Lownsdale should refuse to ratify the contract, and manifestly for the reason that he acquiesced in the contract as modified, and ■regarded that as a final settlement of the controversy. He availed himself of the right and undisputed possession thus ac’quired to procure his patent. Up to the date of his agreement with Lownsdale, Stark never claimed to have more than an undivided half of the Portland land claim, and the title to two thirds of the other undivided half of the entire tract north of the line agreed upon in the indenture of March 1, as well as to block 81, was in Coffin and Chapman at that date; and the only means by which Stark- acquired his right to the possession of their share in any part of it, or any several possession by which he was enabled to obtain his patent at all to any part, was through this modified contract. He could not adopt that part which was beneficial to himself, and reject it so far as it was beneficial to Coffin and Chapman; and he manifestly did not attempt to do it, until he had fortified his position ten years afterward by a patent from the United States, conveying to him the title to the land. I have only referred to the salient points of . the evidence,, without any attempt at a discus^ sion of the particulars, and I content myself with indicating the result forced upon my mind, and saying, that in my judgment, no unprejudiced mind can examine the evidence and fail to reach the conclusion that Stark fully acquiesced in, adopted, and acted upon the modifications of the contract made by Coffin and Chapman on the one part, and Conch for Stark on the other, in the sense adopted in this opinion; and, that, as a re-suit, he realized a fortune, or might have done so, if he did not, that might well have satis-. fied his ambition, without any encroachment upon the rights that ought to have been secured without let or hindrance on his part ten years afterward to the other parties and their privies to those transactions. And more, it is equally manifest from the evidence, that while there was no written covenant on the part of Stark to that effect, he held out by his acts and express declarations to the purchasers from Lownsdale, Coffin and Chapman, and in particular to complainant and his brother, one of complainant’s grantors, ■ and for a time a joint owner, unmistakable assurances upon which they were entitled to rely with confidence. that if he obtained his patent to his general claim he would convey to them the lots they had purchased. He expressly so told both the Starrs with reference to the lots held by them at the time, and to those other lots purchased by others from Chapman, and made similar declarations to some, if not all, of Starr’s other grantors. The complainant himself purchased one half of lot two from Chapman as early as October 3, 1850, and in December of that year he erected a tin shop on it and occupied it. From that day till the filing of the-bill in this case, he has occupied it for mercantile purposes. In October and November, 1850, and January, 1851, Chapman sold the other lots in controversy, and the purchasers soon after entered, improved and occupied in like manner, and their respective titles were acquired by Starr at various times before the issue of the patent to Stark — some before and some after Stark’s said declaration to him — and the occupation continued, without adverse claim or hindrance on the part of Stark. A warehouse had been built upon one of the lots, even before Lownsdale acquired his interest from Pettygrove, and this Chapman occupied by himself, or tenants, while .he claimed the lot under the conveyance before set out. ' The Starrs were joint owners and occupiers of parts of the lots during a portion of the time from 1850 to 1860, and while so occupying, Stark repeatedly told them, that the title to their lots, and the others in the same situation, was good; and .that when he got his patent he would convey the legal title to the owners of the possessory right. He stated to complainant, that if lot owners would go in with him, and assist in getting title, he would make lot holders good titles. And Starr says, that he and his brother “rendered assistance by not opposing him in getting his patent,” and ' “by talking to — 1128 — others to get them to acquiesce in it, believing that he would make good their title, and in various other ways.” One of these conversations was had at the very time when Stark was going to obtain his certificate of location, which was not obtained till the fall of 1S53. Stark returned to Portland about October, 1850. and with brief temporary absences resided and did business in person within a short distance of this property, till he got his patent in 1800. During this time he had repeated conversations with the Starrs, and consultations and joint actions in litigating other matters affecting the value of this property, and of other property which Stark himself owned; and during all this time no claim was ever set up, or intimated by Stark adverse to StaiT, or the other purchasers of the property from Chapman. Such is the result of the testimony of the Starrs, confirmed by other testimony, with none of any importance to oppose it. There it nothing to impeach its credibility beyond the coloring which the interest of the parties, however honest, may be supposed to give. But Stark is a competent witness, also, and it is but fair to presume that if he could have Truthfully denied, or qualified in any material degree, the accuracy of the testimony given, he would have offered himself as an opposing witness upon these specific points, and submitted himself to a cross-examination in the manner usual with other witnesses. He has not done so, other than by the loóse and general allegations in liis answer to the bill; and I see no good grouad for doubting the substantial correctness of the facts as stated. They harmonize with the acts and uniform conduct of Stark in relation to the matter. These further considerations not only go to establish beyond all doubt the conclusion that Stark fully acquiesced in and adopted the modification of the contract with Lownsdale, assented to by Couch for him, but also show that the complainant and his grantors had every reason to believe, so far as acts and verbal promises can go, that Stark would obtain the title to the lots so embraced in the modified contract for the benefit of the purchasers from Chapman; and that the complainant. and those under whom he claimed, acted upon that idea, and permitted Stark to prove up his claim without any opposition from them. These are not mere loose general rumors — general expectations entertained by the public at. large as to what the proprietors of this land claim would do in the event of procuring title from the government, but they are specific personal statements by Stark to Starr himself, and to those from whom he derives title, and in respect to these specific lots. And complainant derived title to some of them after these conversations, and to all of them after Stark, by his acts, had fully manifested his approval of the modifications of the contract im question. In these particulars the complainant appears to me to stand in a much stronger position than Davenport in the case of Lamb v. Davenport, and in an equally strong iwsition in every other particular except one, which will be considered in its proper place. It follows that, whatever interest in the lots in controversy had been acquired by Petty-grove and Lovejoy, under whom Stark claimed. by virtue of a settlement, improvement and occupation commenced in 1848, and continued in their grantees as stated, including Stark, became fully vested in Chapman, and were by him either conveyed directly to complainant Starr, or to others, who subsequently conveyed to Starr. As between complainant Starr and defendant Stark, the complainant has all the right, title and interest that it was possible for Stark to convey on March 15, 1850, the date of the modification of the indenture of March 1, 1850, by Couch for Stark, and subsequently acquiesced in by him in the manner indicated, and this included the initiation of the four years’ possession dating from September previous, subsequently perfected into a full title by the patent issued in virtue of that possession. At that time the donation act had not been passed, consequently Starr acquired, through Chapman and the other parties before mentioned, all the title it was at that time possible to acquire, a title against all the world except the United States. The donation act having been passed in September, 1850, Stark afterwards filed his claim under that act, dating the possession upon which he relied, and which he afterwards proved up, and upon which the patent issued, from September 1, 1849 — from which time his right subsequently perfected by his patent dates — some seven months prior to the final compromise between Stark and Lowns-dale, Coffin and Chapman. By that compromise. the right to the very possession of these particular lots upon which the patent issued passed, as the actual possession had before passed to Chapman, and afterwards through him to Starr. Stark was not in fact in possession of these lots at the date from which lie dates his settlement, nor at any time after-wards during the four years, while his possession was required to be continued to entitle him to a patent, as we have seen. During all that time it was in the occupation of Starr and his grantors. It follows that unless he obtained the title for the benefit of those who had purchased under the circumstances stated, he either committed a fraud upon them, or else upon the United • States and the law, for the law did not grant, or intend to grant, to one party, land which he never possessed, but which at all times was actually in the occupation of another. The only particular in which Davenport occupied a better position in respect to the title to the lots claimed by him in Lamb v. Davenport, than Starr does in this, is, the •.equity claimed by him under the fourth covenant in the instrument executed between — 1129 — Lownsdale, Coffin and Chapman, commonly known as the escrow, which will be found set out in the report of that case. That covenant does not apply to this case. In other respects Starr's equity is equal to, and in some particulars, as we have seen, stronger than Davenport’s. The supreme court has recently decided that case on appeal, and the bearing of its decision upon this case will now be considered. The circuit court rested its decision upon the fourth covenant of the escrow, as expressly obligating Lownsdale to convey the legal title, in case he should obtain it from the United States. While the supreme court affirmed that view, it is believed that an attentive consideration of the decision cannot fail to satisfy the inquirer that it is much broader in its scope. The supreme court say: “We are satisfied that by the true intent and meaning of these agreements, the equitable right to all the lots in controversy had been transferred by Lownsdale to Coffin before the passage of the donation act, and that, as between Lownsdale. Coffin and Chapman, the equitable interest, such as we have described it, of the lots in controversy, was in Coffin or his vendees. The record shows that this interest or claim, whatever it was at the commencement of this suit, was vested in Davenport, while the legal title was in the heirs of Lownsdale. According to well settled principles of equity often asserted by this court, Davenport is entitled to 'the conveyance of this title from those heirs, unless some exceptional reason is found to the contrary.” Now the agreements referred to by the supreme court by which “the equitable right to all the lots in controversy had been transferred by Lownsdale to Coffin before the passage of the donation act,” and, “was in Coffin or his vendees.” were the agreements prior to the escrow, for that was not executed till long after the passage of the donation act, and it did not purport to transfer any interest in these lots at all. It was simply an arrangement for their own future action. After discussing the validity, of the escrow, notwithstanding its execution after the passage of the donation act, the court proceeds: “And if this latter agreement is rejected as altogether void, it is still apparent that by the contracts made prior to the donation act, the equitable right of Coffin to these lots is sufficiently established.” Coffin’s individual conveyances to Mills and Cheeny, under which Davenport claimed title, were not made till after the passage of the donation act. and to sustain these conveyances under the act, the court very properly distinguished Coffin’s right as an individual lot holderthrough mesne conveyances from the town proprietors and donee, from Coffin’s right as general claimant and holder of the Portland land claim and general town proprietor. The court say, in reply to the objection to the validity of the conveyances to Mills and Cheeny: “The answer is, that Coffin is not the donee, who takes title under the act of congress, but Lownsdale; and Lownsdale had made a valid agreement by which his interest in them was transferred to Coffin before that statute was passed.” The conveyance by which the lots then in question passed from Lownsdale, donee, and Coffin as general claimants and town proprietors, to Coffin as as individual lot holder under the general claimant, is the conveyance made to Marshall, tlie substance of which is given in Lamb v. Davenport. Marshall having resold the lots to Coffin as an individual, the latter subsequently conveyed them to Mills and Cheeny. This conveyance »to Marshall is a simple quit-claim deed, without any covenant at all as to a future procurement of title, or for conveyance of title should it be procured. Or, if we consider the conveyance from Lownsdale to Coffin, of March 30, 1850, Exhibit C of the evidence in the case now in hand, as the one referred to by the supreme court under which the title of Lownsdale, donee, passed to Coffin, as purchaser, it is also but a quit-claim deed, equally barren of covenants. The equity of Davenport in that ease, then, as against Lownsdale, the pat-entee and donee under the donation act, rested entirely on a quit-claim deed made under the circumstances detailed in that case. The court, then, distinctly hold in that case, that a quit-claim deed made in view of the condition of things existing at Portland at the time the various transactions considered occurred, gives an equity against the grantor, who subsequently obtains the legal title under the donation act, under the circumstances disclosed in that case. In fact, this ground of decision is, if possible, more distinctly brought out than the other, and is suggested as a ground free from doubt, even if the other were doubtful. Both points were fairly and directly presented by the record, and the decision might as well have been put upon one as the other, and both are distinctly determined. We ean, therefore, no more say that one was not directly adjudicated than the other. But if we can, the court manifestly rest more directly and confidently on the equities derived from the quit-claim deeds prior to the escrow, than upon the covenants in the escrow; for this is the point, particularly stated, and the only one mentioned in the close of the opinion, where the result is announced as follows: “But we hold, that as to the portion of the land which was allotted to him by the surveyor-general, and the title of which vests' in his heirs by the act of 1836 (5 Stat. 31), without which the patent would be void, his contract of sale made before the donation act was passed, and while he was the owner of the possessory interest before described was a valid contract intentionally protected by the donation act itself, and binding on the title which comes to his heirs by reason of his death.” — 1130 — Thus, ex industria, this point seems to be repeated, as the one upon .which the court designs principally to rest the decision. The conveyances referred to as made before the' passage of the donation act do not embrace the escrow, for that was executed long after the passage of the act: and Davenport had no title whatever under any contract executed before the passage of the donation act, coming from Lownsdale, the donee, other than that by a quit-claim deed, without any further covenants for title. The claimant in the case now under consideration, substantially stands in the position upon the facts stated, of having a conveyance of all of Stark’s right, title and interest, on the 15th of March, 1850, which is after the initiation of the possession upon which his title to a patent as donee rested, which was commenced in September before, and was all the title he, or any of the Portland land claimants, was capable of conveying at the time, It conveyed his right of possession and the rights incident to it. Complainant’s title is, therefore, in every particular, equal to that of Davenport derived from Lownsdale, under the conveyances made before the passage of the donation act. The complainant, therefore, is strictly within, the decision of the supreme court in that case. It is impossible to take the present case out of the rule there laid down. The decision- is authoritative, and must control the'decision of this case, and I am glad to "be able to say that I am fully satisfied, as I think any reasonable mind must be, that the result in this case, and in the several others argued in conjunction with it upon the same, and substantially the same testimony, is in strict accordance with the intrinsic justice of the case. In my apprehension, any other result in these cases would work great hardship and gross injustice. This class of cases is sui generis, and I do not now perceive why the rule established by the supreme court in Lamb v. Davenport would not operate justly in all cases of the same class. I have given these cases all that careful attention which ought to be bestowed when so large an amount of property, and principles so important, are involved, and have earnestly endeavored to reach a correct conclusion. If I have failed to correctly construe the decision of the supreme court, or have in any other particular misapprehended the law, I am glad to know that my error can and will be corrected by a higher tribunal, and justice ultimately done. There must be a decree for the complainant in pursuance of the prayer of the bill with costs, and it is so ordered.