Coffield Motor Washer Co. v. A. D. Howe Co.

DAYTON", District Judge (after stating the facts as above). In the case of Peter T. Coffield & Sou v. Spears & Riddle et al. (C. C.) 169 Fed. 641, I fully considered the validity of complainant’s reissue patent No. 12,719 in view of the prior art, and therein stated that I had no trouble “in reaching the same conclusion arrived at by the Board of Appeals in the Patent Office, that Coffield, the patentee, was the first fo use in connection with the elements of the mechanism springs which complete the stroke of the valve, and that, taken as a whole, the device is new, useful, and patentable.” I further said in that case: “As to the technical defenses touching alleged irregularities in the Patent Office in the issuing of the original and reissue patents without proper affidavits and evidence of inadvertence, accident, or mistake, it is to he remembered that no such irregularities will be assumed to have occurred, but, on the contrary, the granting of the patent is prima facie evidence that the law has been complied with, and fatal irregularities in the Patent Office must not only [670] be aptly pleaded but shown by full and satisfactory proof. In case the original patent has been surrendered and a reissued one has been granted, it has been held that such office proceedings can only be impeached for fraud.” After a careful reconsideration of the question, I can find no reason for doubting the soundness of these legal principles. In Seymour v. Osborne, 11 Wall. 543, 20 L. Ed. 33, it is said: “When the Commissioner of Patents accepts a surrender of an original patent, and grants a new patent, his decision in the premises in a suit for infringement is final and conclusive, and is not re-examinable in a suit in the Circuit Court, unless it is apparent upon the face of the patent that he has exceeded his authority, that there is such a repugnancy between the old and the new patents that it must be held as a matter of legal construction that the new patent is not for thte same invention as that embraced and secured in the original patent” — citing Battin v. Taggert, 17 How. 83, 15 L. Ed. 37; O’Reilly v. Morse, 15 How. 111-112, 14 L. Ed. 601: Sickles v. Evans, 2 Cliff. 222, Fed. Cas. No. 12,839; Allen v. Blunt, 3 Story, 744, Fed. Cas. No. 216. See, also, Rubber Co. v. Goodyear, 9 Wall. 788, 797, 19 L. Ed. 566, and Railroad Co. v. Stimpson, 14 Pet. 448, 458, 10 L. Ed. 535. I also held in the Spears & Riddle Case that Coffield & Son have brought themselves within the rules laid down in Topliff v. Topliff, 145 U. S. 156, 12 Sup. Ct. 825, 36 L. Ed. 658, governing reissue patents, and to this conclusion I still adhere. Rev. St. § 4916 (U. S. Comp. St. 1901, p. 3393), provides: “Every patent so re-issued, together with the corrected specification, shall have the same effect and operation in law, on the trial of all actions for causes thereafter arising, as if the same had been originally filed in such corrected form.” Under this statute it follows that novelty dates from .the original invention, that those who use or sell after the date of the reissue patent articles covered by it become infringers, although they had lawfully sold them by reason of the omission in the original patent prior to the reissue correcting such omission. Grant v. Raymond, 6 Pet. 218, 8 L. Ed. 376; Stimpson v. Railroad Co., 4 How. 380, 11 L. Ed. 1020; Agawam Co. v. Jordon, 7 Wall. 583, 609, 19 L. Ed. 177; Bliss v. Brooklyn, Fed. Cas. No. 1,544; Carr v. Rice, Fed. Cas. No. 2,440. With these principles to guide us, it seems clear to me that upon the pleadings as they now stand the single question for me to determine is whether or not the motors manufactured and sold by defendant infringe the reissue patent of complainant. In the Spears & Riddle Case I have fully described the mechanism of the Coffield motor, which I upheld under the reissue patent, and I refer to that case for such description. It is here sufficient to sajr that it is clear that Ornold, a selling agent of the Coffields, with full knowledge of their motor, left their employ, associated himself with Howe, and they two set to work to devise a motor that would perform the same functions as the Coffield one without infringing its patent. They admit that two attempts of theirs in this direction were failures, and had to be abandoned because they were infringements. The third one upon which they now rely differs from the Coffield one practically only in two particulars. First, it provides for the movement of the cylinder instead of the piston; second, it substitutes a larger single coil spring mounted on the piston rod for the two smaller coil springs carried on the stems of the exhaust [671] and inlet valves. The idea of movable cylinders with stationary pistons is clearly old and not patentable, as disclosed by the proceedings in the Patent Office where the claim for this was rejected as covered by patents to Fairdough No. 68,721, September 10, 1887, or Rappe (German) No. 15,234 of 1886. The substitution of the single coil spring mounted on the piston rod performs precisely the same function as the two smaller coil springs carried on the stems of the exhaust and inlet valves in the Coffield motor; that is. of imparting the final movement to the valves after said valves have been given their initial movement by contact with the cylinder heads. This is done in the Coffield motor by a spring attached to the valve striking the cylinder head, in the Howe & Ornold motor by the valve striking a plate attached to the spring; the only difference being in the form and location of the spring. The latter simply amounts to a mechanical equivalent for the former, and presents in my judgment no improvement over it. I think the Howe & Ornold motor to be a clear infringement of complainant’s reissue patent No. .12,719, and therefore the preliminary injunction will be granted. Touching the motion to strike out the answer of defendant in the nature of a cross-bill, it follows from the conclusion above reached that the affirmative relief prayed for in the answer cannot now be granted, and that the patent of Howe & Ornold No. 841,649 must upon final hearing be held invalid as infringing complainant’s reissue one., unless defendant can successfully assail for fraud the granting of said reissue patent. Whether this can be done otherwise than by an original bill setting forth fully the facts constituting such fraud I have grave doubt. It is true that under section 19.18, Rev. St. (U. S. Comp. St. 1901, p. 3391), contrary to the rules of Federal Procedure in other equity cases, it is not necessary for the defendant to file a cross-bill praying that complainant’s patent be declared void, as the court, under this statute, can grant affirmative relief and declare either patent void, and some decisions hold may declare both void. Lockwood v. Cleveland (C. C.) 6 Fed. 721 ; Mowry v. Whitney, 14 Wall. 434, 20 L. Ed. 858; Electrical Accumulator Co. v. Brush Electric Co. (C. C.) 44 Fed. 602; American Clay-Bird Co. v. Rigowski Clay-Pigeon Co. (C. C.) 31 Fed. 4 66; Foster v. Lindsay, Fed. Cas. No. 4,976; Potter v. Dixon, Fed. Cas. No. 11,-325; Palmer Co. v. Lozier (C. C.) 69 Fed. 346. While this is true, it would seem to be also true, under general equity principles, that complainant should be informed specifically of the facts constituting the fraud relied upon to impeach his patent, and that the affirmative relief allowed tinder this statute should he based upon technical defects apparent on the face of the patent and to interference. Be this as it may, I have determined to give defendant the benefit of all doubt in the matter and will allow its answer to remain, reserving, however, to complainant the right to move for a more specific statement of the grounds of fraud and of the facts upon which the same are based to be set forth in a supplemental answer or cross-bill, if the defendant shall desire to pursue such issue farther, at this time indicating my opinion that the allegations contained in the answer as it now stands are not sufficient, if objection be made, to raise such issue.