Sturm v. Boker

Mr. Justice Jackson, after stating the case, delivered the opinion of the court. It is too clear for discussion or the citation of authorities, that the contract was not a sale of the goods by the defendants to Sturm. The terms and conditions under which the goods were delivered to him import only a consignmeftt. The words “consign” and “consigned” employed in the letters were used in their commercial sense, which meant that the property was committed or entrusted to Sturm for care or sale, and did not by any express or fair implication mean the sale by the one or purchase by the other. The words, “Mr. II. Sturm in joint account with Hermann Boker & Co.,” or “Bought of Hermann Boker & Co., in joint account,” in the bill-head, cannot be allowed to control the express written terms contained in the contract as set forth in the letters.. A printed bill-head can have little or no influence in changing *327 the clear and explicit language of the letters, and it in no way controls, modifies, or alters the terms of the contract. The purpose and object of the bill was to give a description and valuation of the articles to which the contract as embraced in the letters had reference, their description being important if the articles had to be returned, and their price or valuation necessary if they were sold and profits were made for division. The contract being clearly expressed in writing, the printed . bill-head of the invoice can, upon no well-settled rule, control, modify, or alter it. That the invoice was not intended to have that effect is shown by the fact that the invoice of the consignment of October 24 differed in several respects from the-invoice of September 18, although the terms and conditions in respect to each consignment were the same. In Schenck v. Saunders, 13 Gray, 37, 40, there was a written agreement in these terms; “The said Schenck, Wood & Pond of the first part agree to furnish the stock, consisting of upper and sole leather and linings, and bindings, of sufficient amount to make at least eight, and not to exceed twenty, cases per week. And the said Charles Howe of the second part is to take the stock, and make it up to the best of his abilities into women’s boots; and further agrees to consign all the goods he makes to the said Schenck, Wood & Pond of the first part to be sold by them-on commission of five per cent, the goods to be sold for cash, and the returns made to the said Charles Howe as fast as made. And the said Charles Howe of the second part agrees to put up and ship to the said. Schenck, Wood & Pond, at their store in New York, at- least eight cases of boots per week, each case containing sixty pairs, commencing the first week in May, 1856.” With each shipment of leather to Howe, Schenck, Wood & Pond sent him unsigned bills, like those in the present case, in this form: “Boot, Shoe and Leather Warehouse. “Mr. Charles Howe, New York, May 15, 1856. “Bought of Schenck, Wood & Pond, *328 “ Manufacturers and Commission Merchants, No. 25 Beekman Street. “ Terms 6 months. “ 52 sides, sole leather B. A., 644, 26J.....$170 66 “ Inspection and cartage................. 90 “$171 56” In a contest as to the title of these goods, (boots,) between Schenck, Wood & Pond and an assignee of Howe, it was contended among other things that the invoices showed that the transaction was a sale to Howe, and the heading of .the bills was relied upon to give such construction to the contract. The Supreme Court of Massachusetts, speaking by Bigelow, J., held that the transaction was not a sale, and that “ the bills of parcels ivhich were sent from time to time with the merchandise were susceptible of explanation by parol evidence, and did not change the terms of the written agreement under which the property was sent to Howe. They were sent only as memoranda of the amount and value of the merchandise transmitted. Hazard v. Loring, 10 Cush. 267.” “An invoice,” as said by this court in Dows v. National Exchange Bank, 91 U. S. 618, 630, “is not a bill of sale, nor is it evidence of a sale. It is a mere detailed statement of the nature, quantity, and cost or price of the things invoiced, and it is as appropriate’to a bailment as it is to a sale. • . . . Hence, standing alone, it is never regarded as evidence of title.” Was the contract, as claimed by counsel for the defendants, a contract of “sale or return”? We think not. The class of contracts,' known as contracts of “ sale or return,” exist where the privilege of purchase or return is not dependent upon the character or quality of the property sold, but resfs. entirely upon the option of the purchaser to retain or return. In this class of. cases the title passes to the purchaser subject to his option to return the property within a time specified, or a reasonable time, and if, before the expiration of such time, or the exercise of the option given, the property is destroyed, *329 even by inevitable accident, the buyer is responsible for the price. The true distinction is pointed .out by Wells, J., in Hunt v. Wyman, 100 Mass. 198, 200, as follows: “An option to purchase if he liked is essentially different from an option to return a purchase if he should not like. In one case the title will not pass until the option is determined; in the other the property passes at once, subject to the right to rescind and return.” The cases cited and relied on by the defendants, Moss v. Sweet, 16 Q. B. 493, 494; Martineau v. Kitching, L. R. 7 Q. B. 436, 455; Schlesinger v. Stratton, 9 R. I. 578, 581, involved contracts of “ sale or return,” in which there was a sale followed by a destruction of the property before the option of the purchaser had expired or had been exercised. It was properly held in these cases that the goods'were at the risk of the purchaser pending the exercise of the option, and that he was responsible for the loss of the goods or the price to be paid therefor. These authorities are not in point in the present case. The contract under consideration did not confer upon the complainant the privilege of purchasing or returning the goods' within any specified or reasonable time, for the defendants retained by express stipulation a right to share in the profits made on the sale of the'goods in Mexico, and if they were not sold to have the specific goods returned to them without expense. In the letter of October 24 they specially direct that the Springfield rifles, including those covered by the consignment of September 18, as well as those covered by the consignment'of October 24, should be returned if they did not realize the prices indicated in the invoices. The contract in its terms and conditions meets all the requirements of a.bailment. The recognized distinction between bailment and sale is that-when the identical article is to be returned in the same or in some altered form, the contract is one of bailment, and the' title- to the property is not changed. On the other hand, when there is no obligation to return the specific article, and the receiver is at liberty to return another thing of value, he becomes a debtor to make the return, and *330 the title to the property is changed ; the transaction is a.sale. This distinction or test of a bailment is recognized by this court jn the case of Powder Co. v. Burkhardt, 97 U. S. 110, 116. The agency to sell and return- the proceeds, or the specific goods if not sold, stands upon precisely the same footing, and does not involve a change of title. An essential incident to trust property is that the trustee or bailee can never make use of it. for his own benefit. Nor can it be subjected by liis creditors to the payment of his debts. Testing the present case by these established principles, it admits of no question that the contract was one of bailment, and that, the title to the goods, with the corresponding risk attached to ownership, remained "with the defendants. Suppose a creditor of 'Sturm had levied r’pom or seized these goods after they reached his possession ; it cannot be doubted that the defendants could have recovered them as their property. That the contract between the parties in reference to the • goods in question was a bailment upon the terms stated in the letters, is clearly established by the. authorities. Among others, see Hunt v. Wyman, 100 Mass. 198; Walker v. Butterick, 105 Mass. 237: Middleton v. Stone, 111 Penn. St. 589. The complainant’s common law responsibility as bailee exempted him from liability for loss of. the consigned goods arising from inevitable accident. A bailee may, however, enlarge his legal responsibility b}*' contract, express or fairly implied, and render himself liable for the loss or destruction of the goods committed to his care — the bailment or compensation to be received therefor being a sufficient consideration for such.an undertaking. This brings us to the question whether, by the terms and conditions of the contract, as embraced in- the letter of September 18,.consigning the goods, it can be held that the complainant .assumed such a risk in the present case. He assumed the expenses of transporting the goods to Mexico, the duty of selling them to the best advantage after they reached there, the *331 obligation to account to the defendants for the price at which they might be sold, less one-half of the profits in excess of the invoice price, and if not sold, he was to return the specific articles to the defendants free of expense. This agreement to return the goods, in the event they should not be sold, it is urged, imposed upon him the risk of their destruction before he had an opportunity to sell or dispose of them under or in accordance with the terms of the consignment. ¥o cannot accede to the correctness of this proposition. The destruction of the goods, without fault or negligence on his part, terminated his obligation to make either a return thereof, or pay for their loss. Such a liability could only be imposed upon him by a contract clearly expressing his assumption of the risk of destruction, or his liability'' for the loss. In the case of Hunt v. Wyman, 100 Mass. 198, the bailee was to return the property (a horse) in as good condition as he received it by a designated time. The property was so injured without fault on his part that it could not be returned within the time agreed upon, and no attempt was made to return it; still it was held that he was not responsible for. the property. The coui’t said : “ A mere failure to return the horse within the time agreed may be a breach of contract, upon which the plaintiff is entitled to an appropriate remedy; but has no such legal effect as to convert the bailment into a sale. It might be an evidence of a determination by the defendant of his option to purchase. But it would be only evidence. In this case the accident to the horse, before an opportunity was had for trial in order to determine the option, deprives it of all force, even as evidence.” In Walker v. Butterick, 105 Mass. 237, the following contract was presented: “ Boston, November 25iA, 1888. “ Alexander & Company of the first part are to take goods from Walker & Company of the second part, and to return to them, the said Walker & Company, every thirty days, the amount of sales, at the prices charged by the said Walker ■& Company, who will furnish Alexander & Company all goods *332 in their line. Alexander & Company are worth in real estate and money $5000, of which they hereby certify. “ (Signed) Alexander & Co. “ We agree to the conditions of the within instrument. “(Signed) Walker & Co.” It appears that some months after the date of this contract, Alexander & Co. absconded, and one of their creditors levied upon goods which had been furnished by Walker & Co. The court held that the contract under which Walker & Go. claimed title to the goods levied upon, imported a consignment of the goods for sale, and not a sale of them by Walker & Co. to Alexander & Co., so that the title remained in Walker & Co. In Middleton v. Stone, 111 Penn. St. 589, A delivered to B two-colts, under a contract that B should safely ..keep and sell them, if possible, before a certain date for A, he fixing a minimum price to be received by him, and in addition thereto one-half of all money obtained above that price to the extent of $25; and, if not sold, to return the animals in good condition. Held,' that this was not a sale but a bailment, and it Avas error, therefore, to overrule the offer of B to skoAV that the colts Avere sick when they were deliArered to him; that one of then! died, and that he then offered to return the other to A, Avho refused to receive it. It was held that the horses were at the risk of A. It is next urged, on behalf of the defendants, that the taking of the insurance in the'name of, complainant Avas a recognition of his responsibility for the loss of the goods, and that the policies of insurance Avere turned over to them to secure this liability of the complainant. This position cannot be sustained, for the reason that defendants, through their partner, Funke, directed that all the insurance should be taken out together in the name of Sturm; and also instructed the insurance broker to; select for them the policies Avhich they Avished appropriated to secure their interest. The act of taking out the insurance, in the manner in Avhich it Avas done, was their act as much- as it was the act of Sturm, and the. in *333 suranco having been thus effected in no way tends to establish the contention that it wras a recognition of Sturm’s liability for the loss of the goods. It is not material to determine whether the complainant ever endorsed and transferred these four policies to the defendants, or, if so, whether it was done at the time of their delivery or subsequently, for no such assignment or transfer thereof was necessary to have enabled the defendants to recover on the policies for the loss of cargo to the extent of their interest in the same, it being well settled that under a policy running to Sturm, “ for account of 'whom it might concern,” the defendants qould show and recover their interest, .in the event of loss. It was so ruled by this court in Hooper v. Robinson, 98 U. S. 528, where it was said that “ a policy upon a cargo in the name of A, ‘ on account of whom it may concern,’ or with other equivalent terms, will inure to the interest of the party for whom it was intended by A, provided he, at the time of effecting the insurance, had the requisite authority from such party, or the latter subsequently adopted it.” In the present case, Sturm had the requisite authority of the defendants to make the insurance on the consigned goods, .as was testified to by the insurance broker, and as shown in their letter of September 18, 1867, in which they say : “ As you have .insured these goods, as well as other merchandise, we should be pleased to have the amount of. $40,000 transferred to us.” It is clear that the insurance to the extent of $40,000 was intended to cover the interest of the defendants in the consignment of September 18, 1867, and, in the absence of any delivery or transfer of policies representing that interest, this could have been shown by them so' as to, entitle them to the benefits of such insurance. It is next urged, and the court below seems to have taken the same view of the matter, that the complainant is estopped from denying his responsibility for the loss of the goods, because of alleged statements made by him as a witness in the suits upon the insurance policies. It is claimed that-in those suits he testified under oath that he was the owner of the goods, and thereby precluded himself from asserting anything *334 to the contrary in this case, under the wise and salutary doctrine which binds a party to his judicial declárations, and forbids him from subsequently contradicting his statements thus made. We do not controvert the soundness of this general rule as laid down in the cases cited by the defendants. Dent v. Ferguson, 132 U. S. 50; Creath's Administrators v. Sims, 5 How. 192; Wheeler v. Sage, 1 Wall. 518 ; Selz v. Unna, 6 Wall. 327 ; Kitchen v. Rayburn, 19 Wall. 254 ; Bartle v. Coleman, 4 Pet. 184 ; Sample v. Barnes, 4 How. 70 ; Hanauer v. Woodruff, 15 Wall. 439; Higgins v. McCrea, 116 U. S. 671 ; Cragin v. Powell, 128 U. S. 691 ; Prince Mfg. Co. v. Prince Metallic Paint Co., 135 N. Y. 24; Stephens v. Robinson, 2 Cr. & Jer. 209 ; Harmer v. Westmacott, 6 Sim. 284 ; De Metton v. De Mello, 12 East, 234 ; Post v. Marsh, 16 Ch. D. 395; In re Great Berlin Steamboat Co., 26 Ch. D. 616. But the question here is whether the statements made by the complainant in the insurance suits bring him within the' operation of this wholesome rule? We think not, for it would be pressing his language too far to hold that he made any positive statement to the effect that he was the absolute owner of the goods, or that he admitted as a matter of fact, rather than of opinion, that he was responsible for their loss. What he did state, when his testimony is read as a whole, was that he-was the owner on consignment, for when the direct question was put to him, “ What do you mean by being the owner for the time being ? ” his reply was, “ That they were delivered to me by Hermann Boker & Company under that agreement, and I was •responsible for those goods until they were returned, or until' I delivered the money to them. This is what I mean.” And in reply to another question, he stated that “ the terms on which I was the owner were expressed in- the papers I furnished,” referring to the letters of September 18 and October 24, 1867. And to the further question whether he understood that those contracts made the goods his .property, his answer was, “I understood so at the'time, certainly, and I believe so yet.” 1 *335 This language did not mislead or induce either the defendants or the insurance companies to alter or change their posi *336 tion in any respect whatever, nor influence their conduct in any way." Both the defendants and the insurance companies had the written contracts before them, and were presumed, as a matter of law, to know their legal effect and operation. What the complainant said in his testimony was a statement of opinion upon a question of law, where the facts were equally well known to both parties. Such statements of opinion do not operate as an estoppel. If he had said, in express terms, that by that contract he was responsible for the loss, it'would have been, under the circumstances, only the expression of an opinion as to the law of the contract, and not a declaration or admission of a fact, such as would estop him from subsequently taking a different position as to the true interpretation of the written instrument. In Brant v. Virginia Coal & Iron Co., 93 U. S. 326, 337, it was said : “ Where the condition of the title is known to both parties, or both have the same means of ascertaining the truth, there can be no estoppel.” So in Brewster v. Striker, 2 N. Y. 19, and Norton v. Coons, 6 N. Y. 33, and approved in Chatfield v. Simonson, et al., 92 N. Y. 209, 218, where it was ruled “that thé assertion of a legal conclusion, where the facts were all stated, did not operate aS an estpppol upon the party making such assertion.” In Bigelow on Estoppel (§ .2, pp. 572, 573, 5th ed.)- it is properly said : “ The rule we apprehend to be this: that where the statement or conduct is not resolvable into a statement of fact, as distinguished from a statement of opinion or of law, and does riot amount to a contract, the party making it is not bound, unless he was guilty of clear moral fraud, or unless he stood in a' relation of confidence towards him to whom it Avas iriade. If the statement, not being contracted to be true, is understood to be opinion, or a conclusion of law from a com *337 parison of facts, propositions or the like, and a fortiori if it is the declaration-of a supposed rule of law, the parties-may, with the qualification stated in the last sentence, allege its incorrectness.” And again (§ 2, p. 571): “A representation in pais in writing, when not a part of a deed or made the subject of a contract, though on oath, is no more efficacious, so far as the question of estoppel is concerned, than a verbal statement.” These authorities lay down the correct rule to be applied in the present case, and, tested by the principle they announce, the complainant is not estopped from claiming his rights under a proper construction of the contract, notwithstanding what he said in the insurance cases. The grounds of estoppel against the complainant are not nearly so strong as they are against the defendants. It is clearly shown that Funke, a member of defendants’ firm, in March, 1876, on the trial of the suit against the New York Mutual-Insurance Company upon one of the policies in question, distinctly swore that the complainant was indebted to them only to the extent of $32,000, and that they had no security whatever for the' payment of that indebtedness. In his testimony in the present case he fails to explain that sworn statement. That sworn statement is inconsistent with the claim now made that .the complainant was at that time indebted to the defendants to the amount of over $140,000 ; and it is furthermore inconsistent with- the position now taken that. they held all the insurance policies, amounting to $163,000, as collateral ^ecurity for complainant’s indebtedness. These sworn statements of Funke related to facts which were as well, if not better, knowm to the witness-at that time than in ' 1882, and subsequently, wheñ he testified in this case. These statements are unexplained, and if they do not operate as an estoppel upon the defendants from now claiming- a larger indebtedness than was then stated, and from claiming that all the policies were turned over to them as collateral security, they certainly cast suspicion and discredit upon their testimony in the present case. The question of estoppel need not be further discussed. Upon the written contract, and all the relevant and compe *338 tent evidence connected therewith, we are of opinion that the construction which the lower court placed upon the contract was incorrect; that the complainant was not an insurer of the goods; that lie was not responsible for their loss; that the policy of $15,000 on the cargo of the Blonde turned over to the defendants was intended to cover their interest in that consignment, amounting to $10,500, and that the four policies on the Ileese’s cargo delivered to them were to protect their interest in the consigned goods carried by that vessel, to the extent of $29,327; that they held these policies to pay that amount in case of loss, and that the surplus, if any, was to be held in trust for the complainant. But if there were any doubt on this question,' Exhibits “ II ” and “ F,” which were produced by the complainant during the progress of the suit, place the matter beyond all dispute. Said exhibits are as' follows: “Exhibit ‘H.’ “ Memorandum. New York, October 11th, 1867. “•"We have received from Johnson & Higgins $163,000 policies on the schooner ‘ Keese ’ and $30,000 on the brig ‘Blonde,’ as per statement attached. "We directed them to insure our goods for $40,000, which covers .our bill of September 18th, and premium, but no profit. To enable us to select our policies, General Sturm has endorsed in blank, five policies, amounting to $70,000, as follows: *339 “ Exhibit ‘ F.’ • “Memorandum : We have -insured our goods on the ‘Keese’. and ‘ Blonde ’ for a maximum of $40,000, which includes the premium, which we have to pay. In case of accident we select our policies and we stand all loss and Gl. Sturm pays shipping expenses only. We hold in trust for Geni. Sturm $30,000-policies on the ‘Keese’ and also a package.of Mexican bonds left over from the $105,000 delivered to us Sept’br. 20th. We also now direct Gl. Sturm to dispose of the batteries ^at any . price. “ Steamer Wilmington, October 25, ’67. ■“ Herman Boker & Co.” *340 These exhibits were vigorously attacked by the defendants, Avho at first claimed that both the body and signatures of the documents were forgeries. They afterwards admitted that the signatures were genuine, but insisted that the writing above them was forged. A great deal of proof was taken to establish this contention, but it fails, in our opinion, to show that these documents were forgeries. The signatures being genuine, the burden of proof was clearly upon the defendants to establish that the written part above the signatures was forged. -The delay in the production of these documents is fairly accounted for by the complainant, and'they are in harmony with what, we think, was the true nature and character of the contract and agreement of the parties. Some relianch is placed upon what is called a 'statement of his account made to Sturm in Indianapolis in May, Í875, by Boker, one of defendants’ firm. This account was clearly a partial one. It was made up by Eabing, the bookkeeper of defendauts, not from their books, but from memoranda furnished .him by Boker, but from what source he obtained it does not appear. The correctness of the account — shown by loose slips of paper and imperfect memoranda —■ was disputed by Sturm, and it is now conceded by defendants that it was not a full and accurate statement. Sturm claimed that they had not given him credit for money collected on his insurance policies, and that when they were all included the defendants would be indebted to him. The circumstances attending the presentation of this account, made at a time when Sturm was contemplating going into bankruptcy, tends strongly to show that the defendants were endeavoring to induce him to admit a much larger indebtedness to them than really existed, in order to give them an advantage in the event of bankruptcy. But, however that may be, there was no stated' account accepted or acquiesced in by Sturm, such as would either conclude or require him to.surcharge and falsify the same. We have not deemed it necessary to'determine whether the September invoice had on it the printed words “payable in gold” when it was delivered. Those words form no part of *341 the contract as embodied in the letter of September 18, 1867, and complainant’s acceptance thereof. They do not impose upon the complainant the liability to account for the value of the goods in gold in the event of loss by inevitable accident; and not being responsible for the goods, nor liable for the loss thereof, neither he, nor the proceeds of his insurance policies, can properly be subjected to the burden of making good either the defendants’ loss, or paying such losses in gold. The insurance, as defendants admit, was not on a gold basis, but only for the invoice price of the goods in currency. The complainant was not an insurer, nor in any way liable for even the currency value of the consigned goods, and it would be a perversion of the contract and inequitable to require either him or his policies to compensate the defendants for their loss in gold. We think the complainant has failed to make out a claim to compensation for his services in attending to the suits against the insurance companies. In our opinion the complainant is entitled to the account he seeks by his bill, in which he should be credited with the amounts received' by the defendants on the insurance policies in the proportion of $152,266 to $29,327, that being their relative interest in the cargo of the ELeese; that the expenses of the litigation, including counsel fees, should be divided between the parties on the same basis; that the complainant is entitled to one-half of the sum of $1463.84, paid by way of general average on the goods shipped on the Blonde; to the further sum of $672.68, for repairing the goods which readied Mexico in a damaged condition ; and for whatever defendants realized on life insurance policies of the complainant and on the notes arising from the sale of the Indianapolis lots, if the amount so realized did not have to be repaid in taking up the notes; and with such other amounts as he may have placed in the hands . of the defendants, either in the bank account or in the transaction connected with the insurance policies ;. a.nd the defendants will be credited with all the amounts paid to and for the account of complainant not covered by the foregoing rulings. The-account will be stated up to the filing of the bill, and any *342 balance shown in favor of either side will bear interest from that date. The decree is reversed, and the cause is remanded to the court below, to be proceeded with in conformity with this opinion.