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Salguero Alvarez v. Garland
NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS NOV 17 2023 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
HECTOR SALGUERO-ALVAREZ, No. 22-1533
Petitioner, Agency No. A205-156-696
v. MEMORANDUM* MERRICK B. GARLAND, Attorney General,
Respondent.
On Petition for Review of an Order of the Board of Immigration Appeals
Submitted November 15, 2023** San Francisco, California
Before: S.R. THOMAS and MENDOZA, Circuit Judges, and OLIVER,*** District Judge.
Petitioner Hector Salguero-Alvarez seeks review of a decision by the Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) denying his application for withholding of
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2). *** The Honorable Solomon Oliver, Jr., Senior United States District Judge for the Northern District of Ohio, sitting by designation.
COA removal. We review denials of withholding of removal for substantial evidence. Aguilar Fermin v. Barr, 958 F.3d 887, 891 (9th Cir. 2020). We have jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a), and we deny the petition.
Because the parties are familiar with the facts and the procedural history, we do not recount them here.
To qualify for withholding of removal, Salguero-Alvarez must show that his “life or freedom would be threatened” in Guatemala due to his “race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion.” Tamang v. Holder, 598 F.3d 1083, 1091 (9th Cir. 2010) (quoting 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3)). He can make this showing either (a) “by establishing a presumption of fear of future persecution based on past persecution,” or (b) “through an independent showing of clear probability of future persecution.” Tamang, 598 F.3d at 1091 (citing 8 C.F.R. § 1208.16(b)(1) and (2)).
Salguero-Alvarez does not claim to have suffered past persecution. So he must show a clear probability of future persecution to be entitled to withholding of removal. Tamang, 598 F.3d at 1091. “Clear probability” means “it is ‘more likely than not’ that he would be subject to persecution on account of one of the protected grounds [in 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3)].” Id. (quoting INS v. Cardoza-Fonseca, 480 U.S. 421, 429 (1987)). And “persecution” is “the infliction of suffering or harm upon those who differ (in race, religion, or political opinion) in a way regarded as
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offensive.” Fon v. Garland, 34 F.4th 810, 813 (9th Cir. 2022) (quoting Korablina v. INS, 158 F.3d 1038, 1043 (9th Cir. 1998)) (brackets omitted).
Here, substantial evidence supports the BIA’s conclusion that Salguero-Alvarez failed to show a clear probability of future persecution in Guatemala— namely, Salguero-Alvarez’s testimony that his similarly situated family members remain in Guatemala unharmed. Given this testimony, the record hardly compels a conclusion contrary to the BIA’s. Indeed, as we have recognized, “a petitioner’s fear of future persecution ‘is weakened, even undercut, when similarly-situated family members’ living in the petitioner’s home country are not harmed.” Sinha v. Holder, 564 F.3d 1015, 1022 (9th Cir. 2009) (quoting Hakeem v. INS, 273 F.3d 812, 816 (9th Cir. 2001)).
Mgoian v. INS, 184 F.3d 1029 (9th Cir. 1999), a case favored by Salguero-Alvarez, does not alter this analysis. There, we reversed the BIA’s denial of a petitioner’s application for withholding of removal where the petitioner, unlike Salguero-Alvarez, had been “directly and repeatedly threatened” by neighbors in her home country. Id. at 1037. Moreover, in Mgoian, the evidence showed that “all of [the petitioner’s] principal family members were subjected to forms of violence, persecution and harassment.” Id. at 1036 (emphasis added). These crucial distinctions limit Mgoian’s applicability here, to say the least.
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In sum, substantial evidence supports the BIA’s conclusion that Salguero-Alvarez did not carry his burden to show a clear probability of future persecution. Because his failure to demonstrate a clear probability of future persecution was dispositive of his application for withholding, the BIA was not required to make a finding with respect to nexus. INS v. Bagamasbad, 429 U.S. 24, 25 (1976) (“agencies are not required to make findings on issues the decision of which is unnecessary to the results they reach”). The BIA did not err in declining to address whether there was a nexus between Salguero-Alvarez’s fear of persecution and a statutorily protected ground.