Barber v. Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne & Chicago Railway Co.

Mr. Justice Gray, after stating the case, delivered the opinion of the court. The real question between the parties, upon which the decision of this case must turn, is what estate Amanda Stephens took under the will of James S.- Stevenson, by which he devised to her certain lots of land in Pittsburgh, and further provided as follows: “In the event of Amanda dying unmarried, or, if married, dying without offspring by her husband, then *98 these lots are to be sold, and the proceeds to be divided equally among the heirs of John Barber.” The testator duly published his will on October 16, 1831, and died on the same day, being fifty years old. At that date, John Barber was alive and married, and had children, some of whom are plaintiffs in this action of ejectment. Amanda Stephens, then a child of five years of age, and so described in the will, survived the testator, and afterwards married. She and her husband executed a deed of the land, intended and sufficient to bar an estate tail therein; and afterwards conveyed the land in fee simple to the defendants and others. The testator died, and his will took effect, before the passage of the statute of Pennsylvania of April 8, 1833, c. 128, § 9, providing that “ all devises of real estate shall pass the whole estate of the testator in the premises devised, although there be no words of inheritance or of perpetuity, unless it appear by a devise over, or by words of limitation or otherwise in the will, that the testator intended to devise a less estate ” ; and long before the statute of April 27, 1855, c. 387, § 1, providing that “ whenever hereafter, by any gift, conveyance or devise, an estate in fee tail would be created according to the existing laws of this State, it shall be taken and construed to be an estate in fee simple, and as such shall be inheritable and freely alienable.” Penn. Laws of 1832-33, p. 249; Laws of 1855, p. 368 ; Purdon’s Digest, (12th ed.) 2103, §11; 810, §8. A former action of ejectment was brought by the administrator with the will annexed of the testator against these defendants in the court of common pleas of Allegheny county, in the State of Pennsylvania, which directed a verdict and rendered judgment for the defendants, on the ground that Amanda Stephens took an estate tail, which had been duly barred, and the title conveyed to the defendants. Upon a writ of error, that judgment was affirmed by the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, on the ground that the devise over to the heirs of John Barber was an alternative and substitutionary devise, dependent upon the contingency of Amanda’s dying without offspring in the lifetime of the *99 testator, and this contingency not having happened, that she took an absolute estate in fee simple. 165 Penn. St. 645. This second áction of ejectment was afterwards brought in the Circuit Court of the United States, which directed a verdict and rendered judgment for the defendants, on the ground that Amanda, if she did not take a fee, took at least an estate tail. 69 Fed. Rep. 501. To reverse this judgment, the plaintiffs sued out a writ of error from the Circuit Court of Appeals, which has certified to this court these two questions: “ First. Is the decision of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, before referred to, conclusive ? If not, then, “Second. What estate did Amanda Stephens take under the devise % ” The first question, in the terms in which it is expressed, and taken by itself, is somewhat difficult to answer. The decision of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, in the former action of ejectment, is certainly not conclusive as an’ adjudication of the rights of the parties, inasmuch as a single verdict and judgment in ejectment, not being conclusive under the laws and in the courts of the State, is not conclusive in the courts of the United States, and is no bar to a second action of ejectment. Equator Co. v. Hall, 106 U. S. 86; Britton v. Thornton, 112 U. S. 526; Gibson v. Lyon, 115 U. S. 439; Smale v. Mitchell, 143 U. S. 99. The question, whether the opinion of the Supreme Court of the State in the former action is conclusive evidence of the law of Pennsylvania in a court of the United States, depends upon the further question whether the opinion is declaratory of the settled law of Pennsylvania as to the effect of such devises, or is a decision upon the construction of this particular devise. When the construction of certain words in deeds or, wills of real estate has' become a settled rule of property in a State, that construction is to be followed by the courts of the United States in determining the title to land within the State, whether between the same or between other parties. Jackson v. Chew, 12 Wheat. 153, 167; Henderson v. Griffin, *100 5 Pet. 151; Suydam v. Williamson, 21 How. 127; Burgess v. Seligman, 107 U. S. 20, 33. But a single decision of the highest court of a State upon the construction of the words of a particular devise -is not conclusive evidence of the law of the State, in a case in a court of the United States, involving the construction of the same or like words, between other parties, or even between the same parties or their privies, unless presented under such circumstances as to be an adjudication of- their rights. Lane v. Vick, 3 How. 464, and Vick v. Vicksburg, 1 How. (Miss.) 379; Homer v. Brown, 16 How. 351, and Brown v. Lawrence, 3 Cush. 390; Gibson v. Lyon, 115 U. S. 439, 446. It becomes important, therefore, that the opinion of the Supreme Court, of Pennsylvania in the former action of ejectment should be carefully examined and compared with the previous judgments of that court. In that opinion, delivered by Chief Justice Sterrett, the principal grounds of the decision were stated as follows: “Although the devise to Amanda Stephens was made before the act of 1833, and without words of inheritance, yet, when read in connection with the introductory clause of James S. Stevenson’s will, there is a plain intent manifested in the first instance, to give her an absolute estate. In McGullough v. Gilmore, 11 Penn. St. 370, where substantially the same expression was used, this court said: ‘ These words, and the like of them, are generally carried down into the corpus of the will, to show that the testator meant to dispose of his whole interest in a particular devise, unless words are used which plainly indicate an intent to limit it.’ Numerous cases to the same effect are cited in Schriver v. Meyer, 19 Penn. St. 87. The first taker is always the favorite object of testator’s bounty, and as such entitled to the benefit of every implication. “ There are no words used in the second paragraph of the will, containing the devise to Amanda, which indicate any intent- to limit her estate. Had the will stopped there, the devise would unquestionably have been absolute. The following paragraph was not intended to operate by way of limita *101 tion, but was manifestly substitutionary in its character. The thought would very naturally occur to testator to make an alternative devise for the contingency of Amanda’s dying without issue; Biddle's Appeal, 28 Penn. St. 59; and this was in effect what was doné. ‘In the event,’ said testator, ‘ of Amanda dying' unmarried, or, if married, dying without offspring by her husband, then these lots are to be sold, and the proceeds to be divided equally among the heirs of John Barber.’ The word ‘offspring’ here used is but a synonym for‘issue’; and ‘issue’ cannot be lawful without marriage. The devise is, then, in the first instance, to Amanda; and, in the event of her dying without, issue, over to alternate beneficiaries. Dying without issue was thus made the contingency upon which the substituted beneficiaries could take. Coles v. Ayres, 156 Penn. St. 197. But death when? Where, as here, there is nothing to indicate an adverse intent, additional limitations dependent on no other contingency than is implied from the language ‘if any of them die,’ or ‘in case of death,’ or the like, cannot be referred to the event whenever it may happen — for that would be to give a forced construction to the words — but must be construed as referring to death in association with .some additional circumstancé which makes it actually contingent. That circumstance is said to be naturally in regard to the time of happening, and that time, where, as here, the gift is immediate, is necessarily the death of the testator, there being no other period to which the death can refer. Caldwell v. Skilton, 13 Penn. St. 152.” 165 Penn. St. 619, 650. The first statement, that by the devise in the second paragraph of the will, read in connection with the introductory clause, there was a plain intent manifested, in the first instance, to give Amanda an absolute estate, was in accord with the settled, law of Pennsylvania. Schriver v. Meyer, (1852) 19 Penn. St. 87, 90, 91, and .cases there cited. And the statément that the word “ offspring,” in the next paragraph, was used as' a.synonym for “issue,” was in accord with a judgment of that court delivered in 1859. by Mr. Justice Strong (afterwards of this court), as well as with the English *102 decisions. Allen v. Markle, 36 Penn. St. 117; Thompson v. Beasley, 3 Drewry, 7 ; Young v. Davies, 2 Dr. & Sm. 167. Whether the conclusion, that the devise over to John Barber’s heirs was substitutionary, and could take effect only at. the time of testator’s death, and not afterwards, was in accord with the law of Pennsylvania as declared in previous decisions,, is a question requiring more consideration. Chief Justice Sterrett’s propositions as to the meaning of the words “ in case of death,” or the like, are taken, almost verbatim, from the opinion of Mr. Justice Bell, in Caldwell v. Skilton, (1850) 13 Penn. St. 152, to which he refers. In that case, the testator devised real estate to his wife during her life or widowhood, and, at her decease or marriage, to his children in equal shares in fee, and, in case of the death of any child, his share to go to his issue, or if he should “ die without issue born alive,” to the testator’s surviving children; the decision was that the devise over to the children, upon the death or marriage of the widow, must take effect upon her death, or upon the-testator’s death if he survived her, and, therefore, the devise over of the share of each child must take effect at the same time; and in the opinion, immediately after the propositions above referred to, Mr. Justice Bell added: “ But as a' testator is not supposed to anticipate himself surviving the object of his bounty, this construction is only made from necessity, and gives way when the contingency of the' death of the first beneficiaries may be referred to some other time.” 13 Penn. St. 156. There is, indeed, a line of cases in that court, in which a devise over, after a devise in fee, has been held to be substitutionary, when expressed by such words as if the first taker die “ without children ”; Biddle's Estate, (1857) 28 Penn. St. 59; McCormick v. McElligott, (1889) 127 Penn. St. 230; or " without leaving issue living at the time of his death,” Mickley's Appeal, (1880) 92 Penn. St. 514; Stevenson v. Fox, (1889) 125 Penn. St. 568; King v. Frick, (1890) 135 Penn. St. 575; Morrison v. Truby, (1891) 145 Penn. St. 540; or “ intestate and without issue,” Karker's Appeal, (1869) 60 Penn. St. 141; Coles v. Ayres, (1893) 156 Penn. St. 197. In none of *103 these cases, however, was the devise so expressed that it could be construed as creating an estate tail. Two other cases were cited at the bar, as favoring the substitutionary rule, in one of which “ die unmarried or without issue ” ; Schoonmaker v. Stockton,. (1860) 37 Penn. St. 461; and in the other “die without heirs” ; Shutt v. Rambo, (1868) 57 Penn. St. 149; were held to mean “ die in the lifetime of the testator.” But in each of them, not only the first device was to a child of the testator in fee, and the limitation over was to the testator’s other children, but the whole scope of the will was thought to show that he could not have meant an indefinite-failure of the issue. And in the second case, Chief Justice Thompson said: “ But giving the words of the clause all that could possibly be claimed for them, to wit, an implication of a limitation to issue by the words ‘ die without heirs,’ equivalent to ‘ dying without -issue,’ as in Eichelberger v. Barnitz, 9 Watts, 447, and kindred cases, the devise to Emma Rambo, the plaintiff below, would be a fee tail, which by the act of April 27, 1855,. would be turned into a fee simple, the will bearing date May 27, 1857. That the word ‘heirs’ meant ‘ issue ’ must be inferred, in the presence of the fact that her brothers and sisters were living and would be her heirs. It must, therefore, have been ‘issue,’ that was meant by the words. In either view of the case, the plaintiff below was vested with the fee simple of the property in question.” 57 Penn. St. 151. Where a- testator specifically devised lands to his daughter in fee, and provided that- should she “ die in her minority, and without lawful issue then living, the'lands hereby devised shall revert to and become part of the residue of my estate,” the substitutionary rule was not applied, either by thie Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, or by this court; but both courts held that the daughter, having survived the testator, took an estate in fee, subject to be divested by her afterwards dying under age and without issue. Britton v. Thornton, (1878) 25. Pittsburgh Law Journal, 158, and (1884) 112 U. S. 526. A careful examination, of the adjudged cases in Pennsylvania irresistibly compels us to the conclusion that there is *104 no settled rule of property in that State, by which the words of the devise to Amanda Stephens, “and in the event of Amanda dying unmarried, or, if married, dying without offspring by her husband,” should be construed as restricted to her death in the testator’s lifetime, making the devise over substitutionary, and to take effect only upon her death within that time. The result is, that the decision of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania upon the construction of the will of James S. Stevenson is not conclusive; and that the first question certified to this court by the Circuit Court of Appeals must be answered in the negative. This brings us to the second question, which is, “ What estate did Amanda Stephens take under the devise?” In Eichelberger v. Barnitz, above cited, decided in 1840, the court, speaking by Mr. Justice Serjeant, said: “The principle has now become a settled rule of property, in relation to lands, that if a devise be made to one in fee, and if he die without issue, or on failure of issue, or for want of issue, or without leaving issue, then over to another in fee, the estate of the first taker is a fee tail, which, if he have issue, passes to them ad infinitum by descent as tenants in tail.” And this rule was applied to a devise in which the contingency was expressed in the words “ my will is, because my son Henry is not yet married, that if he should die without leaving any lawful issue, that then his full share shall fall or go in equal share to my other three children.” 9 Watts, 450, 451. In Middleswarth v. Blackmore, (1878) 74 Penn. St. 414, 419, the court, speaking by Mr. Justice Mercur, and referring to Eichelberger v. Barnitz, above cited, and other cases, recognized and affirmed that “ as a general rule, and standing alone, the language, ‘ die without leaving any legitimate issue,’ must be understood to mean issue indefinitely; that the estate created would, in such case, have been one in tail”; and denied such effect to those words, only because of the general scope of the particular will, and of the land being thereby charged with the payment of certain sums' to persons living, and required, in case of the happening of the contingency *105 named, to be sold by the testator’s executors, and the proceeds, after paying those sums, to. be distributed among his grandchildren. Again, in Lawrence v. Lawrence, (1884) 105 Penn. St. 335, a devise of land to the testator’s two nephews, “and their heirs, as tenants in common,” but if one of them “should die without leaving lawful issue,” his share to go to the other, “his heirs and assigns forever,” was .held to create an estate tail in the nephews; and Mr. Justice Trunkey, in delivering judgment, said that it had not been doubted, since the decision in Eichelberger v. Barnitz, above cited, that the rule in Pennsylvania is that “ the established intérpretation of words of limitation on failure of issue, whether the terms be ‘ if he die without issue,’ ‘ if he die without having issue,’ ‘if he.have no issue,’ or ‘if he die before he has any issue,’ in absence of all words making a different intent apparent, is, that they import a general indefinite failure of issue, and not a failure at the first taker’s death.” 105 Penn. St. 339. In Reinoehl v. Shirk, (1888) 119 Penn. St. 108, the testator devised real estate to two children of his deceased son in fee, and if either should “ die without leaving lawful issue,” his share to go to the survivor, and “if both of the said-children should die without leaving lawful issue,” the real estate devised to them to go to thé testator’s other children; and directed that under no circumstances should his son’s divorced wife have any part of the testator’s estate. The court, speaking by Mr. Justice Sterrett, held that the children of the son took an estate tail; and said that since Eichelberger v. Barnitz, above cited, it had. undoubtedly been the rule in Pennsylvania, that, standing alone, the words “ die without leaving issue,” or other expressions of the same import, mean a general indefinite failure of issue, and not a failure at the death of the first taker. In Hackney v. Tracy, (1890) 137 Penn. St. 53, a testator, who made his will in 1854 and died in 18(54, devised real estate to his daughter Elizabeth, “ but in case my daughter Elizabeth should die without issue, then in that case all her interest that she might or could have in the same to descend to my daugh *106 ter Mary ” ; and it was held, in an opinion delivered by Mr, Justice Green, reviewing the previous cases, 1 that the devise over was upon an indefinite failure of issue of Elizabeth, and that she took an estate tail, enlarged by the act of 1855 into a fee simple. Like decisions were made in 1892 in two cases, in one of which the devise was to a daughter in fee simple, “ provided, nevertheless, that in case she shall die without leaving lawful issue, then it is my will that the property above devised to her shall be equally divided amongst the children of my brother ”; Ray v. Alexander, 146 Penn. St. 242; and in the other the testator, after devising to his wife an estate for life, provided that “ in case either of my daughters shall die without issue, either before or after the decease of my wife, then the amount of their share or shares in the residue of the estate shall revert back to the remainder of my children, share and share alike ”; and “ the share or shares that such of my daughters as may be without issue before or after the death of my wife may be entitled to” should be invested, and the income paid to them; “ and 'after her death the residue of the estate is to be divided, shafe and share alike, amongst those of my heirs that are then alive.” Hoff’s Estate, 147 Penn. St. 636. In view of this series of adjudications of the highest court of the State, extending over more than half a century, we cannot but accede to the opinion expressed by Judge Atcheson, with the concurrence of Judge Buffington, in the Circuit Court of the United States, in the case át bar, that “ it is firmly established by an unbroken line of authorities, that a devise over to named living persons, upon the failure of the issue of the first taker, does not import a definite failure of issue ” ; and that “ to hold at this late day that such a devise over imports a definite failure of issue would shake a multitude of titles.” 69 Fed. Pep. 504, 505. It has also long been regarded as established law in Pennsylvania, that such words as “ in case of his death unmarried or without issue,” in this connection, aré equivalent to simply “ dying without issue,” unless there is something else in the case to warrant and require a different construction of the *107 will. Vaughan v. Dickes, (1853) 20 Penn. St. 509, 513; Matlack v. Roberts, (1867) 54 Penn. St. 148, 150; McCullough v. Fenton, (1870) 65 Penn. St. 418, 426. The result of the foregoing considerations is that, by a settled rule of property in Pennsylvania, the devise to Amanda Stephens, with a devise over “in the event of Amanda dying unmarried, or, if married, without offspring by her husband,” gave her an estate tail, unless this conclusion is controlled by other words in the will, or by the facts stated in the certificate of the Circuit Court of Appeals. Indeed, the reasoning of Chief Justice Sterrett .upon the construction of the clause “in the event of Amanda dying unmarried, or, if married, dying without offspring by her husband,” would seem to point to the same conclusion. That reasoning, in his own words, above quoted, is that “ the word ‘offspring’ here used is but a synonym for ‘issue’”; that “ ‘ issue ’ cannot be lawful without marriage ” ; that “ the devise is, then, in the event of her dying without issue, over to” the heirs of John Barber ; and that “dying without issue was thus made the contingency upon which” those heirs could take. 165 Penn. St. 649. Assuming the correctness of that inference, namely, that the contingency described was simply “ dying without issue,” these words would import an indefinite failure of issue, according to the long line of authorities above cited, beginning with the judgment delivered by Mr. Justice Serjeant in Eichelberger v. Barnitz, and including the judgment delivered by Mr. Justice Sterrett in Reinoehl v. Shirk; and would be inconsistent with the conclusion of the court that the devise over to the heirs-of John Barber must take effect, if at all, upon the death of the testator. The Supreme Court of Pennsylvania considered that conclusion to be strengthened by two special considerations: First. “ That, in the absence of a fixed period, the power of sale was intended to be exercised at a near rather than a remote period after the testator’s death,” because, as said in Wilkinson v. Buist, 124 Penn. St. 253, 261, “ a power of sale without limit would doubtless be bad, under the rule against perpetuities.” Second.. “That testator had in view living *108 persons as substituted beneficiaries — the gift over is to the ‘heirs,’ and therefore the children, of John Barber, who was living — and the natural inference is he intended them to take as such.” 165 Penn. St. 650, 651. But there does not appear to this court to be anything in the will indicating that the time, either of executing the power of sale of this land, or of ascertaining the persons who are to take the proceeds of its sale, must be upon or soon after the death of the testator. The words “ in the event of Amanda dying unmarried, or, if married, dying without offspring by her husband,” which, as has been seen, import of themselves an indefinite failure of issue, and therefore ah estate tail in Amanda, are followed by the words “ then these lots are to be sold, and the proceeds to be divided equally among the heirs of John Barber.” There is no direction that the sale of these lots shall be made by the executors; the sale is to be made upon the expiration of the estate tail; and a power to sell upon the expiration of an estate tail, and to divide the proceeds among persons then ascertainable, is not within the rule against perpetuities. Cres son v. Ferree, 70 Penn. St. 446, 449 ; Heasman v. Pearse, L. R. 7 Ch. 275; Gray on Perpetuities, §§ 447, 490. The persons who are to take under the limitation over are described as “the heirs of John Barber.” Although, strictly speaking, no one is the heir of a living person, yet a devise to, the “ heirs ” of a person named (who is a living person, and is .so recognized in the will) describes with sufficient certainty the persons intended, and shows that the word is not used in the strict sense, but as meaning the heirs apparent of that person, or the persons who would be his heirs were he dead when the devise takes effect. Darbison v. Beaumont, 1 P. Wms. 229; S. C., Fortescue, 18; Goodright v. White, 2 W. Bl. 1010; Heard v. Horton, 1 Denio, 165. That this testator used the word in this meaning is confirmed by the clause in which he directs the residue of his estate to be sold and divided into sixteen shares, of which he gives two shares “ to John Barber,” and two othér shares “ to the heirs of John *109 Barber.” But the word “ heirs ” .is not limited, in its own meaning, or by anything in this will, to children ; -and applies either to John Barber’s children, or to his more remote descendants, whichever may be his heirs if he be dead, or his heirs apparent if he be living, when the devise in question takes effect. The facts added, by way of amendment, to the second paragraph of the certificate of the Circuit Court of Appeals, are wholly immaterial. Evidence of extrinsic circumstances, such as the testator’s relation to persons, or the amount and condition of his estate, may be admitted to explain ambiguities of description in the will, but never to control the construction or extent of devises therein contained. As said by this court, speaking by Mr. Justice Grier: “ A court may look beyond the face of the will where there is an ambiguity as to the person or property to which it is applicable, but no case can be found where such testimony-has been introduced to enlarge or diminish the -estate devised.” King v. Ackerman, 2 Black, 408, 418. See also Allen v. Allen, 18 How. 385. To allow the legal construction of the terms of a will, executed and attested as required by law, to be affected by testimony to the testator’s state of health at the time of publishing his will, or to his length of life afterwards, would be open in the highest degree to the confusion and uncertainty resulting from permitting the meaning of written instruments to be altered by parol evidence. For the reasons above stated, this court is of opinion that the answer to the second question certified by the Circuit Court of Appeals must be that Amanda Stephens took an estate tail under the devise to her. Ordered accordingly.