Allen v. Southern Pacific Railroad

Mr. Justice White, after making .the foregoing statement, delivered the opinion of the court. It'is asserted that the record is not legally in this court-because the writ of error was allowed by the Chief Justice of the State after the expiration of the time when it could have been lawfully granted. It was allowed within two years of the decree by the state court, but after more than one year had expired. The contention is that writs of error from this court to the.courts of the several States cannot now be law-' fully taken after the lapse of one year from’the final entry of the decree or judgment to which the writ of error is directed. This rests on the assumption that the act of March 3, 1891, c. 517, 26 Stat. 826, not only provides that writs of error or. appeals in cases taken to the Supreme Court from the Circuit Courts of Appeals created by the act of 1891, shall be limited to one year, but also fixes the same limit of time for writs of error or appeal in cases taken to the Supreme Court from the *485 Circuit and District Courts of the United States, thereby, repealing the two years’ limitation as to such Circuit and District Courts previously established by law. Rev. Stat. § 1008. As this asserted operation of the act of 1891. produces a uniform limit of one year for writs of error or appeals as to all the courts of the United States, in so far as review in the Supreme Court is concerned, the deduction is made that a like limit necessarily applies to writs of error from the Supreme Court to state courts, since such state courts are, Rev. Stat. § 1003, subject to the limitation governing judgments or decrees of “a. court of the United States.” The portion of the act of 1891 from which it is claimed the one year limitation as to writs of error and appeal from the Supreme Court to all courts of the United States arises is the last paragraph of section 6 of that act. The section. of the act in question in the portions which precede the sentences relied upon, among other things, defines the jurisdiction of the Circuit Courts of Appeals established by the act of 1891, and determines in what classes of cases the jurisdiction of such courts is to be final. After making these provisions the concluding part of section 6 provides as follows: “ In all cases not hereinbefore, in this section, made final, there shall be of right an appeal or writ of error or review of the case by the Supreme Court of the United States where .the matter in controversy shall exceed one thousand dollars besides costs. But no such appeal shall be taken or. writ of error sued out unless within one year after the entry of the order, judgment or decree sought to be reviewed.” It is apparent that the language just quoted relates exclusively to writs of. error or appeal in cases taken to the Supreme Courkfrom the Circuit Courts of Appeals. The statute, in the section in question, having dealt with the jurisdiction of the Circuit Courts of Appeals and defined in what classes of cases their judgments or decrees should be final and not subject to revibw, follows these provisions by conferring on the Supreme Court the power to review the judgments or decrees of the Circuit Courts of Appeals, not made final by the act. To construe the section as relating to or controlling the review by *486 error or appeal, by the Supreme Court, of the judgments or decrees of Circuit or District Courts of the United States,, would not only disregard its plain letter but- do violence to its obvious'intent. Relating only, then, to.write of error or appeal from the Supreme Court to the Circuit Courts of Appeals,. it follows that the limitation of time, as to appeals or writs of error, found in the concluding sentence, refers only to the writs of error or appeal dealt with by the section and not to such remedies when applied to the District or Circuit Courts of the United States, which are not referred to in the section in question; This is made manifest by the statement, not that all appeals or writs of error to the Supreme Court from all the courts of the United States shall be taken in one year, but that “no such appeal' shall be taken unless within one year,” etc. If these words of limitation were an independent and separate provision of the act of 1891, thereby giving rise to the implication that the words “ no such appeal or writ of error ” qualified and limited every such proceeding anywhere referred to in the act of 1891j the contention advanced would have more apparent force. As, however, this is not the case, and as, on the contrary, the words “ no such appeal or writ of error ” are clearly but a portion of section 6, it would be an act of the broadest judicial legislation to sever them from their connection in the act in order to give them a scope .and significance which their plain import refutes, and which would be in conflict with the meaning naturally begotten by the provision of the act with which the limitation as to time is associated. Nor is there anything in section 4 of the act of 1891, destroying the plain meaning, of the words “ such appeal or writ of error,” found in the concluding sentence of section 6. The language of section 4 is as follows: ■ “All appeals by writ of error or otherwise, from said District Courts, shall only be subject to review in the Supreme Court of the United States or in the Circuit Court of Appeals hereby established, as is hereinafter provided, and the review, ■ by appeal, by writ of error or otherwise, from the existing, Circuit Courts shall be had only in the Supreme Court of the United States or in the Circuit Courts of Appeals hereby es.- *487 tablished according to the provisions of this act regulating the same.” This section refers to the jurisdiction of the courts created by the act of 1891, and to the changes in the distribution of judicial power made necessary thereby. If the concluding words of section 4, “according to.the provisions of this act regulating the same,” were held to govern the time for writs of error or appeal to the Supreme Court from the District or Circuit Courts-of the United States, the argument would not be strengthened, since there is no provision ih the act governing the time for such writs of error or appeal. The contention that Congress cannot be supposed to have intended to fix two distinct and different limitations for review by the Supreme Court, one of two years as to the Circuit and District Courts of the United States, and the other of one year as to the Circuit Courts of Appeals, affords no ground for disregarding the statute as enacted, and departing from its unambiguous provi-, sions upon the theory of a presumed intent, of Congress. Indeed, if it were conceded that the provisions of section 4 referred to the procedure or limit of time in which appeals or writs of error could be taken, in cases brought to the Supreme Court, from the Circuit or District Courts of the United States, such concession would be fatal to the contention which we are considering, for this reason. The concluding portion of section 5 of the act of 1891 is as follows: “Nothing in this act shall affect the ■ jurisdiction of the Supréme Court in cases appealed from the highest court of a State,-nor the construction of the statute providing for review of such cases.” Whilst this language clearly relates to jurisdictional power and not to the mere time in which writs of error may be taken, yet the same reasoning which would impel the concession that section 4 related to procedure and not to jurisdictional authority would give rise to a like conclusion as to the provision in section 5 just quoted. It follows, therefore, that the only reasoning by which it is possible to conclude that the act of 1891 was intended to change the limit of time in which writs of error could issue from the Supreme Court to the Cir *488 cuit or District Courts,- or in which appeals could be taken from such courts to the Supreme Court, would compel to the- conclusion that the act of 1891 had expressly preserved the two years’ limitation of time then existing as to writs.of error from state courts, to the Supreme Court. From the conclusion that the sixth section of the act of 1891 did not change the limit of two years as regards the cases which could be taken from'the Circuit and District Courts of the. United States to the Supreme Court, it follows that the act of 1891 did not operate to reduce the time in which writs, of error could issue from the Supreme Court to the state courts. That period was two years, in analogy to the time limit established by statute with reference to writs of error to the District and Circuit Courts of the United States, which courts, at the time of the passage of the act of 1891, answered to the designation of “a court of the United States” contained in section 1003 of the Revised Statutes, regulating the subject of writs of error to state courts. The circumstance that Congress, in creating a new court of the United States, affixed a different limitation as to the time for prosecuting .error to such court and left unchanged the limitation as to the time within which error might be prosecuted to the courts whose practice in this particular.governed the practice in state.courts, irresistibly warrants the inference that it was intended that the practice in the state courts as to the time of suing out writs of error should continue unaltered. The writ qf error in this case having been allowed within two years from the final decree, was therefore, seasonably taken. We are brought, then, to consider whether there arises on the record a Federal question, within the intendment of Rev. Stat. § 709. The claim is that two distinct Federal issues are presented by the record or are necessarily involved therein. They are: First. That by a proper construction |of the act of Congress granting land tío the railroad, 14 Stat. 292, no title to lands which were beySnd the place limits, but in the indemnity limits, passed to th¿ railroad until approved selections of such lands had takén place, hence that-it was not only drawing in question the validity of an authority exercised *489 under the United States, but also denying a privilege or immunity claimed under the statute of the United States to decide that the railroad had, before such approved selection, any right to contract to sell the lands in question. Second. Thkt it was drawing in question the validity of an authority exercised under a law of. the United States, and denying a privilege or immunity claimed under such law to hold ■ that the right of the railroad to the lands in question had not been irrecoverably adversely determined by the action of the Secretary of the Interior, revoking his previous action withdrawing such lands, even although, at the time of such cancellation of the prior general-withdrawal, there were pending in the Land Department claims of the railroad to the land in question which at- that time were not finally disposed of. Conceding arguendo only that the contentions thus advanced would give rise to the Federal questions as claimed, it becomes wholly unnecessary to consider them if it be disclosed by the Record that the state court rested its decision upon grounds wholly independent of these contentions, and which grounds are entirely adequate to sustain the judgment rendered by the state court without considering the Federal questions asserted to arise on the record. McQuade v. Trenton, 172 U. S. 636; Capital Bank v. Cadiz Bank, 172 U. S. 425. In inquiring whether this is the case we are unconcerned with the conclusions of the trial court, or with those of a department of the Supreme Court of California, and consider' only-the final, action of , the Supreme Court of the State in disposing of the controversy now before us.- A reference to the opinion of the.Supreme Court of California makes patent the fact that’ that court rested, its decision solely upon a construction of the .-contract,' and therefore that it decided, the case upon, grounds wholly independent of the Federal qués-tions now claimed to be involved. The court held that the contract disclosed that both parties dealt with reference to the existing state of the title to the land's, the vendor- selling his hope of obtaining title- and the vendee buying such expectation ; that the result of the contract was that the vendor in advance agreed.to sell such title, if any, as he might obtain *490 in- the futuré, and that the vendee agreed for the sake of obtaining in advance the right to the title, if the vendor could procure it, to pay the amount ■ agreed upon, subject to the return of the price in the event it should be finally, determined that the hope of title in the vendor; as to which both parties were fully informed, should prove to be illusory. On these subjects the court said: “ The defendant further contends that the contracts were void db initio, for want of mutuality or consideration, or amounted at most to mere offers to purchase on his part. This contention cannot be sustaine.d. . Plaintiff claimed title to these-lands, but its title.had not been perfected by patent. Defendant had the same opportunity as plaintiff of knowing the nature and.probable validity of that claim. Under these circumstances plaintiff agreed to convey to defendant when, it should obtain a patent, and to permit defendant to enter into . possession of the land at once. In consideration of these premises defendant agreed to purchase when a patent should be issued, paid at once one fifth of the purchase price and one year’s interest on the balance, and agreed to pay the remainder (with interest thereon annually, in advance) on or before a given date, with the right- to a repayment without intérest in the event of an ultimate failure to obtain a patent. These promises were strictly mutual, and each constituted a sufficient consideration for the other. ■ Plaintiff by its contract surrendered its right to contract with or sell to any one else, and yielded to defendant the present right to possession which it claimed. These concessions were clearly a detriment to plaintiff, and, in a legal sense,' an ■ advantage to. defendant; and they, therefore, furnish a consideration for defendant’s promise to pay.” Upon the question of the finai determination of the hope of title upon which the return of' the price was by the contract made to depend, the court concluded as follows: “ The only question really involved in the case is as to the construction of the contracts sued upon.. It is contended by the defendant that he was unde^ no- obligation to purchase the land or to pay the remainder of the purchase price, unless the *491 plaintiff should, within the five years, obtain a patent for the land; and that, as the plaintiff had failed to obtain a patent within that time, and as the action .was not tried until after the expiration of that time, the defendant was entitled to a réscission'of the contract. But clearly the contracts will not bear any such construction. The defendant contracted unconditionally to. pay the remainder of the purchase price ‘on or before.’ a certain day named, and to pay interest annually in advance on the remainder; but the plaintiff contracted to convey to defendant only ‘upon the receipt-of a patent,’ and was to repay the money only ‘in case it be finally determined that patent shall not issue.” The defendant, therefore, was not entitled to terminate the contract or to require-a repayment of the moneys paid, until the question of the issue of a patent to the plaintiff should be ‘finally determined.’ The findings state that proceedings are now pending in the United. States .Land Department for the issue \of patent to the plaintiff, and that it has not been finally determined that* such patent shall not issue. At the time, therefore, at which defendant contracted to pay the balance of the purchase -price, plaintiff was not in default, nor was it in de|ault at the tirtte of the trial.” ¥e cannot say that the state court has. erroneously construed the act Of Congress, since its decree rests alone upon the conclusion reached by it, that by the • contracts between the parties there existed a right to recover whatever may have been the existing state .of the title. The conclusion that the parties were competent to contract with reference to an expectancy of title involved, no Federal question. The decision that the filial determination of title, referred to in the contracts, related to the proceedings in the Land. Department which were pending at the time the contracts were entered into and not to the cancellation by the Secretary of the In-, terior of the withdrawal order, which had been. made.by-.that officer béfore the date, of the contracts, precludes the conception that the State court erroneously denied the legal consequence flowing from the order of withdrawal. It follows .then that as the decree of the court below was adequately *492 sustained by an independent non-Federal question, there is no issue presented on the record which we have the power to review, and the cause is therefore Dismissed for want of jurisdiction.