T.S., a minor v. Long Beach Unified School District

O [1] JS-6 [7] 8 United States District Court 9 Central District of California [10] 11 T.S., Case № 2:22-cv-01491-ODW (DFMx) 12 Plaintiff, ORDER ON ADMINISTRATIVE 13 v. APPEAL 14 LONG BEACH UNIFIED SCHOOL DISTRICT, [15] Defendant. [17] 18 I. INTRODUCTION 19 Plaintiff T.S. appeals the decision of the California Office of Administrative 20 Hearings (“OAH”) pursuant to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act 21 (“IDEA”), 20 U.S.C. § 1400 et seq. (See Compl., ECF No. 3.) The OAH held that 22 Defendant Long Beach Unified School District (“District”) prevailed in full on five of 23 T.S.’s six issues, and T.S. prevailed on one. (Compl. Ex. 1 (“OAH Decision”) 35, 24 ECF No. 3-1.) T.S. seeks reversal on two of those issues, and also on the remedy 25 awarded for the issue on which he prevailed. (See Opening Br., ECF No. 40.) On 26 June 30, 2023, the Court heard oral argument from the parties. (Mins., ECF No. 47.) 27 For the reasons discussed below, the Court AFFIRMS the OAH Decision and finds 28 the District is the prevailing party on all issues which T.S. appeals. 1 II. BACKGROUND 2 At the time of the administrative hearing at issue (“OAH Hearing”), T.S. was 3 thirteen years old and in the eighth grade. (Notice of Lodging Admin. R. (“AR”) 907 4 (S-45), ECF No. 35.1) T.S. qualifies for special education under the IDEA in the 5 primary category of autism. (AR 764 (S-11).) From May 3, 2021, through the OAH 6 Hearing, T.S. attended the Davidson Learning Center (“DLC”), a private school in 7 Huntington Beach, California. (AR 915 (S-46); OAH Decision 5.) 8 On August 6, 2019, prior to the disputes at issue in this appeal, T.S. and the 9 District executed a settlement agreement (“Settlement Agreement” or “SA”) that 10 resolved all then-existing claims between them concerning T.S.’s educational 11 program, with a few exceptions. (AR 1081–84 (D-2: SA).) The Settlement 12 Agreement provided that the District would fund several independent educational 13 evaluations (“IEE”), including a visual processing evaluation by Dr. Eric Ikeda. 14 (AR 1082 ¶ 3.f.) The District offered an occupational therapy (“OT”) IEE as part of 15 the negotiations, but the parties could not agree on an assessor, so OT was ultimately 16 excluded from the Settlement Agreement. (AR 1082 ¶ 3.c.) 17 Although T.S. is not cognitively impaired, he was severely delayed in reading. 18 (OAH Decision 16, 18.) T.S. had difficulty reading and made minimal progress on his 19 reading goals. (Id. at 16; see AR 767 (S-11: 2019 IEP reading goals), 1014 (D-1: 20 2018 IEP reading goals), 1133 (D-10: 2020 IEP reading goals).) By letter on April 12, 21 2021, T.S.’s parents (“Parents”) unilaterally withdrew him from the District. 22 (AR 1242 (D-31).) The District requested an IEP team meeting to address their 23 concerns, but Parents declined. (AR 1243–52 (D-35, D-36, D-38).) Parents enrolled 24 T.S. at the DLC, which offered an intensive reading program. (OAH Decision 20; 25 AR 1806 (Test. Davidson).) In July 2021, T.S. and Parents moved outside of the 26 District’s boundaries. (AR 1278 (D-50), 2495 (Test. T.S.’s Father).) [27] 1 Citations to the AR include the AR page number at each page’s top right (i.e., “AR 907”) and the 28 exhibit identifier from the OAH Hearing (i.e., “S-45” for Student Exhibit 45 or “D-2” for District Exhibit 2). Exhibit identifiers may also be followed by exhibit descriptions. 1 A. Prior OAH Case and Appeals 2 On September 15, 2020, T.S. filed the “Prior OAH Case,” No. 2020090441. 3 (Compl. ¶ 14; see OAH Decision 5.) In March 2021, OAH held a five-day hearing 4 and, in May 2021, OAH issued its decision. (See AR 1254 (D-39: Prior OAH Case 5 decision).) As relevant here, OAH found that T.S. was not entitled to an OT IEE, 6 (OAH Decision 11), and that the District did not deny T.S. a FAPE by failing to 7 provide T.S. with vision therapy services recommended by Dr. Ikeda, (id. at 26). 8 T.S. appealed the decision in the Prior OAH Case and this Court affirmed in 9 full. See T.S. v. Long Beach Unified Sch. Dist. (“T.S. I”), No. 2:21-cv-06274-ODW 10 (DFMx), 2022 WL 18280210 , at *2 (C.D. Cal. Dec. 13, 2022). T.S. initially appealed 11 the affirmance to the Ninth Circuit, but has since voluntarily dismissed that appeal. 12 See Order Dismiss, T.S. v. Long Beach Unified Sch. Dist., No. 23-55038 (9th Cir. 13 May 16, 2023), ECF No. 10. 14 B. This OAH Case and Appeal 15 On March 1, 2021, before the hearing began in the Prior OAH Case, T.S. filed 16 another complaint with OAH, Case No. 2021030090, raising six issues (“Second 17 OAH Case”). (See Compl. ¶¶ 3, 15; OAH Decision 1–3.) Those issues were: [18] 1. Did the District “fail to timely fund an [IEE], or file a request for due 19 process hearing to prove the legal sufficiency of its own assessment, after August 19, 2019, when Parent requested an [IEE] in the area of [OT], [20] including sensory processing?” [21] 2. Did the District deny T.S. a FAPE within the last two years, “by failing to [22] review reports from Pride Learning Center?” [23] 3. Did the District deny T.S. a FAPE within the last two years, “by failing to [24] provide an appropriately ambitious reading program?” [25] 4. Did the District deny T.S. “a FAPE, beginning February 2020, by failing to 26 obtain a second vision therapy evaluation by Dr. Eric Ikeda?” [27] 5. Did the District deny T.S. “a FAPE within the last two years, by failing to 28 provide educational records when requested by Parent?” 6. Did the District deny T.S. “a FAPE, by failing to provide services during the [1] 2020 extended school year?” [2] 3 (OAH Decision 2–3.) T.S. reasserted some of these same issues from the Prior OAH 4 Case even though the administrative hearing in that case had not yet begun. (See id. 5 at 5, 11, 26.) OAH heard the Second OAH Case in October 2021 and held that the 6 District prevailed on Issues 1, 2, 4, 5, and 6, and T.S. prevailed on Issue 3, regarding 7 his reading program. (See id. at 1, 35 .) OAH awarded T.S. compensatory education 8 reimbursement in the amount of $14,937 with respect to Issue 3. (Id. at 36.) Finally, 9 OAH expressly found that T.S. had unreasonably relitigated Issues 1 (OT IEE) and 4 10 (vision therapy). (See id. at 11, 26 .) 11 T.S. now appeals from the decision in the Second OAH Case. (Compl. ¶ 23.) 12 T.S. argues for reversal as to Issues 1 (OT IEE) and 4 (vision therapy), and seeks an 13 order requiring the District to pay the full cost of DLC tuition instead of only 14 compensatory education for the reading program.2 (See Opening Br.; Reply Br., ECF 15 No. 43.) T.S. lodged the AR and the parties have fully briefed their positions based on 16 that record. (See AR; Opening Br.; Opp’n Br., ECF No. 41; Reply Br.) The Court 17 denied T.S.’s motion for discovery and to supplement the AR. (Order Den. Mot., ECF 18 No. 46.) 19 III. LEGAL STANDARD 20 The IDEA provides that “[a]ny party aggrieved by the findings and decision” 21 reached through the state administrative hearing process “shall have the right to bring 22 a civil action with respect to the complaint . . . in a district court of the United States.” [23] 20 U.S.C. § 1415 (i)(2)(A). In reviewing an administrative decision under the IDEA, [24] 2 In his Complaint, in addition to generally seeking reversal of the OAH Decision, T.S. asserts a 25 cause of action for breach of contract regarding the August 2019 Settlement Agreement. (Compl. ¶¶ 26–30.) However, in briefing, T.S. raises only Issues 1, 4, and the remedy on Issue 3. (See 26 generally Opening Br.) As T.S. addresses only these issues in his briefing, he has waived all other issues in this appeal. United States v. Bird, 359 F.3d 1185 , 1189 n.1 (9th Cir. 2004) (declining to [27] consider issue on appeal that was not “raised as an issue in appellant’s opening brief”); All Pac. 28 Trading, Inc. v. Vessel M/V Hanjin Yosu, 7 F.3d 1427 , 1434 (9th Cir. 1993) (“Failure to raise the issue in the opening brief waived that issue on appeal.”). 1 district courts review the administrative proceeding records, hear additional evidence 2 if the parties request it, and “grant such relief as the court determines is appropriate,” 3 based on the preponderance of the evidence. 20 U.S.C. § 1415 (i)(2)(C). This 4 modified de novo standard requires the court to give the administrative proceedings 5 “due weight” and not “substitute [its] own notions of sound educational policy for 6 those of the school authorities which [it] review[s].” Capistrano Unified Sch. Dist. v. 7 Wartenberg, 59 F.3d 884 , 891 (9th Cir. 1995). After such consideration, the district 8 court “is free to accept or reject the findings in part or in whole.” Id.; M.C. v. 9 Antelope Valley Union High Sch. Dist., 858 F.3d 1189 , 1194 n.1 (9th Cir. 2017) 10 (noting that courts must “actually examine the record to determine whether it supports 11 the [administrative law judge’s] opinion”). 12 The appeal of an IDEA administrative decision may be properly styled and 13 presented by the parties in a summary judgment format. Wartenberg, 59 F.3d at 892. 14 A court may make a final judgment based on the preponderance of evidence, in what 15 is essentially a bench trial on a stipulated record. Id.; Ojai Unified Sch. Dist. v. 16 Jackson, 4 F.3d 1467 , 1472 (9th Cir. 1993). The petitioning party bears the burden of 17 proof at the administrative hearing, Schaffer v. Weast, 546 U.S. 49, 62 (2005), and the 18 party challenging the administrative decision bears the burden of persuasion in the 19 district court, L.M. v. Capistrano Unified Sch. Dist., 556 F.3d 900, 910 (9th Cir. 20 2009). 21 IV. DISCUSSION 22 Preliminarily, the parties disagree regarding the level of deference the Court 23 should afford the OAH Decision on appeal. (Opening Br. 7; Opp’n Br. 9–11.) 24 Substantively, T.S. seeks reversal of the OAH Decision on three points. (See Opening 25 Br. 7–14.) First, T.S. argues the District had a duty to fund an OT IEE or file a due 26 process complaint because the District knew that T.S.’s parents suspected OT as an 27 area of disability and had requested an OT IEE (Issue 1). (Id. at 7–9.) Second, T.S. 28 argues the District had a duty to provide for a second vision therapy assessment by 1 Dr. Ikeda (Issue 4). (Id. at 10–11.) Finally, T.S. argues the remedy awarded on 2 Issue 3, compensatory education reimbursement for DLC’s reading program, is 3 inadequate and the Court should award Parents the full cost of the DLC placement 4 plus transportation costs. (Id. at 11–14.) The District responds that the Court should 5 affirm the OAH Decision in all respects. (See Opp’n Br. 6.) 6 A. Deference Due 7 A court must give “due weight” to administrative judgments regarding 8 educational policy. Ojai, 4 F.3d at 1472. How much weight is due is a matter of the 9 court’s discretion, though the Ninth Circuit instructs that more weight should be given 10 if the findings are “thorough and careful,” Wartenberg, 59 F.3d at 891, or pertain to 11 witnesses’ credibility, Amanda J. v. Clark Cnty. Sch. Dist., 267 F.3d 877 , 889 12 (9th Cir. 2001). Specifically, an administrative law judge’s (“ALJ”) decision is 13 entitled to “substantial weight” when it “evinces [their] careful, impartial 14 consideration of all the evidence and demonstrates [their] sensitivity to the complexity 15 of the issues presented.” Ojai, 4 F.3d at 1476. 16 OAH held the administrative hearing over seven days, (OAH Decision 1); 17 received testimony from twelve witnesses, (see AR 734 (Witness List)); considered 18 hundreds of pages of argument and evidence, (see AR 683–731 (briefs), 739–1296 19 (evidence)), and actively engaged with questioning, (see generally AR 1433–2724 20 (transcripts)). The ALJ issued a thirty-seven-page decision in which he thoroughly 21 examined the evidence and arguments, rendered reasoned credibility determinations, 22 reviewed the relevant legal standards, and found in favor of each party on carefully 23 articulated issues. (See generally OAH Decision.) The Court therefore finds the 24 OAH Decision is thorough and careful and, accordingly, entitled to deference. See 25 R.B. v. Napa Valley Unified Sch. Dist., 496 F.3d 932, 942 (9th Cir. 2007) (“[A] hearing 26 officer’s findings [are] thorough and careful when the officer participates in the 27 questioning of witnesses and writes a decision containing a complete factual 28 background as well as a discrete analysis supporting the ultimate conclusions.” 1 (cleaned up)). Moreover, the Court gives substantial weight to the ALJ’s credibility 2 determination, that Parents “were not reliable witnesses and little weight was given to 3 their testimony for any issue.” (OAH Decision 9); Amanda J., 267 F.3d at 889 . 4 Accordingly, the Court finds the OAH Decision is entitled to substantial 5 deference. 6 B. OT IEE—Issue 1 7 T.S. seeks reversal of OAH’s finding on Issue 1, that the District did not fail to 8 timely fund an OT IEE “after August 19, 2019, when Parents requested the [IEE], or 9 to timely file a due process complaint to defend its own assessment in this area.” 10 (OAH Decision 35.) 11 The IDEA requires a school district to assess a student “in all areas of suspected 12 disability.” See 20 U.S.C. § 1414 (b)(3)(B); 34 C.F.R. § 300.304 (c)(4). Once a school 13 district is on “notice that a child has displayed symptoms of a . . . disability,” the 14 district must assess the child to determine the child’s educational needs. See 15 Timothy O. v. Paso Robles Unified Sch. Dist., 822 F.3d 1105 , 1118–20 (9th Cir. 2016). 16 If a parent disagrees with a school assessment of their child, they have a right to 17 obtain an IEE at public expense. Id. at 1111 ; 20 U.S.C. § 1415 (b)(1); 34 C.F.R. 18 § 300.502(b)(1)–(2). When a parent disagrees with a school assessment and requests 19 an IEE, the school district must either “file or fund,” that is, file a due process 20 complaint to establish the propriety of its assessment or fund the requested IEE. 21 Baquerizo v. Garden Grove Unified Sch. Dist., 826 F.3d 1179, 1185 (9th Cir. 2016). 22 Failure to conduct a timely or appropriate assessment is a procedural violation. 23 Park v. Anaheim Union High Sch. Dist., 464 F.3d 1025 , 1031–33 (9th Cir. 2006). A 24 procedural violation may amount to a denial of a FAPE if it “result[s] in the loss of 25 educational opportunity, or seriously infringe[s] the parents’ opportunity to participate 26 in the IEP formulation process, or . . . cause[s] a deprivation of educational benefits.” 27 J.G. v. Baldwin Park Unified Sch. Dist., 78 F. Supp. 3d 1268, 1284 (C.D. Cal. 2015) 28 (quoting Amanda J., 267 F.3d at 892 ). 1 On appeal, T.S. argues that the OAH Decision on Issue 1 is contrary to the law 2 and evidence and that the District had a duty to fund an OT IEE or file an OAH 3 complaint to defend its position because the District knew Parents suspected OT was 4 an area of disability based on Parents’ OT IEE request. (Opening Br. 7–9.) 5 A preponderance of the evidence supports that the District did not fail to “file or 6 fund” an OT IEE. To trigger this duty, a parent must disagree with a school 7 assessment of their child. 20 U.S.C. § 1415 (b)(1); see Timothy O., 822 F.3d at 1111 . 8 Here, however, Parents never disagreed with a school OT assessment. The District 9 had not previously assessed T.S. in the area of OT, so there existed no school OT 10 assessment with which Parents could have disagreed. Moreover, the record reflects 11 that Parents did not request an OT IEE outside of the August 2019 Settlement 12 Agreement negotiations. The only evidence T.S. cites to support his contention, that 13 Parents requested an OT IEE, are emails from his attorney to the attorney for the 14 District discussing and rejecting possible OT assessors with respect to the 15 August 2019 settlement. (Reply Br. 6 (citing AR 1002–03 (S-58)).) Even accepting 16 the attorney email as a parent request for an OT IEE, the email is dated August 3, 17 2019, and thus precedes the expressly limited timeframe of this issue: “after 18 August 19, 2019.” Finally, although T.S’s father (“Father”) testified that he requested 19 an OT IEE during the February 2020 IEP meeting, the IEP meeting notes do not 20 substantiate his testimony. (Compare AR 2498 (Test. Father), with AR 1147–53 21 (D-10: Feb. 2020 IEP notes).) In any event, the ALJ found that Father was not a 22 reliable witness, so the Court gives Father’s testimony little weight. (See OAH 23 Decision 9.) In sum, T.S. offers no credible evidence to support the assertion that 24 Parents requested an OT IEE after August 19, 2019. 25 T.S. argues that the District nevertheless had a duty to fund the OT IEE because 26 T.S.’s parents raised OT as an area of concern during settlement negotiations. 27 (Opening Br. 9; Reply Br. 6–7.) The law requires a school district to assess in all 28 areas of suspected disability once the school district is on notice that a child has 1 displayed symptoms of that disability. Timothy O., 822 F.3d at 1118–20; see 20 U.S.C. 2 § 1414(b)(3)(B). The law does not require a school district to assess in all areas in 3 which a parent wants an assessment. T.S. points to nothing in the record that suggests 4 the District observed any OT or sensory integration issues, and the IEP notes do not 5 reflect that T.S.’s parents ever raised related concerns at IEP team meetings. 6 The authority T.S. offers for the proposition that “when an area is a suspected 7 disability and not assessed by a district, the parent may seek and obtain an [IEE] as a 8 remedy for the district’s failure,” (Opening Br. 8 (cleaned up)), is unpersuasive. T.S. 9 cites Los Angeles Unified Sch. Dist. v. D.L., 548 F. Supp. 2d 815 (C.D. Cal. 2008). 10 The case is inapposite. The court in D.L. did not reach the question of “whether the 11 district was ‘duty-bound’ to provide an IEE” upon merely the parent’s request. Id. 12 at 820–21. In contrast, the court clearly held that D.L. was “not entitled to an [IEE] at 13 public expense unless LAUSD has provided an assessment and D.L. disagrees with 14 the assessment,” and that, because “LAUSD never provided an assessment of D.L.,” 15 LAUSD was not statutorily obligated to fund an IEE. Id. Finally, although the court 16 in D.L. ultimately ordered LAUSD to fund the IEE at issue, it did so pursuant to its 17 equitable authority and “based on factors beyond the parent’s request,” including that 18 the request was for an initial special education assessment and that D.L. exhibited 19 behavior issues in school. Id. at 822 . The factors that led the court in D.L. to exercise 20 equitable discretion are not present here: the OT IEE is not an initial special education 21 assessment and nothing in the record suggests that T.S. exhibited symptoms indicating 22 OT or sensory processing were areas of suspected disability.3 23 Finally, although T.S. argues the issue here is different from the issue in the 24 Prior OAH Case concerning an OT IEE, the Court finds that the issues are materially [25] 3 T.S.’s citation to the Letter to Baus, 65 IDELR 81 (OSEP Feb. 23, 2015), is equally unpersuasive. 26 T.S. relies on this letter for the same proposition, that a parent may seek and obtain an IEE when the district fails to assess upon a parent’s request alone. The advisory letter from the Office of Special [27] Education Programs does not support T.S.’s position, nor does it in any way vitiate the requirement 28 that a parent disagree with a prior school evaluation to trigger a district’s obligation to either file a complaint and defend its own assessment or fund an IEE. 1 identical, and that this is the second time T.S. has litigated this issue.4 He raised this 2 issue in the Prior OAH Case and did not prevail. (See OAH Decision 11.) He argued 3 these same points on appeal before this Court in T.S. I, and again did not prevail. See 4 T.S. I, 2022 WL 18280210 , at *6–8. T.S. offered similar evidence in the Prior OAH 5 Case as in the Second, and asserted similar arguments in the first district court appeal 6 as he raises here now. In light of this Court’s holding in T.S. I, and the similarity of 7 the issues, arguments, and evidence, the Court affirms OAH’s additional finding that 8 “Issue 1 lacked any merit whatsoever and it was unreasonable for [T.S.] to continue 9 litigating this issue.” (OAH Decision 11.) 10 In sum, the Court finds that a preponderance of evidence supports the ALJ’s 11 conclusion that the District was neither required to conduct an OT assessment nor to 12 fund an OT IEE. The Court also finds that T.S.’s relitigating this issue was 13 unreasonable and without merit. Accordingly, the Court AFFIRMS the OAH 14 Decision on Issue 1 in full. 15 C. Second Vision Therapy Assessment—Issue 4 16 Next, T.S. seeks reversal of OAH’s finding on Issue 4, that the District did not 17 deny T.S. a FAPE “by failing to obtain a second vision therapy evaluation” by 18 Dr. Ikeda. (OAH Decision 35.) Because 19 When a parent obtains an IEE and gives it to the school district, the school 20 district must consider the IEE in any decision made with respect to the provision of a 21 FAPE to the child, so long as the evaluation meets specified criteria. 34 C.F.R. 22 § 300.502(c); Cal. Educ. Code § 56329 (b)–(c). When presented with an IEE, a school 23 district need only review and consider the report; it need not follow its [24] 25 4 At oral argument, T.S. attempted to distinguish Issue 1 here as concerning a request for an OT IEE while the issue in the Prior OAH Case concerned the District’s knowledge of OT as an area of 26 suspected disability. T.S. is splitting hairs, and undermines any purported distinction with his argument that the District was obligated to fund an IEE since OT was “an area of suspected [27] disability simply because the parents had requested assessment in that area.” (Opening Br. 9.) 28 Regardless, for the reasons above, any purported distinction is without a difference for the purposes of this appeal. 1 recommendations unless the student needs the recommendations to access his 2 education. See Park, 464 F.3d at 1032 (finding no procedural violation based on 3 vision assessment where vision was not hindering student’s education). 4 On appeal, T.S. argues OAH’s finding on Issue 4 is contrary to the evidence and 5 the District was obligated to send Dr. Ikeda a contract for a second assessment and 6 subsequent services. (Opening Br. 10–11.) 7 A preponderance of the evidence supports the OAH Decision on Issue 4. 8 Pursuant to the Settlement Agreement, the District funded a visual therapy assessment 9 by Dr. Ikeda. (AR 1082 ¶ 3.f. (D-2: SA).) In October 2019, Dr. Ikeda conducted the 10 assessment; he presented his results telephonically at the February 2020 IEP meeting. 11 (AR 1147 (D-10: IEP), 2078–79 (Test. Ikeda).) Dr. Ikeda’s Report reflects that he 12 recommended T.S. try “accommodative support glasses” as a first step in addressing 13 visual processing deficits, and follow up thereafter to assess T.S.’s response to 14 treatment. (AR 1091 (D-5: Ikeda Report), 1147 (D-10: IEP), 2084–88, 2098 (Test. 15 Ikeda).) As required by the IDEA, the IEP team considered Dr. Ikeda’s Report at the 16 February 2020 IEP team meeting. (See AR 1147 (D-10:IEP)); 34 C.F.R. § 300.502 (c). 17 When Father asked at that meeting whether T.S. required vision therapy services, 18 Dr. Ikeda responded that he would need a follow-up assessment to make that 19 determination. (AR 1147 (D-10: IEP).) After all, it had been four months since 20 Dr. Ikeda recommended support glasses and he thus lacked current information 21 regarding whether his initial treatment plan had been successful. The record does not 22 support T.S.’s assertion that Dr. Ikeda’s response amounted to a recommendation for a 23 “second vision therapy evaluation.” 24 Even if Dr. Ikeda had recommended a second vision therapy evaluation, the law 25 does not require a school district to implement an IEE assessor’s recommendations 26 unless the student needs the recommended accommodation to access his education. 27 See Park, 464 F.3d at 1032 . Here, the record does not support that T.S. needed vision [28] 1 therapy services or another vision therapy assessment to access his education, and 2 particularly not only months after the first assessment. (See OAH Decision 25.) 3 Finally, as with Issue 1, this is the second time T.S. has litigated this issue 4 concerning Dr. Ikeda’s further assessment and services. T.S. raised this issue in the 5 Prior OAH Case and appeal. See T.S. I, 2022 WL 18280210 , at *2, 8–9. T.S. did not 6 prevail on this issue before OAH or on appeal before this Court. Id. In light of the 7 Court’s holding in T.S. I, and the similarity of the issue, arguments, and evidence 8 raised here, the Court affirms OAH’s additional finding that “it was unreasonable for 9 [T.S.] to protract litigation for this issue.” (OAH Decision 26.) 10 In sum, the Court finds that a preponderance of evidence supports the ALJ’s 11 conclusion that the District was not required to provide a second vision therapy 12 evaluation by Dr. Ikeda. The Court also finds that T.S.’s relitigating this issue was 13 unreasonable and meritless. Accordingly, the Court AFFIRMS the OAH Decision on 14 Issue 4 in full. 15 D. Remedy—Issue 3 16 OAH held that T.S. prevailed on Issue 3, and that the District denied T.S. a 17 FAPE “within the last two years, by failing to provide an appropriately ambitious 18 reading program.” (OAH Decision 35.) Accordingly, OAH awarded compensatory 19 education reimbursement in the sum of $14,937, for the costs Parents incurred for 20 reading-related services at DLC. (Id. at 36.) Although T.S. sought this compensatory 21 education as the remedy from OAH, T.S. now seeks reversal of that remedy and an 22 order that the District must fund the full cost of the DLC placement. (Compare 23 AR 729–30 (T.S. OAH Closing Br.), with Opening Br. 11–14, and Reply Br. 7–10.) 24 Where a district has violated the IDEA, courts have broad discretion in crafting 25 “appropriate” relief. 20 U.S.C. § 1415 (i)(2)(C)(iii); Forest Grove Sch. Dist. v. T.A., [26] 557 U.S. 230, 239 (2009); see Town of Burlington v. Dep’t of Educ. of Mass., 471 U.S. 27 359, 369 (1985) (finding the IDEA confers “broad discretion” on the court to “grant 28 such relief as [it] determines is appropriate” (alteration in original)). “Compensatory 1 education is an equitable remedy that seeks to make up for educational services the 2 child should have received in the first place, and aim[s] to place disabled children in 3 the same position they would have occupied but for the school district’s violations of 4 IDEA.” R.P. v. Prescott Unified Sch. Dist., 631 F.3d 1117, 1125 (9th Cir. 2011) 5 (internal quotation marks omitted); see Park, 464 F.3d at 1034 (finding no abuse of 6 discretion where OAH and the district court awarded compensatory education service 7 to student in the form of additional training to his teachers). 8 Here, OAH did not abuse its discretion in awarding the costs of DLC’s reading 9 program as compensatory education on Issue 3. T.S.’s parents incurred costs of 10 $65 per hour for placement and instruction at DLC, with a total tuition cost of $24,895 11 for the time period at issue. (AR 918–40 (S-47: DLC Invoices).) Dr. Christine 12 Davidson, the owner and director of DLC, testified that approximately 60% of the 13 DLC program addressed reading and 40% addressed other curricula. (AR 1781 (Test. 14 Davidson).) Accordingly, the evidence established that Parents incurred $14,937, or 15 60% of the total cost, for reading-related services at DLC. OAH was well within its 16 “broad discretion” to award this sum as compensatory education. Burlington, 17 471 U.S. at 369; see also R.P., 631 F.3d at 1125 (“[I]t may be a rare case when 18 compensatory education is not appropriate to remedy an IDEA violation.” (internal 19 quotation marks omitted)). 20 On appeal, T.S. re-frames this issue as one of “appropriate placement,” and 21 seeks full reimbursement for his unilateral private placement at DLC, including the 22 full cost of tuition and transportation, arguing that he would not have been able to 23 access the reading program without full placement at DLC. (Opening Br. 11–14.) 24 First, Dr. Davidson testified that DLC offers tutoring to students not fully enrolled, 25 contradicting T.S.’s argument. (AR 1816 (Test. Davidson).) More significant, though, 26 is that “appropriate placement” was not the issue before OAH. OAH made no finding 27 that the District failed to offer an “appropriate placement” or that the DLC placement 28 was a proper one. Rather, OAH found only that the District failed to provide T.S. an 1 || appropriately ambitious reading program during the time period at issue, and that T.S. 2|| made progress with DLC’s reading program. (OAH Decision 35-36.) Thus, 3 || awarding compensatory education for the costs of the reading program was well 4 || within OAH’s broad discretion. 5 Finally, even considering the issue as reimbursement for a unilateral private 6 || “placement,” the IDEA authorizes courts to “reduce[] or den[y]’ such reimbursement in light of “all relevant factors.” U.S.C. § 1412(a)(10)(C)Gi1); Forest Grove, 8 || 557 U.S. at 247 . As such, OAH would have been well within its “broad discretion” to 9 || reduce the amount of reimbursement. Burlington, 471 U.S. at 369. 10 The Court finds that a preponderance of evidence supports the ALJ’s award of 11 | compensatory education reimbursement in the amount of $14,937, for reading-related 12 || services at DLC. The Court also finds that the ALJ did not abuse his discretion in 13 || awarding this remedy on Issue 3. Accordingly, the Court AFFIRMS the OAH 14) Decision as to the award of $14,937 in compensatory education reimbursement for 15 || Issue 3. 16 Vv. CONCLUSION 17 For the reasons discussed above, the Court AFFIRMS the OAH Decision on all 18 || issues T.S. raises and finds the District is the Prevailing Party on appeal. [19] 20 IT IS SO ORDERED. [21] 22 July 13, 2023 23 ees 24 Mitel tee | 35 OTIS D. WRIGHT, I UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE