Bradley v. O'Malley

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF ALABAMA SOUTHERN DIVISION FRANKIE T. BRADLEY, JR., ) Plaintiff, ) ) v. ) CIVIL ACTION NO. 1:23-00242-N ) MARTIN O’MALLEY, ) Commissioner of Social Security,1 ) Defendant. ) MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER Plaintiff Frankie T. Bradley, Jr. brought this action under 42 U.S.C. § 1383 (c)(3) seeking judicial review of a final decision of the Defendant Commissioner of Social Security denying his application for supplemental security income (“SSI”) under Title XVI of the Social Security Act, 42 U.S.C. § 1381 , et seq.2 Upon due consideration of the parties’ briefs (Docs. 9, 10) and those portions of the certified 1 During the pendency of this action, Martin O’Malley was confirmed as Commissioner of Social Security (see https://www.kiplinger.com/retirement/socialsecurity/omalley-to-be-social-securitys-new-commissioner (last visited 2/16/2024), and began his term of service on December 20, 2023 (see https://www.ssa.gov/history/commissioners.html (last visited 2/16/2024)). Accordingly, O’Malley is automatically substituted for former Acting Commissioner Kilolo Kijakazi as the party defendant in this action under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 25(d), and this change does not affect the pendency of this action. See 42 U.S.C. § 405 (g) (“Any action instituted in accordance with this subsection shall survive notwithstanding any change in the person occupying the office of Commissioner of Social Security or any vacancy in such office.”). The Clerk of Court is DIRECTED to update the title of this case on the docket accordingly. 2 “Title XVI of the [Social Security] Act provides for the payment of disability benefits to indigent persons under the Supplemental Security Income (SSI) program.” Bowen v. Yuckert, 482 U.S. 137, 140 , 107 S. Ct. 2287 , 96 L. Ed. 2d 119 (1987) (citing 42 U.S.C. § 1382 (a)). transcript of the administrative record (Doc. 8) relevant to the issues raised, and with the benefit of oral argument, the Court finds that the Commissioner’s final decision is due to be AFFIRMED.3 I. Procedural Background Bradley protectively filed the subject SSI application with the Social Security Administration (“SSA”) on April 10, 2021. After it was denied initially, and again on reconsideration, Bradley requested, and on August 9, 2022, received, a hearing on his application before an Administrative Law Judge (“ALJ”) with the SSA’s Office of Hearings Operations. On November 22, 2022, the ALJ issued an unfavorable decision on Bradley’s application, finding him not entitled to benefits. (See Doc. 8, PageID.43-64). The Commissioner’s decision on Bradley’s application became final when the Appeals Council for the SSA’s Office of Appellate Operations denied his request for review of the ALJ’s unfavorable decision on May 15, 2023. (Id., PageID.37-41). Bradley subsequently brought this action under § 1383(c)(3) for judicial review of the Commissioner’s final decision. See 42 U.S.C. § 1383 (c)(3) (“The final determination of the Commissioner of Social Security after a hearing [for SSI benefits] shall be subject to judicial review as provided in section 405(g) of this title to the same extent as the Commissioner’s final determinations under section 405 of 3 With the consent of the parties, the Court has designated the undersigned Magistrate Judge to conduct all proceedings and order the entry of judgment in this civil action, in accordance with 28 U.S.C. § 636 (c), Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 73, and S.D. Ala. GenLR 73. (See Docs. 11, 12). this title.”); 42 U.S.C. § 405 (g) (“Any individual, after any final decision of the Commissioner of Social Security made after a hearing to which he was a party, irrespective of the amount in controversy, may obtain a review of such decision by a civil action commenced within sixty days after the mailing to him of notice of such decision or within such further time as the Commissioner of Social Security may allow.”); Ingram v. Comm'r of Soc. Sec. Admin., 496 F.3d 1253, 1262 (11th Cir. 2007) (“The settled law of this Circuit is that a court may review, under sentence four of section 405(g), a denial of review by the Appeals Council.”). II. Standards of Review “In Social Security appeals, [the Court] must determine whether the Commissioner’s decision is supported by substantial evidence and based on proper legal standards.” Winschel v. Comm'r of Soc. Sec., 631 F.3d 1176, 1178 (11th Cir. 2011) (quotation omitted). The phrase “substantial evidence” is a “term of art” used throughout administrative law to describe how courts are to review agency factfinding. T-Mobile South, LLC v. Roswell, 574 U.S. [293], [301], 135 S. Ct. 808, 815 , 190 L. Ed. 2d 679 (2015). Under the substantialevidence standard, a court looks to an existing administrative record and asks whether it contains “sufficien[t] evidence” to support the agency’s factual determinations. Consolidated Edison Co. v. NLRB, 305 U.S. 197, 229 , 59 S. Ct. 206 , 83 L. Ed. 126 (1938) (emphasis deleted). And whatever the meaning of “substantial” in other contexts, the threshold for such evidentiary sufficiency is not high. Substantial evidence … is “more than a mere scintilla.” Ibid.; see, e.g., [Richardson v.] Perales, 402 U.S. [389,] 401, 91 S. Ct. 1420 [, 28 L. Ed. 2d 842 (1971)] (internal quotation marks omitted). It means—and means only—“such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion.” Consolidated Edison, 305 U.S. at 229 , 59 S. Ct. 206 . See Dickinson v. Zurko, 527 U.S. 150, 153 , 119 S. Ct. 1816 , 144 L. Ed. 2d 143 (1999) (comparing the substantial-evidence standard to the deferential clearly-erroneous standard). Biestek v. Berryhill, 587 U.S. --, 139 S. Ct. 1148, 1154 , 203 L. Ed. 2d 504 (2019). In reviewing the Commissioner’s factual findings, a court “‘may not decide the facts anew, reweigh the evidence, or substitute our judgment for that of the [Commissioner].’ ” Winschel, 631 F.3d at 1178 (quoting Phillips v. Barnhart, 357 F.3d 1232 , 1240 n.8 (11th Cir. 2004) (alteration in original) (quoting Bloodsworth v. Heckler, 703 F.2d 1233, 1239 (11th Cir. 1983))). “‘Even if the evidence preponderates against the [Commissioner]’s factual findings, [the Court] must affirm if the decision reached is supported by substantial evidence.’” Ingram v. Comm'r of Soc. Sec. Admin., 496 F.3d 1253, 1260 (11th Cir. 2007) (quoting Martin v. Sullivan, 894 F.2d 1520, 1529 (11th Cir. 1990)). Put another way, “[u]nder the substantial evidence standard, we cannot look at the evidence presented to [an administrative agency] to determine if interpretations of the evidence other than that made by the [agency] are possible. Rather, we review the evidence that was presented to determine if the findings made by the [agency] were unreasonable. To that end, [judicial] inquiry is highly deferential and we consider only whether there is substantial evidence for the findings made by the [agency], not whether there is substantial evidence for some other finding that could have been, but was not, made. That is, even if the evidence could support multiple conclusions, we must affirm the agency’s decision unless there is no reasonable basis for that decision.” Adefemi v. Ashcroft, 386 F.3d 1022 , 1029 (11th Cir. 2004) (en banc) (citations and quotation omitted).4 “Yet, within this narrowly circumscribed role, [courts] do not act as automatons. [A court] must scrutinize the record as a whole to determine if the decision reached is reasonable and supported by substantial evidence[.]” Bloodsworth, 703 F.2d at 1239 (citations and quotation omitted). See also Owens v. Heckler, 748 F.2d 1511, 1516 (11th Cir. 1984) (per curiam) (“We are neither to conduct a de novo proceeding, nor to rubber stamp the administrative decisions that come before us. Rather, our function is to ensure that the decision was based on a reasonable and consistently applied standard, and was carefully considered in light 4 See also Barnes v. Sullivan, 932 F.2d 1356, 1358 (11th Cir. 1991) (per curiam) (“The court need not determine whether it would have reached a different result based upon the record” because “[e]ven if we find that the evidence preponderates against the [Commissioner]'s decision, we must affirm if the decision is supported by substantial evidence.”); Edwards v. Sullivan, 937 F.2d 580 , 584 n.3 (11th Cir. 1991) (under the substantial evidence standard, “we do not reverse the [Commissioner] even if this court, sitting as a finder of fact, would have reached a contrary result…”); Hunter v. Soc. Sec. Admin., Comm'r, 808 F.3d 818, 822 (11th Cir. 2015) (“In light of our deferential review, there is no inconsistency in finding that two successive ALJ decisions are supported by substantial evidence even when those decisions reach opposing conclusions. Faced with the same record, different ALJs could disagree with one another based on their respective credibility determinations and how each weighs the evidence. Both decisions could nonetheless be supported by evidence that reasonable minds would accept as adequate.”); Barron v. Sullivan, 924 F.2d 227, 230 (11th Cir. 1991) (“Substantial evidence may even exist contrary to the findings of the ALJ, and we may have taken a different view of it as a factfinder. Yet, if there is substantially supportive evidence, the findings cannot be overturned.”); Edlund v. Massanari, 253 F.3d 1152, 1156 (9th Cir. 2001), as amended on reh'g (Aug. 9, 2001) (“If the evidence is susceptible to more than one rational interpretation, the court may not substitute its judgment for that of the Commissioner.”). of all the relevant facts.”).5 5 However, the “burden of showing that an error is harmful normally falls upon the party attacking the agency’s determination.” Shinseki v. Sanders, 556 U.S. 396, 409 , 129 S. Ct. 1696 , 173 L. Ed. 2d 532 (2009). See also Scharlow v. Schweiker, 655 F.2d 645, 648 (5th Cir. Unit A Sept. 8, 1981) (per curiam) (“It is the claimant who bears the weighty burden of establishing the existence of a disability within the meaning of the Act, and therefore the appellant has the burden of showing that the Secretary’s decision is not supported by substantial evidence in the record.” (citation omitted)); Sims v. Comm'r of Soc. Sec., 706 F. App'x 595, 604 (11th Cir. 2017) (per curiam) (unpublished) (“Under a substantial evidence standard of review, [the claimant] must do more than point to evidence in the record that supports her position; she must show the absence of substantial evidence supporting the ALJ's conclusion.”). “[D]istrict court judges are not required to ferret out delectable facts buried in a massive record,” Chavez v. Sec'y Fla. Dep't of Corr., 647 F.3d 1057, 1061 (11th Cir. 2011) ( 28 U.S.C. § 2254 habeas proceedings), and “ ‘[t]here is no burden upon the district court to distill every potential argument that could be made based on the materials before it…’ ” Solutia, Inc. v. McWane, Inc., 672 F.3d 1230, 1239 (11th Cir. 2012) (per curiam) (Fed. R. Civ. P. 56 motion for summary judgment) (quoting Resolution Trust Corp. v. Dunmar Corp., 43 F.3d 587, 599 (11th Cir. 1995) (en banc)) (ellipsis added). The Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals, whose review of Social Security appeals “is the same as that of the district court[,]” Miles v. Chater, 84 F.3d 1397, 1400 (11th Cir. 1996) (per curiam), generally deems waived claims of error not fairly raised in the district court. See Stewart v. Dep’t of Health & Human Servs., 26 F.3d 115, 115-16 (11th Cir. 1994) (“As a general principle, [the court of appeals] will not address an argument that has not been raised in the district court…Because Stewart did not present any of his assertions in the district court, we decline to consider them on appeal.” (applying rule in appeal of judicial review under 42 U.S.C. §§ 405 (g), 1383(c)(3)); Crawford v. Comm'r Of Soc. Sec., 363 F.3d 1155, 1161 (11th Cir. 2004) (per curiam) (same); Hunter v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 651 F. App'x 958, 962 (11th Cir. 2016) (per curiam) (unpublished) (same); Cooley v. Comm'r of Soc. Sec., 671 F. App'x 767, 769 (11th Cir. 2016) (per curiam) (unpublished) (“As a general rule, we do not consider arguments that have not been fairly presented to a respective agency or to the district court. See Kelley v. Apfel, 185 F.3d 1211, 1215 (11th Cir. 1999) (treating as waived a challenge to the administrative law judge’s reliance on the testimony of a vocational expert that was ‘not raise[d] . . . before the administrative agency or the district court’).”); In re Pan Am. World Airways, Inc., Maternity Leave Practices & Flight Attendant Weight Program Litig., 905 F.2d 1457 , 1462 (11th Cir. 1990) (“[I]f a party hopes to preserve a claim, argument, theory, or defense for appeal, she must first clearly present it to the district court, that is, in such a way as to afford the district court an opportunity to recognize and rule on it.”); Jones v. Apfel, 190 F.3d 1224, 1228 (11th Cir. 1999) The “substantial evidence” “standard of review applies only to findings of (applying In re Pan American World Airways in Social Security appeal); Sorter v. Soc. Sec. Admin., Comm'r, 773 F. App’x 1070 , 1073 (11th Cir. 2019) (per curiam) (unpublished) (“Sorter has abandoned on appeal the issue of whether the ALJ adequately considered her testimony regarding the side effects of her pain medication because her initial brief simply mentions the issue without providing any supporting argument. See Singh v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 561 F.3d 1275 , 1278–79 (11th Cir. 2009) (explaining that ‘simply stating that an issue exists, without further argument or discussion, constitutes abandonment of that issue’).”); Figuera v. Comm'r of Soc. Sec., 819 F. App'x 870 , 871 n.1 (11th Cir. 2020) (per curiam) (unpublished) (“Figuera also argues the ALJ failed to properly assess her credibility … However, Figuera did not adequately raise this issue in her brief before the district court. She raised the issue only summarily, without any citations to the record or authority. See Sapuppo v. Allstate Floridian Ins. Co., 739 F.3d 678, 681 (11th Cir. 2014) (noting that a party ‘abandons a claim when he either makes only passing references to it or raises it in a perfunctory manner without supporting arguments and authority’). As a result, we do not address the sufficiency of the ALJ’s credibility finding.”); Turner v. Social Security Administration, Commissioner, No. 21-13590, 2022 WL 842188 , at *2 (11th Cir. Mar. 22, 2022) (per curiam) (unpublished) (“An appellant forfeits an argument by ‘mak[ing] only passing references to it or rais[ing] it in a perfunctory manner without supporting arguments and authority.’ Sapuppo v. Allstate Floridian Ins. Co., 739 F.3d 678, 681 (11th Cir. 2014). In her briefing, Turner states that the Appeals Council failed to request her records or obtain a consultative evaluation. But she cites no authorities or makes any other argument tending to establish that it had a duty to do so. She has therefore failed to adequately develop this argument, and it is forfeited.”); Harner v. Soc. Sec. Admin., Comm'r, 38 F.4th 892, 899 (11th Cir. 2022) (“Harner’s references to the substantiality of the evidence, the administrative law judge's analysis of her fibromyalgia, and the administrative judge's consideration of her daily activities as ‘[d]iminish[ing] the [p]ersuasiveness of [h]er [a]llegations’ consist only of block quotations from and cursory mentions of various decisions of this and other courts. Harner failed to refer to the facts of her case or to provide any meaningful explanation as to how the decisions she cites apply to her claim, her arguments are forfeited.”); Grant v. Soc. Sec. Admin., Comm'r, No. 21-12927, 2022 WL 3867559 , at *2 (11th Cir. Aug. 30, 2022) (per curiam) (unpublished) (appellant forfeited most challenges where “brief consist[ed] largely of block quotations with only passing or conclusory references to how the law and the relevant facts relate”); Walker v. Comm'r, Soc. Sec. Admin., 835 F. App'x 538 , 542 (11th Cir. 2020) (per curiam) (unpublished (“As the government notes, Walker’s argument on this issue consists of lengthy block quotes to caselaw without any attempt to apply the law to the facts of this case. He has thus abandoned the issue by failing to develop his arguments.”). fact. No similar presumption of validity attaches to the [Commissioner]’s conclusions of law, including determination of the proper standards to be applied in reviewing claims.” MacGregor v. Bowen, 786 F.2d 1050, 1053 (11th Cir. 1986) (quotation omitted). Accord, e.g., Wiggins v. Schweiker, 679 F.2d 1387, 1389 (11th Cir. 1982) (“Our standard of review for appeals from the administrative denials of Social Security benefits dictates that ‘(t)he findings of the Secretary as to any fact, if supported by substantial evidence, shall be conclusive ....’ 42 U.S.C.A. s 405 (g) … As is plain from the statutory language, this deferential standard of review is applicable only to findings of fact made by the Secretary, and it is well established that no similar presumption of validity attaches to the Secretary’s conclusions of law, including determination of the proper standards to be applied in reviewing claims.” (some quotation marks omitted)). This Court “conduct[s] ‘an exacting examination’ of these factors.” Miles v. Chater, 84 F.3d 1397, 1400 (11th Cir. 1996) (per curiam) (quoting Martin v. Sullivan, 894 F.2d 1520, 1529 (11th Cir. 1990)). “‘The [Commissioner]’s failure to apply the correct law or to provide the reviewing court with sufficient reasoning for determining that the proper legal analysis has been conducted mandates reversal.’” Ingram, 496 F.3d at 1260 (quoting Cornelius v. Sullivan, 936 F.2d 1143, 1145-46 (11th Cir. 1991)). Accord Keeton v. Dep't of Health & Human Servs., 21 F.3d 1064, 1066 (11th Cir. 1994). In sum, courts “review the Commissioner’s factual findings with deference and the Commissioner’s legal conclusions with close scrutiny.” Doughty v. Apfel, 245 F.3d 1274 , 1278 (11th Cir. 2001). See also Moore v. Barnhart, 405 F.3d 1208, 1211 (11th Cir. 2005) (per curiam) (“In Social Security appeals, we review de novo the legal principles upon which the Commissioner's decision is based. Chester v. Bowen, 792 F.2d 129, 131 (11th Cir. 1986). However, we review the resulting decision only to determine whether it is supported by substantial evidence. Crawford v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 363 F.3d 1155 , 1158–59 (11th Cir. 2004).”). Moreover, an ALJ’s decision must “state with at least some measure of clarity the grounds for [the] decision.” Owens, 748 F.2d at 1516 ; Winschel, 631 F.3d at 1179 . A court cannot “affirm simply because some rationale might have supported the [Commissioner]’ conclusion[,]” as “[s]uch an approach would not advance the ends of reasoned decision making.” Owens, 748 F.2d at 1516 . Rather, “an agency’s order must be upheld, if at all, on the same basis articulated in the order by the agency itself.” Fed. Power Comm'n v. Texaco Inc., 417 U.S. 380, 397 , 94 S. Ct. 2315 , 41 L. Ed. 2d 141 (1974) (quotation omitted). See also Newton v. Apfel, 209 F.3d 448, 455 (5th Cir. 2000) (“The ALJ’s decision must stand or fall with the reasons set forth in the ALJ’s decision, as adopted by the Appeals Council.”); Nance v. Soc. Sec. Admin., Comm'r, 781 F. App’x 912 , 921 (11th Cir. 2019) (per curiam) (unpublished)6 (“Agency actions … must be upheld on the same bases articulated in the agency's order.” (citing Texaco Inc., 417 U.S. at 397 , and Newton, 209 F.3d at 455 )). Relevant here, eligibility for SSI requires a showing that the claimant is 6 In this circuit, “[u]npublished opinions are not considered binding precedent, but they may be cited as persuasive authority.” 11th Cir. R. 36-2. See also Henry v. Comm'r of Soc. Sec., 802 F.3d 1264 , 1267 n.1 (11th Cir. 2015) (per curiam) (“Cases printed in the Federal Appendix are cited as persuasive authority.”). “disabled[,]” 42 U.S.C. § 1382 (a)(1)-(2), meaning the claimant is unable “to engage in any substantial gainful activity by reason of a medically determinable physical or mental impairment ... which has lasted or can be expected to last for a continuous period of not less than 12 months.” 42 U.S.C. § 1382c(a)(3)(A). The Social Security Regulations outline a five-step, sequential evaluation process used to determine whether a claimant is disabled: (1) whether the claimant is currently engaged in substantial gainful activity; (2) whether the claimant has a severe impairment or combination of impairments; (3) whether the impairment meets or equals the severity of the specified impairments in the Listing of Impairments; (4) based on a residual functional capacity (“RFC”) assessment, whether the claimant can perform any of his or her past relevant work despite the impairment; and (5) whether there are significant numbers of jobs in the national economy that the claimant can perform given the claimant's RFC, age, education, and work experience. Winschel, 631 F.3d at 1178 (citing 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520 (a)(4)(i)-(v), 416.920(a)(4)(i)- (v); Phillips, 357 F.3d at 1237-39 ).7 “These regulations place a very heavy burden on the claimant to demonstrate both a qualifying disability and an inability to perform past relevant work.” Moore, 405 F.3d at 1211 (citing Spencer v. Heckler, 765 F.2d 1090, 1093 (11th Cir. 1985)). “In determining whether the claimant has satisfied this initial burden, the examiner must consider four factors: (1) objective medical facts or clinical findings; (2) the diagnoses of examining physicians; (3) evidence of pain; and (4) the claimant’s age, education, and work history.” Jones v. Bowen, 810 F.2d 1001, 1005 (11th Cir. 1986) (per curiam) (citing Tieniber v. Heckler, 720 F.2d 1251, 1253 (11th 7 The Court will hereinafter use “Step One,” “Step Two,” etc. when referencing individual steps of this five-step sequential evaluation. Cir. 1983) (per curiam)). “These factors must be considered both singly and in combination. Presence or absence of a single factor is not, in itself, conclusive.” Bloodsworth, 703 F.2d at 1240 (citations omitted). If, in Steps One through Four of the five-step evaluation, a claimant proves that he or she has a qualifying disability and cannot do his or her past relevant work, it then becomes the Commissioner’s burden, at Step Five, to prove that the claimant is capable—given his or her age, education, and work history—of engaging in another kind of substantial gainful employment that exists in the national economy. Jones v. Apfel, 190 F.3d 1224, 1228 (11th Cir. 1999); Sryock v. Heckler, 764 F.2d 834, 836 (11th Cir. 1985). Finally, although the “claimant bears the burden of demonstrating the inability to return to [his or] her past relevant work, the Commissioner of Social Security has an obligation to develop a full and fair record.” Shnorr v. Bowen, 816 F.2d 578, 581 (11th Cir. 1987). See also Ellison v. Barnhart, 355 F.3d 1272, 1276 (11th Cir. 2003) (per curiam) (“It is well-established that the ALJ has a basic duty to develop a full and fair record. Nevertheless, the claimant bears the burden of proving that he is disabled, and, consequently, he is responsible for producing evidence in support of his claim.” (citations omitted)). “This is an onerous task, as the ALJ must scrupulously and conscientiously probe into, inquire of, and explore for all relevant facts. In determining whether a claimant is disabled, the ALJ must consider the evidence as a whole.” Henry v. Comm'r of Soc. Sec., 802 F.3d 1264, 1267 (11th Cir. 2015) (per curiam) (citation and quotation omitted). If a court determines that the Commissioner reached a decision “by focusing upon one aspect of the evidence and ignoring other parts of the record[, i]n such circumstances [the court] cannot properly find that the administrative decision is supported by substantial evidence. It is not enough to discover a piece of evidence which supports that decision, but to disregard other contrary evidence.” McCruter v. Bowen, 791 F.2d 1544, 1548 (11th Cir. 1986). Nevertheless, “‘there is no rigid requirement that the ALJ specifically refer to every piece of evidence in his decision, so long as the ALJ’s decision ... is not a broad rejection which is not enough to enable [a reviewing court] to conclude that the ALJ considered [the claimant's] medical condition as a whole.’” Mitchell v. Comm'r, Soc. Sec. Admin., 771 F.3d 780, 782 (11th Cir. 2014) (quoting Dyer v. Barnhart, 395 F.3d 1206, 1211 (11th Cir. 2005) (per curiam) (quotation and brackets omitted)). When the ALJ denies benefits and the Appeals Council denies review of that decision, a court “review[s] the ALJ’s decision as the Commissioner’s final decision[,]” Doughty, 245 F.3d at 1278, and the Court “will look only to the evidence actually presented to the ALJ in determining whether the ALJ’s decision is supported by substantial evidence.” Falge v. Apfel, 150 F.3d 1320, 1323 (11th Cir. 1998). But “when a claimant properly presents new evidence to the Appeals Council, a reviewing court must consider whether that new evidence renders the denial of benefits erroneous.” Ingram, 496 F.3d at 1262 . III. Summary of the ALJ’s Decision At Step One, the ALJ determined that Bradley had not engaged in substantial gainful activity since April 10, 2021, his application date.8 (Doc. 8, PageID.48). At Step Two,9 the ALJ determined that Bradley had the following severe impairments: status-post prior lumbar fusion; diabetes mellitus; neuropathy; right foot cellulitis and ulcer; bursitis left hip; and hypertension. (Doc. 8, PageID.4850). At Step Three,10 the ALJ found that Bradley did not have an impairment or combination of impairments that met or equaled the severity of a specified impairment in Appendix 1 of the Listing of Impairments, 20 C.F.R. § 404 , Subpt. P, 8 “For SSI claims, a claimant becomes eligible in the first month where she is both disabled and has an SSI application on file.” Moore, 405 F.3d at 1211 . Bradley alleged disability beginning January 1, 2010. (See Doc. 8, PageID.46). 9 “The severity regulation increases the efficiency and reliability of the evaluation process by identifying at an early stage those claimants whose medical impairments are so slight that it is unlikely they would be found to be disabled even if their age, education, and experience were taken into account.” Yuckert, 482 U.S. at 153 . See also Schink v. Comm'r of Soc. Sec., 935 F.3d 1245, 1265 (11th Cir. 2019) (per curiam) (Step Two “is a ‘threshold inquiry’ and ‘allows only claims based on the most trivial impairments to be rejected.’ ” (quoting McDaniel v. Bowen, 800 F.2d 1026, 1031 (11th Cir. 1986)). “[A]n ‘impairment is not severe only if the abnormality is so slight and its effect so minimal that it would clearly not be expected to interfere with the individual's ability to work, irrespective of age, education or work experience.’ A claimant’s burden to establish a severe impairment at step two is only ‘mild.’ ” Schink, 935 F.3d at 1265 (citation omitted) (quoting McDaniel, 800 F.2d at 1031 ). 10 Step Three “identif[ies] those claimants whose medical impairments are so severe that it is likely they would be found disabled regardless of their vocational background.” Yuckert, 482 U.S. at 153 . See also Sullivan v. Zebley, 493 U.S. 521, 525 , 110 S. Ct. 885 , 107 L. Ed. 2d 967 (1990) (“In the third step, the medical evidence of the claimant’s impairment is compared to a list of impairments presumed severe enough to preclude any gainful work … If the claimant's impairment matches or is ‘equal’ to one of the listed impairments, he qualifies for benefits without further inquiry.”); Crayton v. Callahan, 120 F.3d 1217, 1219 (11th Cir. 1997) (“If the claimant’s condition meets or equals the level of severity of a listed impairment, the claimant at this point is conclusively presumed to be disabled based on his or her medical condition.”). App. 1. (Doc. 8, PageID.50-52). At Step Four,11 the ALJ determined that Bradley had the residual functional capacity (RFC) “to perform light work as defined in 20 CFR 416.967(b)[12] except he 11 At Step Four, the ALJ must assess: (1) the claimant's residual functional capacity (“RFC”); and (2) the claimant's ability to return to her past relevant work. 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520 (a)(4)(iv). As for the claimant’s RFC, the regulations define RFC as that which an individual is still able to do despite the limitations caused by his or her impairments. 20 C.F.R. § 404.1545 (a). Moreover, the ALJ will “assess and make a finding about [the claimant's] residual functional capacity based on all the relevant medical and other evidence” in the case. 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520 (e). Furthermore, the RFC determination is used both to determine whether the claimant: (1) can return to her past relevant work under the fourth step; and (2) can adjust to other work under the fifth step…20 C.F.R. § 404.1520(e). If the claimant can return to her past relevant work, the ALJ will conclude that the claimant is not disabled. 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520 (a)(4)(iv) & (f). If the claimant cannot return to her past relevant work, the ALJ moves on to step five. In determining whether [a claimant] can return to her past relevant work, the ALJ must determine the claimant's RFC using all relevant medical and other evidence in the case. 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520 (e). That is, the ALJ must determine if the claimant is limited to a particular work level. See 20 C.F.R. § 404.1567 . Once the ALJ assesses the claimant’s RFC and determines that the claimant cannot return to her prior relevant work, the ALJ moves on to the fifth, and final, step. Phillips, 357 F.3d at 1238-39 (footnote omitted). “[A]n ALJ's RFC assessment is an administrative finding based on all the relevant evidence, including both medical and nonmedical evidence.” Pupo v. Comm'r, Soc. Sec. Admin., 17 F.4th 1054, 1065 (11th Cir. 2021). 12 “To determine the physical exertion requirements of different types of employment in the national economy, the Commissioner classifies jobs as sedentary, light, medium, heavy, and very heavy. These terms are all defined in the can lift and carry 10 pounds frequently and 20 pounds occasionally[; h]e can sit for a total of six hours during an eight-hour workday[; he can stand and walk for a total of four hours during an eight-hour workday[; he] can occasionally push and pull with the lower extremities[; h]e can occasionally balance, stoop, kneel, crouch, crawl, and climb ramps and stairs[; he] is precluded from concentrated exposure to extreme heat and cold as well as vibrations[; and h]e is unable to work around unprotected heights or drive automotive equipment.” (Doc. 8, PageID.52-57). Based on the RFC and the testimony of a vocational expert,13 the ALJ found that Bradley was unable to perform any past relevant work. (Doc. 8, PageID.57). regulations … Each classification … has its own set of criteria.” Phillips, 357 F.3d at 1239 n.4. The criteria for “light” work are as follows: Light work involves lifting no more than 20 pounds at a time with frequent lifting or carrying of objects weighing up to 10 pounds. Even though the weight lifted may be very little, a job is in this category when it requires a good deal of walking or standing, or when it involves sitting most of the time with some pushing and pulling of arm or leg controls. To be considered capable of performing a full or wide range of light work, you must have the ability to do substantially all of these activities. If someone can do light work, we determine that he or she can also do sedentary work, unless there are additional limiting factors such as loss of fine dexterity or inability to sit for long periods of time. 20 C.F.R. § 416.967 (b). 13 “A vocational expert is an expert on the kinds of jobs an individual can perform based on his or her capacity and impairments. When the ALJ uses a vocational expert, the ALJ will pose hypothetical question(s) to the vocational expert to establish whether someone with the limitations that the ALJ has previously determined that the claimant has will be able to secure employment in the national economy.” Phillips, 357 F.3d at 1240 . However, at Step Five, after considering additional testimony from the vocational expert, the ALJ found that there exist a significant number of other jobs in the national economy as a ticket taker/press box custodian (~51,000 jobs nationally), cashier II (~438,000 jobs nationally), and assembler (~40,000 jobs nationally) that Bradley could perform given his RFC, age, education, and work experience. (Id., PageID.57-58). Thus, the ALJ found that Bradley was not “disabled” under the Social Security Act. (Id., PageID.58-59). IV. Analysis Bradley raises a single claim of reversible error: that the ALJ failed to consider at Step Three whether he met then-Listing 8.04, which required a showing of “[c]hronic infections of the skin or mucous membranes, with extensive fungating or extensive ulcerating skin lesions that persist for at least 3 months despite continuing treatment as prescribed.” 20 C.F.R. Pt. 404, Subpt. P, App. 1, § 8.04 (effective Apr. 2, 2021 to Oct. 5, 2023).14 Having fully considered the parties’ arguments raised in their briefs and at oral argument, the undersigned finds that the ALJ did not commit reversible error for the reasons stated in the “Argument” section of the Commissioner’s brief (Doc. 10, PageID.875-876), which are adopted by the Court and incorporated herein by reference with the following additional discussion and reasoning. 14 Since the ALJ’s decision, the entirety of Listing 8.04 has been deleted as “reserved,” and the relevant condition is now evaluated in Listing 8.09 (“Chronic conditions of the skin or mucous membranes”). See Revised Medical Criteria for Evaluating Digestive Disorders and Skin Disorders, 88 Fed. Reg. 37704 -01, 37711 (June 8, 2023). As Bradley acknowledges (see Doc. 9, PageID.866), the Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals generally does not require the Commissioner to provide detailed reasoning in evaluating the Listings at Step Three. See Hutchison v. Bowen, 787 F.2d 1461, 1463 (11th Cir. 1986) (“While Appendix 1 must be considered in making a disability determination, it is not required that the [Commissioner] mechanically recite the evidence leading to her determination. There may be an implied finding that a claimant does not meet a listing.”); Bailey v. Soc. Sec. Admin., Comm'r, 782 F. App’x 838 , 842 n.5 (11th Cir. 2019) (per curiam) (unpublished) (“[S]pecific findings as to the Listings in Appendix 1 are not required…”); Carstarphen v. Kijakazi, No. CV 1:20-00506-N, 2022 WL 957552 , at *7-10 (S.D. Ala. Mar. 29, 2022) (determining, after surveying and harmonizing at-times conflicting Eleventh Circuit precedent, that detailed findings are generally not required at Step Three). Nevertheless, Bradley argues that, by citing certain specific listings and explaining why Bradley did not meet each of them, the ALJ necessarily failed to adequately consider Listing 8.04, which she did not specifically cite. However, while not requiring “specific findings as to the Listings[,]” the Eleventh Circuit has “noted ‘that it would be helpful to appellate courts if the ALJ would specifically tie his findings to particular listings that the claimant has argued.’ ” Bailey, 782 F. App’x at 842 n.5 (quoting Barron v. Sullivan, 924 F.2d 227 , 230 n.3 (11th Cir. 1991)). Thus, the undersigned declines to infer a failure to consider all relevant Listings simply because the ALJ made express findings as to some listings. Moreover, the ALJ’s Step Three finding states that Bradley did “not have an impairment or combination of impairments that meets or medically equals the severity of one of the listed impairments in 20 CFR Part 404, Subpart P, Appendix 1[,]” and explains that “[n]o single medically determinable impairment or combination thereof, had the specific or equivalent severity of medical findings necessary to establish presumptive disability under the evaluative standards found in Appendix 1, Subpart P, Regulations No. 4, including Sections 1.00, 4.00, 9.00 and 11.00, during the period of adjudication.” (Doc. 8, PageID.50 (emphasis added)). These statements sufficiently indicate that the ALJ considered all other Listings in addition to those expressly cited, and implicitly found that Bradley did not meet them.15 For purposes of then-Listing 8.04, “extensive skin lesions” was defined as follows: Extensive skin lesions are those that involve multiple body sites or critical body areas, and result in a very serious limitation. Examples of extensive skin lesions that result in a very serious limitation include but are not limited to: 15 See Hutchison, 787 F.2d at 1463 (“We…consider it clear that the ALJ, in reaching the fourth and fifth steps of the disability analysis, implicitly found that appellant did not meet any of the Appendix 1 impairments.”); Bailey, 782 F. App’x at 842 (“Here, the ALJ identified as a severe impairment Bailey’s cirrhosis of the liver with both ascites, which relates to Listing 5.05B, and with hepatic encephalopathy, which relates to Listing 5.05F. The ALJ also explicitly found that Bailey's impairments, individually and in combination, did not meet any listed impairment. The ALJ then proceeded to steps four and five of the sequential analysis. Thus, the ALJ’s explicit finding that Bailey’s impairments did not meet a listed impairment included implicit findings that Bailey's cirrhosis of the liver with ascites and hepatic encephalopathy did not meet Listing 5.05B or F. Under our precedent, the ALJ was not required to make more explicit findings as to Listing 5.05B and F.” (citing Hutchison, 787 F.2d at 1463 )). a. Skin lesions that interfere with the motion of your joints and that very seriously limit your use of more than one extremity; that is, two upper extremities, two lower extremities, or one upper and one lower extremity. b. Skin lesions on the palms of both hands that very seriously limit your ability to do fine and gross motor movements. c. Skin lesions on the soles of both feet, the perineum, or both inguinal areas that very seriously limit your ability to ambulate. 20 C.F.R. § Pt. 404, Subpt. P, App. 1, § 8.00(C)(1) (effective Apr. 2, 2021 to Oct. 5, 2023). The Commissioner’s brief argues that Bradley cannot satisfy then-§ 8.00(C)(1) because “he has put forth no evidence that he had lesions on multiple extremities…” At oral argument, Bradley argued that § 8.00(C)(1) did not categorically require a showing of lesions on multiple extremities. While the undersigned agrees with Bradley’s argument on that point, Bradley has still failed to persuasively show that the ALJ’s implicit finding he did not meet then-Listing 8.04 is not supported by substantial evidence. First, Bradley has not persuasively shown that the ulcers on his right thigh and big toe resulted in “a very serious limitation” in his use of multiple extremities, ability to ambulate, etc., given the relatively mild and unremarkable findings noted in the ALJ’s discussion of the record medical evidence, which Bradley does not meaningfully challenge. For instance, the ALJ discussed records showing that Bradley was hospitalized from July 11-31, 2021, “for treatment of cellulitis in the right lower extremity[,]” with the “final diagnostic impression as acute right lower extremity pain and acute B great toe ulcerations.” (Doc. 8, PageID.54). However, examinations during this period showed that Bradley “was in no apparent distress[,] had 5/5 strength…and normal sensation to all extremities[,]” and that his “[d]eep tendon reflexes were symmetric and cerebellar exam was normal.” (Id.). Bradley was discharged from that hospitalization “in improved condition to follow up with primary care physician.” (Id.). The ALJ further noted that examinations on August 25 and November 23, 2021, showed “unremarkable” physical findings, and that treatment notes from several examinations in 2022 noted Bradley’s right toe ulcer without suggesting any significant physical limitations. (See id., PageID.5455).16 Nothing in Bradley’s reported activities of daily living suggests “very serious limitation” either. Second, the ALJ’s finding that Bradley was non-compliant with his treatment is also supported by substantial evidence. Bradley argued in passing at oral argument that the ALJ’s non-compliance finding only related to his diabetes treatment. However, medical records indicate that Bradley’s ulcers were related to his diabetes. (See Doc. 8, PageID.687 (“Last time I saw him ongoing issues with left diabetic great toe ulcer.”); PageID.689, 694 (discussing “diabetic foot ulcer” on right toe); PageID.781 (noting “terrible foot pain due to right diabetic foot ulcer”); PageID.829 (noting “recurrent ongoing issues with right toe diabetic ulcer”); 16 Moreover, as noted in the ALJ’s decision, the right-thigh ulcer was only discussed in treatment notes from July through August 2021. It was last mentioned in treatment notes from an August 25, 2021 examination that was a “follow-up after recent hospitalizations for treatment of right thigh abscess.” (Doc. 8, PageID.54). Per those notes, Bradley “finished his antibiotics and right thigh improved.” (Id.). Those notes support a determination that Bradley did not suffer lesions on “multiple body sites” that “persist[ed] for at least 3 months.” PageID.837 (diagnosing right toe ulcer as “a chronic Wagner Grade 2 Diabetic Ulcer”)). Bradley does not otherwise challenge the ALJ’s finding that he was noncompliant with his diabetes treatment, and record evidence sufficiently demonstrates Bradley’s failure to consistently take insulin and monitor his blood sugar. Moreover, as noted by the ALJ, Bradley’s treating physicians referred him to wound care to treat his toe ulcer at least three times in 2021—on June 3, July 15, and November 23—but the record indicates that Bradley only went for wound care treatment once, on May 26, 2022. (See id., PageID.53-54, 837).17 No reversible error having been shown, the Court finds that the Commissioner’s final decision denying Bradley’s application for benefits is due to be AFFIRMED. V. Conclusion In accordance with the foregoing analysis, it is ORDERED that the Commissioner’s final decision denying Bradley’s April 10, 2021 SSI application is AFFIRMED under sentence four of 42 U.S.C. § 405 (g). Judgment in accordance with this order shall hereafter be set out by separate 17 The record indicates that Bradley had medical insurance, and Bradley has not claimed that financial difficulties played a part in his failure to seek treatment. In discussing Bradley’s non-compliance with treatment, the ALJ noted that Bradley “testified that he cancelled his appointment with wound care.” (Doc. 8, PageID.55). The ALJ omitted mentioning that Bradley also testified the appointment was “two weeks” before the hearing, and that he cancelled it because he “wasn’t feeling good so [he] couldn’t make it.” (Doc. 8, PageID.89). Even without holding this cancelled appointment against Bradley, however, the record still substantially supports the conclusion that he was lax in seeking wound care treatment. document, in compliance with Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 58. DONE and ORDERED this the 20th day of February 2024. /s/ Katherine P. Nelson KATHERINE P. NELSON UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE