Langton v. United States Department of Homeland Security

1 WO [5] 6 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 7 FOR THE DISTRICT OF ARIZONA [8] 9 Darrin Langton, No. CV-20-00099-PHX-JZB 10 Plaintiff, ORDER 11 v. 12 United States Department of Homeland Security, [13] Defendant. [15] 16 Pending before the Court are Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss and Motion for 17 Summary Judgment (doc. 16). For the reasons discussed below, the Motion to Dismiss will 18 be denied as moot and the Motion for Summary Judgment will be granted against Plaintiff 19 Darrin Langton and his claims will be dismissed with prejudice. 20 I. Background. 21 On January 14, 2020, Plaintiff filed his complaint in this court. (Doc. 1.) The 22 complaint seeks injunctive relief against the Defendant United States Department of 23 Homeland Security (“DHS”) “and its components [sic] Federal Bureau of Investigation 24 (“FBI”).”1 (Id. ¶ 1.) Plaintiff alleges he submitted a public records request under the 25 Freedom of Information Act (“FOIA”) to DHS and this request was subsequently denied 26 by Defendant, citing exemptions to FOIA. (Id. ¶ 7.) DHS’s response included the [27] 1 The Court notes that the FBI is not a component of DHS, but rather is part of the United 28 States Department of Justice. U.S. Dep’t of Justice Organizational Chart, available at https://www.justice.gov/agencies/chart. 1 following: 2 Your request is denied under exemption 3 pursuant to Title 50 US Code § 3024(i) and 6 U.S.C. § 121 (d)(11), which protect intelligence sources and 3 methods from unauthorized disclosure. Additionally, we are neither confirming nor denying the existence of records under exemption 7(E) as 4 disclosure of the information you requested would reveal law enforcement techniques or procedures and the circumstances under which those 5 procedures ore [sic] techniques were used. Also, these records are exempted pursuant to Exemptions 6 and 7(C) of the FOIA, 5 U.S.C. § 552 (b)(6) and 6 (b)(7)(C). I&A hereby neither confirms nor denies that such records may or may not exist. [7] 8 (Id.) Plaintiff appealed this denial, the appeal was reviewed by the United States Coast 9 Guard Office of the Chief Administrative Law Judge (“ALJ”), and the ALJ affirmed DHS’s 10 response. (Id. ¶ 9.) Plaintiff requests the Court order Defendant to disclose the existence or 11 non-existence of Plaintiff’s requested records, disclose the records in their entirety to 12 Plaintiff, and award costs and attorney’s fees. (Id. at 4.) 13 On April 8, 2020, Defendant filed a Motion for Summary Judgment and a Motion 14 to Dismiss for failure to state a claim. (Doc. 16.) The Motion to Dismiss argues that 15 Plaintiff failed to perfect service under Rule 4 by failing to serve the Attorney General and 16 failing to file the required proof of service. (Id. at 11-12.) The Motion for Summary 17 Judgment argues Plaintiff’s request falls squarely within the FOIA statutory exemptions 18 and Defendant’s response was directly in line with the applicable law. (Id. at 7-11.) On 19 April 22, 2020, Plaintiff filed his Response to the Motion to Dismiss stating the parties 20 stipulated to extend the deadline to complete service and Plaintiff had completed service 21 upon the Attorney General. (Doc. 21.) On April 23, 2020, Defendant filed its Reply, 22 agreeing that Plaintiff had perfected service. (Doc. 22.) On May 22, 2020, Plaintiff filed a 23 Response to the motion for summary judgment. (Doc 26.) On June 4, 2020, Defendant filed 24 its Reply. (Doc. 27.) 25 As the parties agreed, Plaintiff perfected service, thus the basis for the Motion to 26 Dismiss no longer exists and it is moot. (Docs. 18-22). Therefore, the Court will only 27 address the Motion for Summary Judgment. 28 \ 1 II. Legal Standard. 2 The district court has jurisdiction to enjoin an agency from withholding agency 3 records and reviews such matters de novo. 5 U.S.C. § 552 (a)(4)(B). “Most FOIA cases are 4 resolved by the district court on summary judgment, with the district court entering 5 judgment as a matter of law.” Animal Legal Def. Fund v. U.S. Food & Drug Admin., 836 6 F.3d 987, 989 (9th Cir. 2016) (citing Wickwire Gavin, P.C. v. U. S. Postal Serv., 356 F.3d 7 588, 591 (4th Cir. 2004)). The Ninth Circuit employs its usual summary judgment standard 8 in FOIA cases. Id. Thus, the “court shall grant summary judgment if the movant shows 9 that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled as to 10 judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). “District Court decisions in FOIA cases 11 must provide statements of law that are both accurate and sufficiently detailed to establish 12 that the careful de novo review prescribed by Congress has in fact taken place.” Van Bourg, 13 Allen, Weinberg & Roger v. N.L.R.B., 656 F.2d 1356, 1358 (9th Cir. 1981) (quoting 14 Founding Church of Scientology of Washington, D.C., Inc. v. Bell, 603 F.2d 945, 950 (D.C. 15 Cir. 1979)). 16 “The FOIA mandates a policy of broad disclosure of government documents when 17 production is properly requested.” Kamman v. U.S. I.R.S., 56 F.3d 46 , 48 (9th Cir. 1995) 18 (citing 5 U.S.C. § 552 (a)). “An agency may withhold a requested document only if it falls 19 within one of nine statutory exemptions to the disclosure requirement.” Id. (citing 5 U.S.C. 20 § 552(b)). “These exemptions are to be narrowly construed by the courts.” Id. (citing 21 Church of Scientology of Cal. v. U.S. Dep’t. of the Army, 611 F.2d 738, 742 (9th Cir. 22 1979)). Under FOIA, “the burden is on the agency to sustain its action” withholding 23 documents pursuant to an exemption. 5 U.S.C. § 552 (a)(4)(B). “Affidavits of agency 24 employees may be used to satisfy this burden.” Kamman, 56 F.3d at 48 (citing Lewis v. 25 IRS, 823 F.2d 375, 378 (9th Cir. 1987)). “An affidavit or declaration used to support or 26 oppose a motion must be made on personal knowledge, set out facts that would be 27 admissible in evidence, and show that the affiant or declarant is competent to testify on the 28 matters stated.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)(4). “As a general matter, ‘[a]n affidavit from an 1 agency employee responsible for supervising a FOIA search is all that is needed to satisfy’ 2 the personal knowledge requirement of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56.” Lahr v. Nat’l 3 Transp. Safety Bd., 569 F.3d 964, 990 (9th Cir. 2009) (quoting Carney v. U.S. Dep’t of 4 Justice, 19 F.3d 807, 814 (2d Cir. 1994)). Summary judgment is warranted “on the basis 5 of agency affidavits when the affidavits describe ‘the justifications for nondisclosure with 6 reasonably specific detail . . . and are not controverted by either contrary evidence in the 7 record nor by evidence of agency bad faith.’”). Wolf v. C.I.A., 473 F.3d 370, 374 (D.C. Cir. 8 2007) (quoting Miller v. Casey, 730 F.2d 773, 776 (D.C. Cir. 1984)). 9 III. FOIA Exemption and Glomar Responses. 10 Under FOIA Exemption 3, FOIA’s disclosure requirements do not apply to matters 11 that are 12 (3) specifically exempted from disclosure by statute (other than section 552b of this title), if that statute— [13] (A)(i) requires that the matters be withheld from the public in such a manner 14 as to leave no discretion on the issue; or 15 (ii) establishes particular criteria for withholding or refers to particular types of matters to be withheld; and [16] (B) if enacted after the date of enactment of the OPEN FOIA Act of 2009, 17 specifically cites to this paragraph. [18] 5 U.S.C. § 552 (b)(3). “Exemption 3 does not itself provide the standards for an exemption 19 from disclosure but instead incorporates other applicable statutory exemptions.” Civil Beat 20 Law Ctr. for the Pub. Interest, Inc. v. Ctrs. for Disease Control & Prevention, 929 F.3d 21 1079, 1084 (9th Cir. 2019). In determining whether withholding under Exemption 3 is 22 proper, “[f]irst, we determine whether the withholding statute meets the requirements of 23 Exemption 3. Then, we determine whether the requested information falls within the scope 24 of the withholding statute.” Id. (quoting Carlson v. U.S. Postal Serv., 504 F.3d 1123 , 1127 25 (9th Cir. 2007)). 26 In response to a records request, an agency may “provide a Glomar response, 27 ‘refus[ing] to confirm or deny the existence of records where to answer the FOIA inquiry 28 would cause harm cognizable under a FOIA exception.’” Pickard v. Dep’t of Justice, 653 1 F.3d 782, 786 (9th Cir. 2011) (quoting Wolf, 473 F.3d at 374 ). “When the Agency's position 2 is that it can neither confirm nor deny the existence of the requested records, there are no 3 relevant documents for the court to examine other than the affidavits which explain the 4 Agency's refusal.” Phillippi v. CIA, 546 F.2d 1009, 1013 (D.C. Cir. 1976). “Ultimately, an 5 agency's justification for invoking a FOIA exemption is sufficient if it appears ‘logical’ or 6 ‘plausible.’” Id. at 774 (9th Cir. 2015) (quoting Larson v. Dep’t of State, 565 F.3d 857 , 862 7 (D.C. Cir. 2009)). 8 IV. Analysis. 9 The material facts in this case are not in dispute. On May 2, 2019, Plaintiff submitted 10 a FOIA request to Defendant requesting records on himself. (Doc. 17 ¶ 7; Smislova Aff. ¶ 11 9, Attach. A; Doc. 25, at 1.)2 Plaintiff’s request also included a comment asking, “Am I 12 being harassed by your department?” (Id.) On May 13, 2019, the Office of Intelligence and 13 Analysis (“I&A”) at DHS issued its final response citing FOIA Exemption 3 pursuant to [14] 50 U.S.C. § 3024 (i) and 6 U.S.C. § 121 (d)(9)3, “which protect intelligence sources and 15 methods from unauthorized disclosure.” (Doc. 17, ¶ 9; Smislova Aff. ¶ 10, Attach. B; Doc. 16 25, at 1.) As a result, I&A issued a Glomar response stating: “I&A hereby neither confirms 17 nor denies that such records may or may not exist.” (Smislova Aff. Attach. B; Doc. 25, at 18 1). On June 5, 2019, Plaintiff appealed this decision, and on September 16, 2019, the ALJ 19 affirmed I&A’s Glomar response. (Doc. 17, ¶¶ 11-12, Smislova Aff. Attachs. C-D; Doc. 20 25, at 1.) 21 A. The National Security Act and the Homeland Security Meet the 22 Requirements of Exemption 3. 23 Defendant cited to two withholding statutes in its Glomar response. The first is 24 Section 102(A)(i)(1) of the National Security Act of 1947, as amended by the Intelligence 25 2 Docket 17 Exhibit 1 is a certified declaration by Melissa Smislova, Deputy Under Secretary for Intelligence Enterprise Readiness and Acting FOIA Officer, I&A, DHS. Ms. 26 Smislova certifies she has direct oversight of FOIA policies, procedures, and litigation involving DHS I&A records. (Doc. 17, Ex. 1, at 1) (hereinafter, “Smislova Aff.”). 27 3 In its response, I&A cites to 6 U.S.C. § 121 (d)(11). In her affidavit, Ms. Smislova explains that the Homeland Security Act was amended and the text of 6 U.S.C. § 121 (d)(11) did not 28 change, but was moved to 6 U.S.C. § 121 (d)(9), and I&A had not yet updated its FOIA Exemption documentation to reflect the change. Smislova Aff. n.1. 1 Reform and Terrorist Prevention Act of 2004, codified at 50 U.S.C. § 3024 (i). The National 2 Security Act of 1947 is recognized as a withholding statute under Exemption 3. See CIA v. 3 Sims, 471 U.S. 159, 167 (1985); Hunt v. CIA, 981 F.2d 1116, 1118 (9th Cir. 1992); DiBacco 4 v. U.S. Army, 795 F.3d 178, 197 (D.C. Cir. 2015); Cable News Network, Inc. v. Fed. Bureau 5 of Investigation, 384 F. Supp. 3d 19, 30 (D.D.C.), reconsideration denied, 401 F. Supp. 3d 6 187 (D.D.C. 2019); Amnesty Int’l USA v. CIA, 728 F. Supp. 2d 479, 501 (S.D.N.Y. 2010). 7 The statute states: “The Director of National Intelligence shall protect intelligence sources 8 and methods from unauthorized disclosure.” 50 U.S.C. § 3024 (i). “The DNI has delegated 9 enforcement of this National Security Act mandate to the heads of the 17 agencies that 10 constitute the “Intelligence Community[,]” see Intelligence Community Directive 700, at 11 3 (June 7, 2012), available at http://www.dni.gov/files/documents/ICD/ICD_700.pdf.” 12 Elec. Privacy Info. Ctr. v. Dep’t of Justice, 296 F. Supp. 3d 109, 121 (D.D.C. 2017). I&A 13 is one of the 17 agencies of the Intelligence Community. See Dir. of Nat’l Intelligence, 14 Members of the IC, https://www.dni.gov/index.php/what-we-do/members-of-the-ic#dhs. 15 The second statute relied on by I&A is the Homeland Security Act, 6 U.S.C. § 16 121(d)(9), which is a statute specific to DHS and reflects the I&A’s undertaking of the 17 responsibilities delegated to the agency head by the Director of National Intelligence. The 18 statute provides that the Under Secretary for Intelligence and Analysis shall be responsible 19 to ensure that “any intelligence information under this chapter is shared, retained, and 20 disseminated consistent with the authority of the Director of National Intelligence to 21 protect intelligence sources and methods under the National Security Act of 1947 and 22 related procedures.” 6 U.S.C. § 121 (d)(9)(B). See Brennan Ctr. for Justice at New York 23 Univ. Sch. of Law v. Dep’t of Homeland Sec., 331 F. Supp. 3d 74, 88 (S.D.N.Y. 2018) 24 (“Plaintiff does not appear to dispute that the Homeland Security Act qualifies as a 25 withholding statute under Exemption 3, and with good reason—on its face, the Homeland 26 Security Act specifically exempts ‘intelligence sources and methods’ from disclosure.”) 27 (citing Zanoni v. U.S. Dep’t of Agric., 605 F.Supp.2d 230, 236 (D.D.C. 2009)). Thus, these 28 statutes meet the requirements of a withholding statute under Exemption 3. 1 “Where the government invokes FOIA exemptions in cases involving national 2 security issues, we are ‘required to accord “substantial weight” to [the agency's] 3 affidavits.’” Hamdan v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 797 F.3d 759, 769 (9th Cir. 2015) (quoting 4 Hunt v. CIA, 981 F.2d 1116, 1119 (9th Cir. 1992)). The court must remain “mindful of [its] 5 limited institutional expertise on intelligence matters, as compared to the executive branch” 6 and that “it is in the nature of intelligence data” that “disclosure of small pieces of a puzzle 7 may be aggregated and considered in context by an adversary, giving some risk even to 8 explication of grounds for withholding documents.” Id. at 770. The National Security Act 9 confers “very broad authority to protect all sources of intelligence information from 10 disclosure,” and “[b]ecause of this ‘sweeping power,’” the court must give “great 11 deference” to an agency’s “assertion that a particular disclosure could reveal intelligence 12 sources or methods.” Berman v. CIA, 501 F.3d 1136, 1140 (9th Cir. 2007) (quoting Sims, [13] 471 U.S. at 168-9, 179 ) (internal citations omitted); see also Minier v. CIA, 88 F.3d 796 , 14 801 (9th Cir. 1996) (holding the “near-blanket” FOIA exemption to protect sources and 15 methods “authorizes the CIA’s refusal to confirm or deny the existence of an employment 16 relationship between itself and [an individual].”)4 17 B. A Glomar Response Was Proper. 18 The information Plaintiff requested falls within the scope of the National Security 19 Act’s mandate and is exempted under Exemption 3 to FOIA. The National Security Act 20 directs the Director of National intelligence to “protect intelligence sources and methods [21] 4 Plaintiff argues that Ms. Smislova’s affidavit is too conclusory and is insufficient to meet 22 the burden required to prove exemption. (Doc. 21, at 6-8.) The cases Plaintiff cites to are inapposite, as they all deal with cases that fall under exemption 7, which allows for an 23 agency to withhold records “compiled for law enforcement purposes.” 5 U.S.C.A. § 552 (b)(7). Plaintiff only addresses I&A’s Glomar response under exemption 7. Each 24 exemption, however, is evaluated separately and a single exemption is valid to support withholding. See Berman v. CIA, 501 F.3d 1136 , 1140 n.2 (9th Cir. 2007) (“Because we 25 hold that the PDBs are protected under exemption 3, we do not decide whether the CIA’s claims that they are also protected under exemption 1 and exemption 5 are valid.”); 26 Painting Indus. of Hawaii Mkt. Recovery Fund v. U.S. Dep’t of Air Force, 26 F.3d 1479 , 1486 (9th Cir. 1994) (“Because we hold that Exemption 6 justifies the government’s action 27 in providing redacted copies of certified payroll records requested by the labor organizations, we need not reach the Exemption 7(C) issue.”). Because the Court finds 28 that the withholding is valid under exemption 3, it is irrelevant whether exemption 7 applies to this information, and the Court need not address it. 1 from unauthorized disclosure,” 50 U.S.C. § 3024 (i); this authority was delegated to the 2 Under Secretary for Intelligence and Analysis and is required by the Homeland Security 3 Act. The “broad sweep of this statutory language” is intentional by Congress and is not 4 limited to only confidential or nonpublic intelligence sources. See Sims, 471 U.S. at 169 - 5 70. The exemption applies to both foreign or domestic intelligence sources and methods. 6 See Sims, 471 U.S. at 171 (discussing the extraordinary diversity of intelligence sources 7 and that “Americans of all types and descriptions who travel around the world are one of 8 the greatest repositories of intelligence that we have”); Fitzgibbon v. C.I.A., 911 F.2d 755 , 9 765 (D.C. Cir. 1990) (“[E]xemption 3 extends to all intelligence sources, domestic and as 10 well as foreign, the District Court's order requiring disclosure of CIA contacts with 11 domestic sources, agencies and officials is reversed.”). 12 Plaintiff asked DHS for any records collected regarding himself. The Ninth Circuit 13 has upheld Glomar responses in similar situations regarding the protection of intelligence 14 sources and methods with regard to information on individuals. In Hunt v. CIA, examining 15 a Glomar response to a request for records on a foreign national under the National Security 16 Act, the Ninth Circuit held that the director of the CIA had “extensive power” to protect 17 intelligence sources and methods and as such, the case law under Exemption 3 was “only 18 a short step from exempting all CIA records.” 981 F.2d at 1120 . The affidavits in that case 19 give similar reasoning to the affidavit in this case: if the CIA were to disclose “the existence 20 or non-existence of records on particular individuals, a FOIA requester could make the 21 information public or otherwise available to counter-intelligence operations from other 22 nations.” Id. at 1119 . Those counterintelligence operatives “could then determine the 23 contours and gaps of CIA intelligence operations and make informed judgments as to the 24 identities of probable sources and targets in other countries.” Id. The court noted that the 25 use of a Glomar response must be viewed in the total context of intelligence-gathering. Id. 26 at 1119 (“The CIA affidavits stress that the disclosure of the existence or non-existence of 27 documents must not be viewed in isolation but rather as one tile in a mosaic of intelligence [28] 1 gathering.”).5 2 Similarly, here, Ms. Smislova’s affidavit declares that I&A’s revelation of whether 3 or not it has gathered intelligence on a certain individual may indicate to other potential 4 targets “how I&A and the Intelligence Community are allocating their resources,” (doc. 5 17-1 at 11 (Smislova Aff. ¶ 21)), and may provide these other targets with the abilities to 6 frustrate I&A’s intelligence-gathering purposes. Therefore, it is I&A’s policy to issue 7 Glomar responses to any requests for intelligence records on an individual. (Id. at 9-10 8 (Smislova Aff. ¶ 19).) In order to ensure consistent responses to these type of requests, 9 I&A must use the Glomar response even in instances where no such records exist because 10 to do otherwise would result in an inadvertent admission of records. Id. Ms. Smislova’s 11 affidavit explains: “If I&A were to admit to a FOIA requestor that it possesses intelligence 12 information about a particular individual of interest, then I&A would essentially be 13 alerting the individual (along with their associates) that I&A and the Intelligence 14 Community have gathered information on the individual and that I&A or the Intelligence 15 Community methods have been applied against the individual.” Id. With regard to 16 Plaintiff’s request, I&A holds that it falls into the “narrow” category of documents where 17 any acknowledgement of the existence or non-existence of this intelligence information, 18 “would reveal whether the Plaintiff was a target of intelligence collection by I&A which 19 in itself would reveal I&A’s intelligence sources and methods.” Id. ¶ 20. 20 I&A’s reasoning is logical and plausible. I&A makes a distinction between records [21] 5 The Ninth Circuit adopted the analysis of the supporting affidavits used by the District of 22 Columbia Circuit. See Hunt, 981 F.2d at 1119-20 (discussing Gardels v. CIA, 689 F.2d 1100 (D.C. Cir. 1982); Miller v. Casey, 730 F.2d 773 (D.C. Cir. 1984)). In Gardels, the 23 Circuit Court upheld the use of a Glomar response where disclosure whether the CIA had certain contacts at a specific university might “trigger the danger that foreign intelligence 24 agencies could (and would) discover who those covert contacts were,” the foreign agency “could try to prevent its nationals from going to that university,” and the foreign agency 25 “also would try to determine what research areas or subjects interested the CIA.” 689 F.2d at 1104 . Conversely, denying the existence of any covert contacts would make “the work 26 of foreign intelligence bodies . . . much easier; they could and would concentrate their efforts on the remaining American colleges and universities, and their sphere of activity 27 could be appreciably narrowed.” Id.; see also Miller, 730 F.2d at 778 (“Again, the courts are obliged to accord substantial weight to the agency affidavit. An official confirmation 28 that the CIA participated in the covert action would reveal how the CIA has deployed its resources in the past, and would deter potential future sources from cooperating.”) 1 regarding an individual and records regarding information on a particular topic or subject. 2 With an individual, the confirmation or denial of the existence of records could be used by 3 other “similarly situated individuals” to engage in countermeasures to “identify and 4 frustrate” the intelligence activities of the agency or, conversely, to emulate a “successful 5 pattern of undetectable activities with similar results.” Id. ¶¶ 20-21. The policy 6 considerations make sense given that the revelation of particular targets of interest would 7 indicate to other potential targets “how I&A and the Intelligence Community are allocating 8 their resources.” Id. ¶ 21. The usual FOIA request regarding a certain subject matter is 9 different, however, because I&A only searches and provides non-exempt records or non10 exempt portions of records, and “the fact that I&A possesses or does not possess records 11 is not itself harmful to intelligence sources and methods.” Id. ¶ 22. See also Wolf v. CIA, [12] 473 F.3d 370, 377-78 (D.C. Cir. 2007) (finding CIA’s declaration that confirmation or 13 denial of the existence of records on a foreign national would implicate intelligence sources 14 and methods under Exemption 3); see also Bothwell v. CIA, 2014 WL 5077186 , at *11 15 (N.D. Cal. Oct. 9, 2014) (finding the CIA’s declaration thoroughly discussed the reasoning 16 behind a Glomar response to a request related to individuals connected to the assassinations 17 of President John F. Kennedy and Senator Robert F. Kennedy); Willis v. Nat’l Sec. Agency, [18] 2019 WL 1924249 , at *8-9 (D.D.C. Apr. 30, 2019) (finding NSA’s declaration logical and 19 plausible that the disclosure of whether the agency had intelligence files pertaining to an 20 individual would reveal NSA intelligence sources and methods); Wheeler v. C.I.A., 271 F. 21 Supp. 2d 132, 136, 141 (D.D.C. 2003) (finding CIA’s declaration that “[p]erson-specific 22 information is neither confirmed nor denied” by the agency unless there has already been 23 a public acknowledgement of the connection as appropriate under Exemption 3). 24 Thus, the information requested by Plaintiff falls within the scope of Exemption 3 25 of FOIA given the Director of National Intelligence’s, and by proxy, the Under Secretary 26 of Intelligence and Analysis at DHS, broad authority to protect intelligence sources and 27 methods under the National Security Act. 50 U.S.C. § 3024 (i); 6 U.S.C. § 121 (d)(9)(B). 28 By revealing whether I&A has gathered intelligence on Plaintiff, the agency may be || inadvertently revealing its intelligence sources or methods. As explained in Ms. Smislova’s affidavit, the confirmation or the denial of the existence of records on Plaintiff could be || used by those seeking to exploit this information in actions against the United States. 4|| Plaintiff does not respond to the claims regarding Exemption 3, nor does Plaintiff does not || allege any contrary evidence or bad faith on the part of the government. (Doc. 21.) || Therefore, the Court concludes a Glomar response was proper and these records are exempt 7\| from FOIA disclosure under Exemption 3 pursuant to the National Security Act. 8] V. Conclusion. 9 The Court will grant Defendant’s motion for summary judgment (doc. 16) because, || in giving substantial weight to Defendant’s supporting affidavit, the Court concludes that |} the information Plaintiff requests falls under Exemption 3 to FOIA. The Defendant’s 12 || Glomar response was proper given that the very disclosure of the existence or non13 || existence of any information on Plaintiff would inherently violate the Under Secretary’s || duty under the National Security Act and the Homeland Security Act. Defendant’s motion 15 || to dismiss (doc. 16) is denied as moot as Plaintiff did perfect service. 16 IT IS ORDERED: 17 1. Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment (doc. 16) is granted. 18 2. Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss is denied as moot. 19 3. The Clerk is ordered to enter judgment against Plaintiff and terminate this action. 20 Dated this 11th day of August, 2020. [21] 22 ol oy — 3 United States Magistrate Judge [28] -ll-