Camargo v. Shinn

1 WO — 2 — — 3 — — 4 — — 5 — 6 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 7 FOR THE DISTRICT OF ARIZONA — 8 — 9 Alfredo Camargo, No. CV-13-02488-PHX-NVW 10 Petitioner, 11 v. ORDER 12 David Shinn and the Attorney General of the State of Arizona, — 13 — 14 Respondents. — 15 — 16 Before the Court is the Report & Recommendation (“R&R”) of Magistrate Judge 17 James F. Metcalf (Doc. 114) regarding Petitioner Alfredo Camargo’s (“Camargo”) 18 Renewed Second Amended Petition for a Writ of Habeas Corpus Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 19 2254 (Doc. 83) and Renewed Motion for Expansion of the Record and an Evidentiary 20 Hearing (Doc. 107). The R&R recommends that the Court deny relief on all Camargo’s 21 claims except that he “has asserted colorable claims in Grounds 1 (irreconcilable conflict 22 [with appointed counsel]) and 2(A) (IAC PCR counsel re Ground 1), and should be 23 permitted to expand the record and an evidentiary hearing to support these claims.” (Doc. 24 114 at 59.) The Magistrate Judge advised the parties that they had fourteen days to file 25 objections to the R&R. (Doc. 114 at 63 (citing Fed. R. Civ. P. 72(b); Rules Governing 26 Section 2254 Cases in the United States District Courts, Rule 8(b)).) Camargo and 27 Respondents David Shinn and the Attorney General of the State of Arizona 28 (“Respondents”) each timely filed objections, (Doc. 119; see Docs. 120-21, 125-26), and 1 responses thereto. (Docs. 124, 128.) In addition, Camargo filed a Notice of Supplemental 2 Authority (Doc. 129) on March 10, 2020, to which Respondents responded ten days later. 3 (Doc. 130.) 4 The Court “may accept, reject, or modify, in whole or in part, the findings or 5 recommendations made by the magistrate judge.” 28 U.S.C. § 636 (b)(1). The Court has 6 considered the objections and responses thereto and reviewed the R&R de novo. See Fed. 7 R. Civ. P. 72(b); 28 U.S.C. § 636 (b)(1) (stating that a court must make a de novo 8 determination of those portions of a report and recommendation to which specific 9 objections are made). 10 I. INTRODUCTION 11 The record shows the Superior Court of Arizona in and for Maricopa County (the 12 “Superior Court”) rejected on the merits Camargo’s claim of constructive denial of counsel 13 and did not violate settled Supreme Court precedent in so ruling. The Magistrate Judge 14 erred in not according deference to the Superior Court’s legal conclusions and findings of 15 fact. There was not and could not have been any ineffective assistance of Camargo’s post16 conviction relief counsel in not raising that unmeritorious claim. The mistaken 17 recommendation to supplement the record is contrary to the requirement that this federal 18 habeas corpus proceeding be judged based on the record before the Superior Court. The 19 R&R compounds those errors by grounding its recommendations in lower court authorities, 20 not just Supreme Court precedents. By that chain of errors, the Magistrate Judge reached 21 a recommendation plainly contrary to 28 U.S.C. § 2254 and the well-supported findings of 22 the Superior Court. 23 Therefore, the R&R will be rejected to the extent it does not deny Camargo’s claim 24 of constructive denial of counsel and his claim of ineffective assistance of his post25 conviction relief counsel on that issue. The R&R will be accepted to the extent it 26 recommends rejection of all Camargo’s other claims. Judgment will be entered denying 27 Camargo’s Petition. — 28 — 1 The R&R’s tangled discussion of procedural issues and sub-issues may not be 2 necessary in every detail. This Court prefers to untangle the central matter: Camargo’s 3 claim that his Sixth Amendment rights were violated as a result of the Superior Court 4 denying his motions for change of counsel. 5 II. THE SUPERIOR COURT PROCEEDINGS 6 Camargo twice moved for new counsel; the Superior Court heard the first motion 7 on November 13, 2007, and the second on March 20, 2008. 8 A. The First Motion 9 Camargo first moved for new counsel on November 2, 2007,1 arguing that his court10 appointed attorney, Raymond Kimble, should be dismissed because he: (1) “refuses to hire 11 an investigator to gather exculpatory evidence needed to challenge police officers[’] false 12 testimony;” (2) “refuses to provide simple police reports after being asked twice throughout 13 [the] last couple of months;” and (3) “is only interested in bullying [Camargo] into signing 14 a plea instead of allowing [him] to participate as co-counsel, refusing to develop trial 15 strategy, refusing to discuss facts of [the] case, refusing to conduct interviews.” (Doc. 8316 2 at 125-27.) 17 On November 13, 2007, the Superior Court held a hearing on the motion. (Id. at 18 107.) The Superior Court judge began by telling Camargo “the law does not permit him to 19 act as co-counsel.” (Id. at 110.) Then, she addressed the arguments in Camargo’s motion. 20 On Camargo’s first argument, the judge surmised that “it’s up to the defense to determine 21 whether or not investigation is needed and I’m certainly not going to intervene” and that 22 “[t]he issue then is whether or not an investigator would be approved.” (Id.) Then, she 23 asked Kimble whether he had “requested an investigator or [felt that] one is necessary.” 24 (Id.) Kimble said he had not requested one and said “I did meet with Mr. Camargo at the — 25 — 1 Camargo initially tried to present his motion at a status conference held 26 before a court commissioner on October 23, 2007. (See id. at 98, 100 .) Commissioner Julie P. Newell forwarded the motion to Superior Court Judge — 27 — Linda A. Akers. (See id. at 102, 105, 215 .) In contrast with Federal Rule of 28 Criminal Procedure 11, Arizona criminal procedure does not prohibit judges from participating in plea discussions. 1 jail with an interpreter prior to our scheduled settlement conference.” He and Camargo 2 “didn’t even discuss an investigator,” and he therefore “never actually refused to hire one.” 3 (See id. at 111 .) He concluded that “[g]iven the facts of this case[,] I don’t plan to [hire an 4 investigator] because I don’t believe one is necessary” and noted “this case . . . basically 5 involves a couple of civilian witnesses and three or four or five police officers.” (Id.) 6 Notably, Camargo never said what investigation he wanted or why it was necessary. 7 Turning to Camargo’s second argument, the Superior Court asked Kimble whether 8 he gave Camargo the police reports. He said Camargo “has a copy of the police report.” 9 (Id.) Camargo then confirmed this. (Id.) 10 The Superior Court next addressed Camargo’s third argument. 11 THE COURT: . . . There is a plea agreement, where there was a plea offer; is that correct? — 12 — MR. KIMBLE: Judge, there was a plea offer that was made. I conveyed that — 13 — plea offer to Mr. Camargo with an interpreter. I also discussed the facts of 14 the case with Mr. Camargo during that visit. I listened to his version of the incident and frankly I gave him my advice that I thought the plea offer was — 15 — in his best interest. — 16 — THE COURT: But you’re willing to try the case if he wants to. — 17 — 18 MR. KIMBLE: If he wants a trial, that’s fine, Your Honor. (Id. at 111-12.) — 19 — The Superior Court then turned to the crux of the matter, asking Kimble whether — 20 — “there is an irreconcilable difference” between him and Camargo. (Id. at 112.) He — 21 — responded: — 22 — From my perspective, I believe that Mr. Camargo, number one, in his — 23 — motions or letters to the Court have been less than truthful. During our last 24 status conference he expressed an unwillingness to communicate with me which obviously would make it very difficult to defend him at trial, discuss — 25 — the facts of the case with him, potential defenses, his version of the incident, 26 things like that. He has expressed a distrust regarding my representation. I do believe that I could competently represent him at trial however at the same — 27 — time I have had difficulties working with Mr. Camargo and I guess if he 28 wants to express his feelings to the Court. I’d advise him not to make any statements regarding the facts of the case. That’s where we stand right now. 1 I just—Judge I don’t agree with what he has written to the court and I’d like to put that on the record. — 2 — (Id. at 112-13.) — 3 — But this did not end the Superior Court’s inquiry, as it next sought Camargo’s side — 4 — of the story. Camargo asserted: — 5 — I don’t agree with him because from the very beginning, he went to visit me. — 6 — He read me the charges and he explained to me the plea agreement. And I 7 didn’t see him again until the day that he told me, you have to sign, time’s up; if not, you’re going to have to . . . go to trial. And in my opinion I think — 8 — that he as an attorney should have warned me—informed me so that I could 9 have made a decision. I asked him for the police report but he didn’t give it to me until the day before the plea agreement was going to expire and the 10 day before I was going to supposedly have to sign it. And the day that he 11 brought me the police report at the jail he asked me if I had any questions, well of course I had questions but how was I going to be able to ask him all 12 of those questions that day without an interpreter when he came. Supposedly, him, as an attorney he should have come with an interpreter. I — 13 — feel like I’m being pushed, like I’m being pressured to sign. And I read the 14 Police Report and there are a lot of lies. It’s clear they are lies. That’s why I want an investigator to check into it to show what that it’s lies in the police — 15 — report. — 16 — (Id. at 113-14.) Camargo did not identify any “lies” in the police report. After the — 17 — courtroom interpreter said she once went to the jail to interpret for Kimble and Camargo, — 18 — Kimble provided more information, noting: — 19 — Judge we had a settlement conference on a Thursday afternoon because it ran 20 into 4:30 or so PM—I believe it was a Thursday or Friday but Commissioner 21 Newell continued the settlement conference for a status conference the following week. Ms. Luder [the prosecutor] allowed the plea to remain open 22 for three or four days following the settlement conference. I delivered a copy 23 of the police report to Mr. Camargo the next day. I had mailed a copy to him and not sure why it didn’t make it to him, to the jail. But I delivered a copy 24 the next day to him. I didn’t have time to arrange a visit for the interpreter but in order to give him a copy of the police report I hand delivered it to him. — 25 — Obviously I couldn’t communicate well with him because I don’t speak 26 Spanish. But he had the opportunity to consider the plea offer for some time. — 27 — (Id. at 114-15.) — 28 — The Superior Court then conducted the following analysis: 1 Well Defendant doesn’t have to take a plea offer if he doesn’t want to. He can certainly go to trial. That’s what we’re in the business of providing. 2 What I have to look at here Mr. Camargo and Counsel, you know as well, is whether there is an irreconcilable conflict between Counsel and accused. It — 3 — appears to me that the same conflict is going to exist whether or not the 4 Defendant is represented by Mr. Kimble or someone else. Defendant feels that an investigator needs to be appointed. I’ve examined the facts and I — 5 — don’t know whether or not an investigator would be appropriate based on 6 what the Defendant’s thoughts are. I don’t want to get into case preparation for strategy here but there is access available to an investigator should one — 7 — be needed. I have to consider whether new Counsel would be confronted 8 with the same conflicts. I think that Defendant[’]s ideas about the case may be in conflict with anyone who represented him. Defendant is not entitled to — 9 — an attorney of his choice when he receives representation at the cost or 10 expense of the state. And so if Defendant wishes to hire his own attorney he maybe [sic] able to dictate who that would be but not in this case. I have to 11 look at the timing of the motion. The motion is filed about three weeks before 12 trial. We have both a trial management conference and a trial on the same day. That is unusual. I will adjust for that. The trial is set for December the 13 4th and that is about two weeks out, maybe just a little bit better than that, 14 maybe it’s about three weeks out. I have not heard anything about the convenience of witnesses. . . . [The prosecutor then said that “[s]o far as the 15 witnesses go they are available for trial in December.” (Id. at 116.)] The next one I have to consider is the time elapsed between the alleged offense — 16 — and the trial; the proclivity of the Defendant to change Counsel. I guess this 17 is the first motion that has been filed, so there is no history there. And the quality of Counsel. And I certainly am aware Mr. Kimble has appeared in — 18 — this court many times and provided certainly quality representation. So I 19 don’t feel that is an issue in this case. 20 (Id. at 115-17.) 21 After Kimble detailed his progress in his pretrial investigation, Camargo argued “I 22 don’t want him [Kimble] to represent me anymore.” (Id. at 117.) The Superior Court 23 explained that “[w]hen the state provides you with an attorney you don’t get to pick and 24 choose which attorney will be your attorney.” (Id. at 117-18.) The following exchange 25 then occurred: 26 THE INTERPRETER:2 Okay. But if we can’t come to an agreement—he’s 27 pushing me trying to make me sign. 28 2 Camargo spoke through an interpreter at the hearing; dialogue in the transcript is erroneously attributed to “the interpreter.” — 1 — THE COURT: You don’t have to sign any agreement sir. I can tell you that 2 right now. You can go to trial and you can be tried on the charges and Mr. Kimble has indicated that he will prepare for trial and represent you at that — 3 — trial. — 4 — THE INTERPRETER: No. I don’t want him to represent me. We can’t reach — 5 — an agreement, him and I. He doesn’t even come to visit me to tell me what’s 6 going on so I can make a decision or anything. He’s pushing. I can’t come to an agreement with him. — 7 — (Id. at 118.) After Kimble and the prosecutor informed the Superior Court there was no — 8 — plea offer pending, Camargo acknowledged that fact. (Id. at 118-19.) But then he pressed — 9 — on: — 10 — THE INTERPRETER: Yes, but they only gave me an extension, a two day 11 extension after they told me that. And it was not enough time for me to be 12 able to make a decision. 13 THE COURT: Well Mr. Camargo, you’re not entitled to a plea in any case. 14 The law says that whatever plea is extended is not going to be there forever and you don’t have to take it. The State didn’t have to offer it in the first 15 place. You had a settlement conference. You were given additional time to discuss it. I think any new attorney is going to be faced with the same — 16 — problems. — 17 — THE INTERPRETER: But I can’t even talk to him. He doesn’t even come — 18 — to visit me to tell me what’s going on. I don’t know anything. He hasn’t 19 even investigated about an injury that I had there and about the door, there’s fingerprints. If my fingerprints are on the door, they haven’t even checked — 20 — that. I never went in. That’s what I’m saying is, with the police report, there 21 are a lot of lies, a lot of things that are not true that needs to be investigated. They are just accusing me. — 22 — (Id. at 119-20.) — 23 — Camargo then went on to discuss the facts of the case, at which point the Superior Court — 24 — judge cut him off to prevent him from potentially incriminating himself. (See id. at 120 .) — 25 — The Superior Court then denied Camargo’s motion and “admonish[ed] Mr. Kimble to visit — 26 — [Camargo] more frequently than he has with the interpreter present so that [Camargo] can — 27 — go over the facts of the case.” (Id.) — 28 — 1 Camargo then argued his motion one last time, saying “I don’t want him [Kimble]” 2 and “he’s not doing anything to investigate something that’s just lies.” (Id. at 120.) Then, 3 the Superior Court asked Camargo whether he wished to represent himself, Camargo 4 declined, and the Superior Court reaffirmed that Camargo’s motion was denied and Kimble 5 was his appointed counsel. (Id. at 121.) 6 B. The Second Motion 7 Camargo next moved for new counsel on February 29, 2008, arguing that Kimble 8 should be dismissed because Kimble: (1) told him to “stay quiet” after he “noticed” the 9 prosecutor “lied to the judge” during a settlement conference on February 11, 2008; (2) 10 “failed to look into” his contention that all of the “testimonys [sic]” in the police report 11 “don’t match at all;” (3) refused “to hire an investigator to gather exculpatory evidence 12 needed to challenge police officers[’] false testimony;” and (4) “is only interested in 13 bullying [him] into signing a plea instead of allowing [him] to participate as co-counsel, 14 refusing to develop trial strategy, refusing to discuss facts of [the] case, refusing to conduct 15 interviews.” (Id. at 186-87.) 16 The motion was heard on March 20, 2008. (Id. at 213.) The Superior Court began 17 by asking Camargo whether he wished to supplement his motion; he declined. (Id. at 21718 18.) Next, to “try[] to understand how” Camargo believed there was a “conflict with this 19 attorney [Kimble] that would not exist with another attorney who had the same 20 responsibility to” him, the Superior Court let Camargo argue his motion. (Id. at 218.) The 21 following exchange ensued: 22 THE COURT: Well, I am giving you an opportunity to explain to me how another attorney could work better with you, given the fact that one of your — 23 — allegations is that this attorney refuses to allow you to participate as co24 counsel, and you can’t do that under the law of Arizona. So any other attorney would be faced with the same issue. You’d have the same issue — 25 — with that attorney. — 26 — THE DEFENDANT: This attorney hasn’t done his job. He hasn’t sent out — 27 — an investigator, and he hasn’t negotiated or argued this case with . . . . — 28 — 1 THE COURT: Negotiated or argued the case with who? There’s been no trial, as I’ve understood it. — 2 — THE DEFENDANT: Okay, well, with this lawyer, I mean—all right, on the — 3 — 29th of February there was a settlement conference. — 4 — THE COURT: All right. — 5 — 6 THE DEFENDANT: And Ms. Susan spoke certain things that were lies. They’re not written in the police report. It changes the victim’s statements, — 7 — and that victim is not here. I found out what she said, and I tried to say 8 something about it, and Mr. Raymond [Kimble] would tell me, you know, hey—he wouldn’t let me talk. And if I feel that he’s not speaking on my — 9 — behalf, then I have to . . . . So the report is here, so that you can see it. It’s 10 recorded, what she said. 11 THE COURT: Sir, let me interrupt you right there. A settlement conference 12 is not an opportunity to try the case. You may differ with what the State believes the evidence will be. — 13 — 14 THE DEFENDANT: So then you are agreeable to the lady here saying lies? 15 THE COURT: I’m not saying she lied, one way or the other. The point of the matter is, a settlement conference is not an opportunity to litigate the — 16 — facts. It’s an opportunity to determine if you and the State can reach a 17 determina—an agreement as to how the case would be resolved short of trial. — 18 — THE DEFENDANT: Well, since that was not the first time that Mr. 19 Raymond has told me to be quiet when something like that happens, that is the reason why I’m asking for another attorney. — 20 — 21 THE COURT: All right. I now understand the basis for your request. 22 (Id. at 218-20.) 23 The Superior Court then turned to Kimble. While Kimble acknowledged that 24 “[d]uring at least two of the settlement conferences, I did tell Mr. Camargo to be quiet,” he 25 noted he did so “only because he was going to discuss certain facts regarding the case that 26 would obviously pose a problem should this case go to trial and Mr. Camargo testify at 27 trial.” (Id. at 220.) He then explained the case was “based primarily upon the testimony 28 of two victims who have invoked their rights as victims” under Arizona law not to be 1 interviewed. (Id.) He mentioned he was able to interview a police officer, who was 2 “basically the only other essential witness in this case.” (Id.) 3 Kimble further explained that he had spoken with Camargo “at least five times at 4 the jail” and he “explained the plea offer to him as well as his sentencing ranges on every 5 single occasion, as well as during the three settlement conferences.” (Id. at 221.) He also 6 noted he didn’t see the need to hire an investigator, as Camargo “didn’t mention any 7 defense witnesses whatsoever that needed to be located or interviewed.” (Id.) When asked 8 by the Superior Court whether his relationship with Camargo was “irreconcilably 9 conflicted,” Kimble said: 10 Judge, I think there is a problem with my relationship with Mr. Camargo. During the last two visits at the jail, I’ve been unable to discuss the case with — 11 — him. His only comments to me were that he didn’t want to discuss anything, 12 he wants a new attorney. Obviously, that presents a problem with respect to my representation of him only because I need to discuss the case with him in — 13 — order to prepare for trial. — 14 — In that regard, I think we do have some irreconcilable differences, especially 15 given the amount of time Mr. Camargo faces if he would be convicted at trial. — 16 — (Id. at 221-222.) — 17 — When asked by the Superior Court whether “new counsel would have the very same — 18 — conflict,” Kimble responded that “given the severity of the case and the time he is facing, — 19 — I think it may be in Mr. Camargo’s best interests to have new counsel just take a fresh look — 20 — and a fresh start with him. I can’t say whether or not they’ll have the same conflicts.” (Id. — 21 — at 222.) The Superior Court inquired further: — 22 — THE COURT: Well, his issue is that you didn’t try the case at the settlement 23 conference— — 24 — MR. KIMBLE: Right. — 25 — THE COURT: —apparently, you haven’t hired an investigator, and you’ve — 26 — explained that there’s really nothing to investigate, and that you’re refusing 27 to allow him to act as company counsel, which you cannot do under the law. Wouldn’t a new attorney have the very same case conflict? — 28 — 1 MR. KIMBLE: Well, I think a new attorney would probably take the same position I have. — 2 — (Id. at 222-23.) — 3 — A few moments later, the Superior Court denied Camargo’s motion, ruling: — 4 — I’m going to deny the request. It’s a motion to dismiss Mr. Kimble as 5 counsel. I do find that there may be differences of opinions between the defendant and his attorney. However, Mr. Camargo was under the — 6 — assumption that he could get a new attorney. He cannot at this point. New 7 counsel would be confronted with the very same conflicts that have been expressed in this motion. — 8 — 9 The timing of the motion; this is four days before the trial date. I don’t know whether or not witnesses would be inconvenienced one way or another. I 10 have not heard any evidence on that. And the time elapsed between the 11 alleged offense and the trial, obviously, we are at the very last portion of that time period, inasmuch as trial is four days away. — 12 — 13 I have no idea whether defendant has a proclivity to file these motions. This is the first one to come before me, and Mr. Kimble is certainly qualified to 14 represent the defendant in a serious matter. 15 (Id. at 223-24.) 16 Kimble and the prosecutor then noted Camargo’s earlier motion, which the Superior 17 Court had denied. (Id. at 224-25.) In acknowledging this fact, the Superior Court recalled 18 that the motion involved “the very same allegations, I think, with the exception of the police 19 records,” which Camargo had since acquired. (See id. at 225 .) 20 III. THE PETITION FOR A WRIT OF HABEAS CORPUS 21 A. Constructive Denial of Counsel (Ground 1) 22 Because the Superior Court ruled on the merits of Camargo’s motions, the Superior 23 Court’s rulings are entitled to deference under 28 U.S.C. § 2254 (d). And because those 24 rulings are well-supported by the record and not contrary to clearly established federal law, 25 Camargo’s constructive denial of counsel claim is baseless. 26 1. Standard of Review 27 Under the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (“AEDPA”), an 28 application for a writ of habeas corpus seeking relief from a state court’s judgment “shall 1 not be granted with respect to any claim that was adjudicated on the merits in State court” 2 unless it (1) “resulted in a decision that was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable 3 application of, clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the 4 United States” or (2) “resulted in a decision that was based on an unreasonable 5 determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the State court proceeding.” — 6 — 28 U.S.C. § 2254 (d). A claim “as used in 28 U.S.C. § 2254 [is] ‘an asserted federal basis 7 for relief from a state court’s judgment of conviction.’” Kirkpatrick v. Chappell, 950 F.3d 8 1118, 1131 (9th Cir. 2020) (quoting Gonzalez v. Crosby, 545 U.S. 524, 530 (2005)), 9 petition for cert. docketed, 20-5089 (July 16, 2020). An adjudication on the merits is “‘a 10 decision finally resolving the parties’ claims that is based on the substance of the claim 11 advanced, rather than on a procedural, or other, ground.’” Lambert v. Blodgett, 393 F.3d 12 943, 969 (9th Cir. 2004) (internal alteration omitted) (quoting Sellan v. Kuhlman, 261 F.3d 13 303, 311 (2d Cir. 2001)). As the Superior Court’s rulings substantively resolved 14 Camargo’s claim,3 they constitute “adjucat[ions] on the merits” and must be afforded 15 deference under 28 U.S.C. § 2254 (d). See Ayala v. Chappell, 829 F.3d 1081, 1094 (9th 16 Cir. 2016) (“AEDPA’s standards [are applied] to the state court’s last reasoned decision on 17 the merits of a petitioner’s claims.” (citing Edwards v. Lamarque, 475 F.3d 1121 , 1126 18 (9th Cir. 2007) (en banc))); see also Ramsey v. Yearwood, 231 F. App’x 623, 624-25 (9th 19 Cir. May 3, 2007) (“Because the California Supreme Court denied Ramsey's petition 20 without comment or citation, and the California Court of Appeal denied his petition on 21 procedural grounds, the California Superior Court's finding that Ramsey's habeas petition 22 failed to state a prima facie claim is the last reasoned decision on the merits. Therefore, 23 under AEDPA, we are required to defer to the Superior Court's determination.” (internal 24 alteration and quotation marks omitted)). 25 “Section 2254(d) is part of the basic structure of federal habeas jurisdiction, 26 designed to confirm that state courts are the principal forum for asserting constitutional 27 challenges to state convictions.” Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. 86, 103 (2011). Indeed, — 28 — 3 See supra, at section II. 1 “AEDPA recognizes a foundational principle of our federal system: State courts are 2 adequate forums for the vindication of federal rights.” Burt v. Titlow, 571 U.S. 12 , 19 3 (2013). In light of this principle, “AEDPA erects a formidable barrier to federal habeas 4 relief for prisoners whose claims have been adjudicated in state court.” Id. Consequently, 5 “28 U.S.C. § 2254(d) requires ‘highly deferential’ review of state court adjudications, 6 ‘demanding that state-court decisions be given the benefit of the doubt.’” Cook v. Kernan, — 7 — 948 F.3d 952 , 965 (9th Cir. 2020) (internal alteration omitted) (quoting Woodford v. 8 Visciotti, 537 U.S. 19, 24 (2002) (per curiam)). 9 “The ‘contrary to’ and ‘unreasonable application’ clauses of § 2254(d)(1) have 10 independent meaning.” Id. (citing Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 405 (2000)). A state 11 court’s ruling is “contrary to” clearly established Supreme Court law if it “applies a rule 12 that contradicts the governing law set forth in [Supreme Court] cases” or if it “confronts a 13 set of facts that are materially indistinguishable from a decision of [the Supreme] Court 14 and nevertheless arrives at a result different from [this] precedent.” Williams, 529 U.S. at 15 405-06. 16 A state court’s ruling is an “unreasonable application” of clearly established 17 Supreme Court law if it “correctly identifies the governing legal rule but applies it 18 unreasonably to the facts of a particular prisoner’s case.” Id. at 407-08 . “‘The 19 unreasonable application clause requires the state court decision to be more than incorrect 20 or erroneous’; it must be ‘objectively unreasonable.’” Cook, 948 F.3d at 965 (internal 21 quotation marks omitted) (quoting Lockyer v. Andrade, 538 U.S. 63, 75 (2003)). “[E]ven 22 a strong case for relief does not mean the state court’s contrary conclusion was 23 unreasonable.” Harrington, 562 U.S. at 102 (internal citation omitted). Accordingly, to 24 obtain habeas relief, “a state prisoner must show that the state court's ruling on the claim 25 being presented in federal court was so lacking in justification that there was an error well 26 understood and comprehended in existing law beyond any possibility for fairminded 27 disagreement.” Id. at 103 . — 28 — 1 With regard to claims under § 2254(d)(2), “a state court’s factual determination is 2 not ‘unreasonable merely because the federal habeas court would have reached a different 3 conclusion in the first instance.’” Cook, 943 F.3d at 965-66 (quoting Wood v. Allen, 558 4 U.S. 290 , 301 (2010)). “Even if ‘reasonable minds reviewing the record might disagree’ 5 about a factual finding, ‘on habeas review that does not suffice to supersede’ the state 6 court’s determination.” Id. at 966 (internal alteration omitted) (quoting Rice v. Collins, — 7 — 546 U.S. 333, 341-42 (2006)). 8 In summary, AEDPA creates a standard that is “intentionally difficult to meet,” see 9 Woods v. Donald, 575 U.S. 312 , 316 (2015) (per curiam) (internal quotation marks and 10 citations omitted), as “[s]ection 2254(d) reflects the view that habeas corpus is a ‘guard 11 against extreme malfunctions in the state criminal justice systems,’ not a substitute for 12 ordinary error correction through appeal.” Harrington, 562 U.S. at 102 -03 (quoting 13 Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307 , 332 n.5 (1979) (Stevens, J., concurring in the 14 judgment)). Therefore, this Court “will not lightly conclude that [Arizona’s] criminal 15 justice system has experienced the extreme malfunction for which federal habeas relief is 16 the remedy.” See Burt, 571 U.S. at 20 (internal alteration, quotation marks, and citation 17 omitted). 18 2. Discussion 19 First, Camargo’s claim of constructive denial of counsel is not supported by the 20 record and accordingly is not colorable. While the record demonstrates there was less 21 communication between Camargo and Kimble than there might have been, this was the 22 result of Camargo refusing to speak with Kimble. (See Doc. 83-2 at 112-13 (“During our 23 last status conference he [Camargo] expressed an unwillingness to communicate with me 24 [Kimble] which obviously would make it very difficult to defend him at trial, discuss the 25 facts of the case with him, potential defenses, his version of the incident, things like that. 26 He has expressed a distrust regarding my representation.”).) While Kimble was charged 27 with effectively representing Camargo, Camargo was charged with communicating with 28 his lawyer and assisting with his defense. Notwithstanding Camargo’s recalcitrance, there 1 is no evidence Kimble’s representation was ineffective. Kimble testified that he “could 2 competently represent [Camargo] at trial.” (Id. at 112.) Camargo was not entitled to a new 3 lawyer simply because he refused to discuss his case with Kimble and sought replacement 4 counsel. (See id. at 221-22 (“During the last two visits at the jail, I’ve [Kimble] been unable 5 to discuss the case with [Camargo]. His only comments to me were that he didn’t want to 6 discuss anything, he wants a new attorney.”).) The Magistrate Judge’s conclusion that 7 Camargo’s claim is colorable disregards the Superior Court record. 8 Moreover, contrary to the Magistrate Judge’s characterization, there was no 9 “breakdown in communications.” Indeed, Kimble noted in March 2008 that he had spoken 10 with Camargo “at least five times at the jail” and he “explained the plea offer to him as 11 well as his sentencing ranges on every single occasion, as well as during the three 12 settlement conferences.” (Id. at 221.) In addition, they “discussed” Camargo’s plea offer 13 during the third settlement conference a month prior. (Id. at 169, 181.) 14 The Magistrate Judge also concluded “[t]here seems to have been little inquiry by 15 the trial court.” (Doc. 114 at 37.) This is nonsense. The Superior Court held two hearings 16 on Camargo’s motions and extensively examined Camargo’s claims at each of them. 17 Indeed, both Camargo and Kimble were given ample opportunities to explain their 18 positions, (see, e.g., Doc. 83-2 at 112-14, 218-22), and Judge Akers, at each hearing, 19 explicitly referenced the “several factors designed specifically to balance the rights and 20 interests of the defendant against the public interest in judicial economy, efficiency and 21 fairness” the Arizona Supreme Court has directed courts to evaluate “when considering a 22 motion to substitute counsel.” (See Doc. 83-2 at 115-17, 223-25.) See State v. Cromwell, — 23 — 211 Ariz. 181 , 187 ¶ 31, 119 P.3d 448, 454 (2005) (en banc) (internal citations omitted).4 24 There is no evidence the Superior Court’s inquiry was anything less than thorough. — 25 — 4 These factors are: — 26 — [W]hether an irreconcilable conflict exists between counsel and the accused, — 27 — and whether new counsel would be confronted with the same conflict; the 28 timing of the motion; inconvenience to witnesses; the time period already elapsed between the alleged offense and trial; the proclivity of the defendant 1 Second, even if Camargo’s claim of constructive denial of counsel were supported 2 by the record, it would still fail, as it is not supported by clearly established Supreme Court 3 law. As the Ninth Circuit recently explained: 4 Even if [the petitioner] were successfully able to demonstrate a complete breakdown in communication or prove that an irreconcilable conflict existed — 5 — . . . [his] irreconcilable-conflict claim would still fail. This is because the 6 Supreme Court has never endorsed this line of precedent from our court. It has never held that an irreconcilable conflict with one’s attorney constitutes — 7 — a per se denial of the right to effective counsel. This proves fatal to [the 8 petitioner’s] claim because AEDPA conditions habeas relief on a determination that the state-court decision unreasonably applied “clearly — 9 — established Federal law” as pronounced by the U.S. Supreme Court. 28 10 U.S.C. § 2254 (d)(1); Williams [v. Taylor], 529 U.S. [362,] [] 365 [2000], 120 S. Ct. 1495 . Although we may look to our circuit’s precedent to see if we 11 have already held a rule is clearly established, our decisions may not “be used 12 to refine or sharpen a general principle of Supreme Court jurisprudence into a specific legal rule that [the] Court has not announced.” Marshall v. 13 Rodgers, 569 U.S. 58, 64 , 133 S. Ct. 1446 , 185 L.Ed.2d 540 (2013) (per 14 curiam). [The petitioner] does not cite to any Supreme Court case holding that an irreconcilable conflict between a lawyer and his client constitutes a 15 constructive denial of his right to counsel, with no showing of prejudice required. — 16 — 17 Carter v. Davis, 946 F.3d 489 , 508 (9th Cir. 2019) (per curiam) (internal citation omitted). 18 This explanation tracks the Ninth Circuit’s longstanding understanding that Supreme Court 19 precedent does not “stand[] for the proposition that the Sixth Amendment is violated when 20 a defendant is represented by a lawyer free of actual conflicts of interest, but with whom 21 the defendant refuses to cooperate because of dislike or distrust.” See Plumlee v. Masto, — 22 — 512 F.3d 1204, 1211 (9th Cir. 2008) (en banc) (“The Supreme Court has held that a 23 defendant is entitled to counsel who ‘function[s] in the active role of an advocate.’ 24 [Petitioner] has not demonstrated that his attorneys failed to satisfy this obligation or acted 25 unreasonably in the Strickland sense.” (quoting Entsminger v. Iowa, 386 U.S. 748 , 751 — 26 — 27 to change counsel; and quality of counsel. — 28 — Id. (quoting State v. LaGrand, 152 Ariz. 483, 486-87 , 733 P.2d 1066 , 106970 (1987) (internal citation omitted). 1 (1967)) (internal citations omitted)); see also Larson v. Palmateer, 515 F.3d 1057 , 10662 67 (9th Cir. 2008) (holding a petitioner that “complained solely about his counsel’s 3 strategic decisions and lack of communication with him,” failed to show he was entitled to 4 a new set of counsel under clearly established federal law). 5 This understanding reflects the Supreme Court’s general guidance that while “the 6 Sixth Amendment secures the right to the assistance of counsel, by appointment if 7 necessary, in a trial for any serious crime,” Wheat v. United States, 486 U.S. 153 , 158-69 8 (1988) (citing Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335 (1963)), the purpose of providing such 9 assistance “is simply to ensure that criminal defendants receive a fair trial.” See Strickland 10 v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 689 (1984). Accordingly, in deciding Sixth Amendment 11 claims, “the appropriate inquiry focuses on the adversarial process, not on the accused’s 12 relationship with his lawyer as such.” See United States v. Cronic, 466 U.S. 648 , 657 n.21 13 (1984). Put differently, the Sixth Amendment does not guarantee an accused a “meaningful 14 attorney-client relationship.” Morris v. Slappy, 461 U.S. 1, 14 (1983). 15 For the foregoing reasons, Camargo’s claim of constructive denial of counsel—and 16 therefore, Ground 1 of his Petition—fails. 17 B. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel (Ground 2(A)) 18 Camargo’s claim that his post-conviction relief counsel was ineffective because he 19 neglected to raise Camargo’s claim of constructive denial of counsel also fails. As 20 explained above, Camargo’s constructive denial of counsel claim is meritless; therefore, 21 raising it would have been futile. Because “the failure to take a futile action can never be 22 deficient performance,” Rupe v. Wood, 93 F.3d 1434, 1445 (9th Cir. 1996), this claim shall 23 be rejected. Judge Akers’ denial of change of counsel would not have been error, much 24 less reversible error, under usual standards of appellate review, even without the 25 extraordinary deference standard of AEDPA. — 26 — — 27 — — 28 — 1 IV. THE MOTION FOR EXPANSION OF THE RECORD AND AN EVIDENTIARY HEARING — 2 — A. Constructive Denial of Counsel (Ground 1) — 3 — With regard to Ground 1, Camargo moves for an evidentiary hearing and to expand — 4 — the record to include the following: (1) a declaration authored by Camargo; (2) a — 5 — declaration authored by Kimble; (3) a declaration authored by Dan Cooper, “an expert in — 6 — the constructive denial of counsel and denial of effective assistance of counsel;” (4) a — 7 — declaration authored by court interpreter David Svoboda; (5) a declaration authored by — 8 — court interpreter Sarah Seebeck; (6) the jail visitation log for Camargo from the time of his — 9 — arrest through the time of his prison transfer following his conviction and sentencing; (7) — 10 — an e-mail from the prosecutor to Kimble dated August 20, 2007; and (8) an e-mail chain — 11 — between the prosecutor and Kimble. (Doc. 107 at 7-9.) — 12 — Ground 1 is subject to 28 U.S.C. § 2254 (d) deference, as explained above. (See — 13 — supra, at section III.A.1.) “[R]eview under § 2254(d)(1) is limited to the record that was — 14 — before the state court that adjudicated the claim on the merits.” Cullen v. Pinholster, 563 15 U.S. 170 , 181 (2011). “[E]vidence introduced in federal court has no bearing on § — 16 — 2254(d)(1) review.”5 Id. at 185. “Thus, for claims that were adjudicated on the merits in — 17 — 5 Although the central holding of Pinholster pertained to § 2254(d)(1), the — 18 — Supreme Court observed that “§ 2254(d)(2) includes the language ‘in light 19 of the evidence presented in the State court proceeding,’” providing “additional clarity” that review under § 2254(d)(2) is also limited to the 20 record before the state court. Therefore, for claims that were adjudicated on 21 the merits in state court, a petitioner can only rely on the record that was before the state court to satisfy the requirements of § 2254(d). — 22 — 23 Catlin v. Davis, Case No. 1:07-cv-01466-LJO-SAB, 2019 WL 6885017 , at *269 (E.D. Cal. Dec. 17, 2019) (quoting Pinholster, 563 U.S. at 185 n.7) 24 (citing Schriro v. Landrigan, 550 U.S. 465, 474 (2007)); see also Nasby v. McDaniel, 853 F.3d 1049, 1054-55 (9th Cir. 2017) (“The text of the statute — 25 — provides that a petitioner who seeks relief under Section (d)(2)— 26 unreasonable determination of the facts—must show that the state court unreasonably determined the facts ‘in light of the evidence presented’ to the — 27 — state court. The Supreme Court has held that review under Section (d)(1)— 28 unreasonable application of law—is similarly ‘limited to the record that was before the state court,’ even though AEDPA’s text imposes no such 1 state court, petitioners can rely only on the record before the state court in order to satisfy 2 the requirements of § 2254(d).” Gulbrandson v. Ryan, 738 F.3d 976, 993 (9th Cir. 2013) 3 (citing Pinholster, 563 U.S. at 185 & n.7). 4 “If . . . considering only the evidence before the state court, the petitioner has 5 satisfied § 2254(d),” the claim is evaluated de novo, and a federal habeas court “may 6 consider evidence properly presented for the first time in federal court.” Crittenden v. 7 Chappell, 804 F.3d 998, 1010 (9th Cir. 2015) (internal quotation marks and citations 8 omitted). However, if the petitioner has not satisfied § 2254(d), “an evidentiary hearing is 9 pointless.” Sully v. Akers, 725 F.3d 1057, 1075 (9th Cir. 2013) (internal citations omitted); 10 see also Pinholster, 570 U.S. at 203 n.20 (“Because Pinholster has failed to demonstrate 11 that the adjudication of his claim based on the state-court record resulted in a decision 12 ‘contrary to’ or ‘involv[ing] an unreasonable application’ of federal law, a writ of habeas 13 corpus ‘shall not be granted’ and our analysis is at an end.” (citing 28 U.S.C. § 2254 (d))). 14 Camargo’s claim of constructive denial of counsel does not pass muster under 28 15 U.S.C. § 2254 (d). (See supra, at section III.A.2.) An evidentiary hearing thereon would 16 therefore be pointless. For this same reason, expanding the record thereon would be 17 pointless as well. See Wood v. Ryan, 693 F.3d 1104, 1122 (9th Cir 2012) (“[Petitioner] is 18 not entitled to an evidentiary hearing or additional discovery in federal court because this 19 ineffective assistance of counsel claim is governed by 28 U.S.C. § 2254 (d)(1), as it was 20 adjudicated on the merits in the PCR proceedings.”). 21 B. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel (Ground 2(A)) 22 With regard to Ground 2(A), Camargo moves for an evidentiary hearing and to 23 expand the record to include the same evidence listed with regard to Ground 1. Unlike 24 Ground 1, Ground 2(a) is not subject to 28 U.S.C. § 2254 (d) deference, as Camargo’s claim 25 of ineffective assistance of post-conviction relief counsel was never adjudicated on the 26 merits. Therefore, Pinholster holds no weight here. Cf. Godoy v. Spearman, 861 F.3d 956 , 27 966, 970 n.8 (9th Cir. 2017) (finding Pinholster did not preclude an evidentiary hearing — 28 — limitation.” (quoting Pinholster, 563 U.S. at 181)). 1 because the petitioner’s claim was being evaluated de novo since he fulfilled 28 U.S.C. § 2 2254(d)(1)’s standard). 3 But this does not mean Camargo’s motion is meritorious. Camargo is only entitled 4 to an evidentiary hearing if he can (1) “show that he has not failed to develop the factual 5 basis of the claim in the state courts;” (2) satisfy one of the factors identified by the 6 Supreme Court in Townsend v. Sain, 372 U.S. 293 (1963), overruled on other grounds by 7 Kenney v. Tamayo-Reyes, 504 U.S. 1 (1992);6 and (3) “make colorable allegations that, if 8 proved at an evidentiary hearing, would entitle him to habeas relief.” See Insyxiengmay v. 9 Morgan, 403 F.3d 657, 670 (9th Cir. 2005). Because Camargo’s claim in Ground 2(A) is 10 not colorable, he is not entitled to an evidentiary hearing thereon. (See supra, at section 11 III.B.) 12 With respect to Camargo’s request to expand the record, “Rule 7 of the Rules 13 Governing Section 2254 Cases authorizes a federal habeas court to expand the record to 14 include additional material relevant to the determination of the merits of a petitioner's 15 claims.” See Williams v. Schriro, 423 F. Supp. 2d 994, 1002 (D. Ariz. 2006). Because 16 Camargo’s claim in Ground 2(A) is not colorable, any further additions to the record would 17 be irrelevant. There is no need to beat a dead horse. 18 V. CERTIFICATE OF APPEALABILITY 19 Pursuant to Rule 22(b) of the Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure, an applicant 20 may not appeal unless a certificate of appealability has been issued by an appropriate — 21 — 22 6 Those factors are: 23 (1) the merits of the factual dispute were not resolved in the state hearing; (2) the state factual determination is not fairly supported by the record as a — 24 — whole; (3) the fact-finding procedure employed by the state court was not 25 adequate to afford a full and fair hearing; (4) there is a substantial allegation of newly discovered evidence; (5) the material facts were not adequately 26 developed at the state-court hearing; [and] (6) for any reason it appears that 27 the state trier of fact did not afford the habeas applicant a full and fair fact hearing. — 28 — Id. at 313. 1 judicial officer. Rule 11(a) of the Rules Governing Section 2254 Cases provides that the 2 district judge must either issue or deny a certificate of appealability when he or she enters 3 a final order adverse to the applicant. If a certificate is issued, the judge must state the 4 specific issue or issues that satisfy 28 U.S.C. § 2253 (c)(2). 5 Under § 2253(c)(2), a certificate of appealability may issue only when the petitioner 6 “has made a substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional right.” This showing can 7 be established by demonstrating that “reasonable jurists could debate whether (or, for that 8 matter, agree that) the petition should have been resolved in a different manner” or that the 9 issues were “adequate to deserve encouragement to proceed further.” Slack v. McDaniel, — 10 — 529 U.S. 473, 484 (2000) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). For procedural 11 rulings, a certificate of appealability will issue only if reasonable jurists could debate 12 whether the petition states a valid claim of the denial of a constitutional right and whether 13 the court’s procedural ruling was correct. Id. 14 Reasonable jurists could not debate the resolution of Camargo’s petition. A 15 certificate of appealability shall accordingly be denied. — 16 — 17 IT IS THEREFORE ORDERED that the Report and Recommendation (Doc. 18 114) is accepted in part and rejected in part as provided in this order. 19 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Petitioner Alfredo Camargo’s Renewed 20 Second Amended Petition for a Writ of Habeas Corpus Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254 is 21 denied with prejudice. 22 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Petitioner Alfredo Camargo’s Renewed 23 Motion for Expansion of the Record and an Evidentiary Hearing (Doc. 107) is denied. 24 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Respondent Attorney General of the State of 25 Arizona, who does not have custody of Petitioner Alfredo Camargo, is dismissed as an 26 improper party in a federal habeas corpus proceeding. 27 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the Clerk enter judgment in favor of 28 Respondent David Shinn and against Petitioner Alfredo Camargo. 1 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the Clerk terminate this case. 2 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED denying a certificate of appealability. — 3 — 4 Dated this 13th day of August, 2020. — 5 — Moa AL he 7 Neil V. Wake g Senior United States District Judge — 9 — — 10 — — 11 — — 12 — — 13 — — 14 — — 15 — — 16 — — 17 — — 18 — — 19 — — 20 — — 21 — — 22 — — 23 — — 24 — — 25 — — 26 — — 27 — — 28 — -22-