Parish v. Lansdale

1 WO [5] 6 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 7 FOR THE DISTRICT OF ARIZONA [8] 9 Miles Parish, No. CV-17-00186-TUC-JGZ 10 Plaintiff, ORDER 11 v. 12 Troy Lansdale, et al., 13 Defendants. [14] 15 Pending before the Court is a joint motion to bifurcate trial by Defendants Troy 16 Lansdale, Bradley Kush, and the City of Tucson. (Doc. 111.) Plaintiff Miles Parish 17 opposes the motion to bifurcate. (Doc. 150.) 18 Also pending before the Court are Lansdale and Kush’s motions in limine to 19 preclude: (1) Internal Affairs Investigation Materials (Doc. 99); (2) Tucson Police 20 Department (TPD) General Orders (Doc. 100); (3) a letter from the Chief of TPD to 21 Plaintiff sustaining Plaintiff’s complaint (Doc. 103); and (4) a letter of reprimand from 22 TPD to Lansdale (Doc. 104). 23 In contingent joinders, the City of Tucson agrees that the motions in limine should 24 be granted if the trial is bifurcated. (Docs. 115, 116, 119, 120.) The City opposes the 25 motions in limine if the Court denies the motion to bifurcate because the City intends to 26 introduce the evidence at issue in support of its defense. (Docs. 138, 140, 141, 142.) 27 Plaintiff opposes the motions in limine. (Docs. 150, 154, 155.) Plaintiff recognizes 28 that some of the evidence that Defendants seek to preclude is only relevant to the City’s 1 defense, but Plaintiff requests that the Court deny the motion to bifurcate and provide 2 limiting instructions to inform the jury how it can or cannot consider the various types of 3 evidence. 4 The Court heard argument on the motions on April 12, 2021, and May 5, 2021. 5 Having considered the parties’ written submissions and arguments, the Court will grant 6 Defendants’ joint motion for separate trials before the same jury, with Phase One of the 7 trial addressing the liability of the individual officers and Phase Two addressing the City’s 8 liability on Plaintiff’s Monell claims. The Court will grant the Motions in Limine in part, 9 to the extent set forth in this Order. 10 1. Bifurcation 11 Rule 42(b) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure permits a court to order a separate 12 trial of separate issues for any one of the following reasons: (1) convenience, (2) to avoid 13 prejudice, or (3) to expedite and economize. Fed. R. Civ. P. 42(b); Danjaq LLC v. Sony 14 Corp., 263 F.3d 942, 961 (9th Cir. 2001). District courts have broad discretion in deciding 15 whether to bifurcate trial. Zivkovic v. S. Cal. Edison Co., 302 F.3d 1080, 1088 (9th Cir. 16 2002) (citation omitted). “The party seeking bifurcation has the burden of demonstrating 17 that judicial economy would be served and that no party would be prejudiced by separate 18 trials, based on the circumstances of the individual case.” Bard Peripheral Vascular, Inc. 19 v. W.L. Gore & Assocs., Inc., No. CV-03-0597-PHX-MHM, 2007 WL 3208540 , at *1 (D. 20 Ariz. Oct. 30, 2007) (citation omitted). 21 The determination whether to bifurcate trial is made on a case-by-case basis guided 22 by consideration of a variety of factors including: (1) whether a separation of the issues for 23 trial will expedite disposition of the action; (2) whether separation will conserve trial time 24 and other judicial resources; (3) whether separation will be likely to avoid prejudice to any 25 party at trial that may occur in the absence of separation; and (4) whether the issues are 26 essentially independent of each other so that there will be no need to duplicate the 27 presentation of significant areas of the evidence in the separated proceedings. Thorndike 28 ex rel. Thorndike v. Daimlerchrysler Corp., 220 F.R.D. 6 , 7–8 (D. Me. 2004) (citations 1 omitted); K.W. Muth Co. v. Bing-Lear Mfg. Group, LLC, No. 01–CV–71925, 2002 WL 2 1879943, *4 (D.C. Mich. 2002); see also 9 Charles Alan Wright & Arthur R. Miller, 3 Federal Practice and Procedure § 2388 (2d ed. 2003) (“The district judge must weigh a 4 variety of facts, such as whether one trial or separate trials best will serve the convenience 5 of the parties and the court, avoid prejudice, and minimize expense and delay. The major 6 consideration, of course, must be which procedure is more likely to result in a just and 7 expeditious final disposition of the litigation.”) (footnotes omitted). 8 Considering the applicable factors, the Court finds that bifurcation is appropriate 9 and will avoid undue prejudice to the individual defendants, may conserve trial time and 10 resources, and that separation of the determination of liability into two phases will not 11 prejudice any party. The liability issues of the individual defendants and the municipal 12 defendant can be determined, for the most part, independent of each other. The parties 13 have recognized this. In the Joint Proposed Pretrial Order, the parties agree that to prevail 14 on the Monell claim, Plaintiff must prove, in addition to other elements, that the “acts of 15 officer Lansdale or Kush deprived Mr. Parish of his 4th or 14th Amendment rights under 16 the United States Constitution.” (Doc. 92, p. 6.) If the jurors conclude that the individual 17 defendants did not violate Plaintiff’s constitutional rights, Plaintiff’s claims against the 18 City will necessarily fail. Bifurcation will serve the interest of judicial economy. 19 In addition, in light of the nature of the evidence which is admissible against the 20 City, but not admissible against the individual defendants (as discussed in detail below), 21 bifurcation will minimize potential prejudice to the individual defendants. Although the 22 Court believes that jurors generally do their best to follow their instructions, the Court 23 concludes that it would be difficult for jurors to disregard, in assessing the individual 24 officers’ liability, the fact that Officer Lansdale received a letter of reprimand for the 25 conduct at issue in this case and that Plaintiff received an apology from the Chief of TPD, 26 two pieces of evidence which are only admissible against the City. Finally, separation of 27 the claims will not prejudice Plaintiff, or any other party1. [28] 1 The Court does not find that Plaintiff’s assertion of prejudice if trial is bifurcated 1 2. Motions in Limine2 2 a. Letter from Chief Magnus and Letter of Reprimand 3 The parties agree that the Letter from Chief Magnus and the Letter of Reprimand to 4 Officer Lansdale are relevant to Plaintiff’s claims against the City, but not relevant to 5 Plaintiff’s claims against the individual officers. The Court will therefore grant Officer 6 Lansdale and Kush’s motions in limine to preclude introduction of the two letters during 7 Phase One of the trial. (Docs. 103, 104.) 8 b. TPD General Orders 9 The TPD General Orders are referenced in the Internal Affairs Investigation 10 Materials and the City seeks to introduce the orders in its defense. Defendants Lansdale 11 and Kush seek to preclude all witnesses, including experts, from mentioning or referring 12 to TPD General Orders. (Doc. 100.) 13 Although Plaintiff seeks admission of the Internal Affairs Investigative Reports 14 which refer to the Orders, Plaintiff’s counsel stated at oral argument that the General Orders 15 themselves need not be admitted and to do so would cause confusion. Counsel also 16 acknowledged that the Orders are not relevant to Plaintiff’s section 1983 claims.3 [17] outweighs the potential prejudice to the individual Defendants absent bifurcation. Plaintiff [18] asserts he will be prejudiced because the trial may last a few days longer, and he will have 19 to recall witnesses. While this may inconvenience Plaintiff, bifurcation will prevent the introduction of irrelevant and unfairly prejudicial evidence on the issue of individual [20] officer liability. [21] 2 A motion in limine is a request for guidance by the court regarding an evidentiary 22 question. The trial court may, within its discretion, provide such guidance by making a preliminary ruling with respect to admissibility. Nowell v. City of Cincinnati, No. 1:03-cv23 859, 2006 WL 2619846 , *2 (S.D. Ohio Sept. 12, 2006) (citing United States v. Luce, 713 F.2d 1236, 1329 (5th Cir. 1983), aff’d 469 U.S. 38 (1984)). Should the trial court render a [24] decision on a motion in limine, the court may change its ruling for whatever reason, when 25 the evidence is actually offered or objected to at trial. Id.; see also Luce v. United States, 469 U.S. 38, 41-42 (1984) (“[T]he district judge is free, in the exercise of sound judicial 26 discretion, to alter a previous in limine ruling.”) A ruling on a motion in limine is an advisory opinion that is subject to change as the trial unfolds. Nowell, 2006 WL 2619846 , 27 *2. 28 3 At oral argument Plaintiff’s counsel stated that the Orders could be relevant to the “standard of care” that the officers were required to abide by on Plaintiff’s state law claims. 1 Based on the parties’ filings and statements, the Court will grant in part Officer 2 Lansdale and Kush’s motion in limine to preclude introduction of the TPD General Orders 3 during Phase One of the trial. (Doc. 100.) Introduction of the Orders is precluded during 4 Phase One, except for the references contained in the Internal Affairs Investigation 5 findings, as discussed in section 2(c). 6 c. Internal Affairs Investigation Materials in Phase One 7 Under Rule 803(8), “[a] record or statement of a public office” is admissible 8 “if . . . it sets out . . . in a civil case . . . factual findings from a legally authorized 9 investigation; and . . . the opponent does not show that the source of information or other 10 circumstances indicate a lack of trustworthiness.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 803(8). Rule 803(8) 11 “expressly contemplates the admissibility of investigative reports such as the Internal 12 Affairs Reports that ‘result[] from an investigation made pursuant to authority granted by 13 law.’” Mason v. Faul, No. 12-2939, 2018 WL 1097092 , *1 (W.D. La. Feb. 28, 2018); see 14 also Nowell v. City of Cincinnati, No. 1:03-cv-859, 2006 WL 2619846 , *3 (S.D. Ohio Sept. 15 12, 2006) (finding admissible under Rule 803(8) an internal affairs investigation report 16 setting forth findings and conclusions concerning plaintiff’s allegations that defendants 17 acted improperly when they detained him and that report was relevant to plaintiff’s claims 18 that he was arrested without probable cause and that the officers used excessive force). 19 Rule 803(8)’s “exception to the hearsay rule for public investigatory reports containing 20 ‘factual findings,’ extends to conclusions and opinions contained in such reports.” Beech 21 Aircraft Corp. v. Rainey, 488 U.S. 153, 156 (1988). 22 The findings of the Internal Affairs Investigation are relevant and admissible under 23 Rule 803(8), assuming Plaintiff can satisfy the foundational requirements of the rule. See 24 Mason, 2018 WL 1097092, *1; Nowell, 2006 WL 2619846 , *3. The Internal Affairs 25 Investigative Report includes findings of Sergeant Petersen, Captain Graves, Lieutenant [26] Plaintiff’s remaining state law claims, however, allege intentional torts, not negligence. 27 Unlike claims of negligence which require proof of a duty requiring a defendant to conform to a standard of care, Plaintiff’s intentional tort claims do not require such proof. See Ryan 28 v. Napier, 245 Ariz. 54 , 59 (2018). 1 Doggett, and Bureau Commander Batista that Officer Lansdale left his foot in the doorway 2 of Plaintiff’s house without legal justification after Plaintiff asked Lansdale to remove his 3 foot. The report also includes findings that officers did not use excessive force in arresting 4 Plaintiff. These findings have a “tendency to make a fact more or less probable than it 5 would be without the evidence; and . . . the fact is of consequence in determining the 6 action.” Fed. R. Evid. 401. “The language of Rule 401 is deliberately inclusive; the intent 7 of the rule’s drafters was to admit ‘evidence having any tendency’ to support plaintiffs’ 8 claim.” Gentile v. Cnty. of Suffolk, 129 F.R.D. 435, 447 (E.D.N.Y. 1990), aff’d, 926 F.2d 9 142 (2d Cir. 1991). 10 The supporting audio or written recordings of witness interviews do not fall within 11 the scope of Rule 803(8). See e.g. Nowell, 2006 WL 2619846 , at *5 (witness statements 12 that do not independently qualify for an exception to the hearsay rule will not be admitted); 13 Sussel v. Wynne, No. 05-00444-ACK-KSC, 2006 WL 2860664 , *2 (D. Haw. Oct. 4, 2006) 14 (collecting cases). However, witness statements contained in the findings, as support for 15 the findings, are admissible. Owens v. City of Philadelphia, 6 F.Supp.2d 373 , 376 n.3 (E.D. 16 Pa. 1998 ) (statements in investigative report by eyewitnesses to the incident were 17 admissible under Rule 803(8) because they were “iterated in support of the investigator’s 18 conclusion that Russell (among others) ‘failed to take decisive action,’” thus “plac[ing] 19 them under the rubric of ‘factual findings’ within contemplation of the rule.” ). The Court 20 further finds that statements included in the findings and conclusions are not hearsay 21 because they are not cited for the truth of the matter asserted, but to show the basis for the 22 findings and conclusions. 23 The Court rejects arguments that Rule 407 bars admission of the Investigative 24 Reports’ findings in Phase One. Rule 407 does not preclude subsequent remedial measures 25 taken by other persons. See Pau v. Yosemite Park and Curro Co., 928 F.2d 880, 888 (9th 26 Cir. 1991). Rule 407 is based on the policy of encouraging potential defendants to remedy 27 hazardous conditions without fear that their actions will be used as evidence against them. [28] Id. Here, Defendants Lansdale and Kush did not take any remedial measures. The Internal 1 Affairs investigation was not initiated by or undertaken by them. 2 Defendants rely on Maddox v. City of Los Angeles, 792 F.2d 1408, 1417 (9th Cir. 3 1096) and Mahnke v. Wash. Metro. Area Transit Auth., 821 F.Supp.2d 125 (D.D.C. 2011) 4 in support of their Rule 407 argument. These cases are inapposite. In Maddox, the Ninth 5 Circuit held that “Internal Affairs investigation and measures taken by the City were 6 remedial measures taken after the incident” and thus, inadmissible against the City. 7 Maddox, 702 F.2d at 1417. Although the Maddox court found that the defendant officer’s 8 statements during the investigation were not admissible against him, the court did so on 9 the basis of Rule 403, not Rule 407. Id. Similarly, in Mahnke, the court precluded 10 introduction of a subsequent remedial measure against the transit authority, but the transit 11 authority, unlike the individual officers here, had conducted the internal investigation and 12 disciplinary proceedings. Mahnke, 821 F.Supp.2d at 150-52 . 13 The Court also concludes that Rule 403 does not warrant exclusion of the Reports. 14 The probative value of the findings is not substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair 15 prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury. See Shepherd v. Dallas, 591 16 F.3d 445, 457 (5th Cir. 2009) (in suit against county alleging constitutional violations 17 concerning jail’s failure to administer medication, Rule 403 did not preclude admission of 18 DOJ report regarding the county’s provision of medical care at the jail and the 19 constitutionality of jail conditions). Although in this case the Internal Affairs Report 20 concludes that Officer Lansdale improperly used his boot to keep the Plaintiff’s door open 21 (an issue Defendants contend is central to their defense and which must be decided by the 22 jury), Officer Lansdale testified at his deposition that he intentionally placed his foot in the 23 door for precisely that reason. (See Doc. 42, p. 11, citing Officer Lansdale’s deposition at 24 49:5-22.) Moreover, the report also concludes that the officers did not act improperly in 25 arresting Plaintiff. 26 “[T]he balancing test of Rule 403 should not be misused in such a way that ‘would 27 end the presumption that evaluative reports are admissible hearsay under Rule 803(8)[].” 28 Cortes v. Maxus Exploration Co., 977 F.2d 195, 201 (5th Cir. 1992). Here, the 1 investigative findings are probative of Plaintiff’s claims. The danger of unfair prejudice to 2 the individual officers is minimal. 3 The Court does conclude that Rule 403 warrants the exclusion of references in the 4 Reports to discipline (recommended, adopted, and/or imposed) in Phase One. How Officer 5 Lansdale was disciplined is not probative of Plaintiff’s claims. Thus, text referring to 6 disciplinary determinations must be redacted in Phase One.4 7 Although the Internal Affairs Reports reference violations of TPD General Orders 8 and violation of such Orders would not provide a basis for a 1983 claim, Rule 403 does not 9 require redaction of these references. The references to the General Orders are minimal; 10 the language of the General Orders mirrors constitutional law requirements; and any 11 prejudice or potential juror confusion caused by these references can be addressed and 12 remedied through jury instructions. Notably, in addition to receiving instructions on the 13 legal standards to apply in evaluating Plaintiff’s claims, the jury will also receive 14 instruction about the evidentiary value of the Report. See Perrin v. Anderson, 784 F.2d 15 1040 (district court’s limiting instruction regarding Shooting Report’s conclusion [16] 4 The text addressing disciplinary actions and the basis for such actions in 17 Exhibit 1 states: 18 It is my recommendation that the Sustained Violations of Officer Lansdale rise to the level of a Violation Type B in that his actions did not 19 involve a misuse of authority or an ethical offense and has a minimal adverse impact on public safety or the professional Image of the Department. In 20 regards to the discipline level, I recommend he be given the presumptive sanction of a Written Reprimand. Officer Lansdale was acting in good faith 21 when he placed his boot into the door threshold and although I disagree with his action, I believe he was trying to work in a safe and effective manner. He 22 did not knowingly misuse his authority. Additionally, Sgt. Faulk confirmed that this practice was common amongst some officers and that in his opinion 23 the actions were appropriate. Also, the decision to arrest and book was discussed with and confirmed by on scene supervisors. At that time, it was 24 determined that probable cause for an arrest existed in this case and he was so charged. [25] (Doc. 99-1, pp. 8-9.) The officers signing off on the recommendations also reference 26 discipline which must be redacted. The text addressing disciplinary actions and the basis for such actions in 27 Exhibit 2 starts with the sentence, “In response to my findings for the use of force, I recommend that officers do not receive discipline.” (Doc. 99-1, p.13.) The text 28 ends, in Exhibit 2, with the sentence, “This is Officer Lansdale’s first Type C violation in three years.” (Id.) 1 || concerning propriety of defendants’ conduct, “mitigated any prejudice the report may have 2|| had.”). 3 Thus, for the foregoing reasons, 4 IT IS ORDERED: 5 1. Defendants’ “Joint Motion in Limine #1: for Separate Trials before the Same 6 Jury on Individual Officer Liability (Phase One), and Monell Liability (Phase 7 Two)” (Doc. 111) is GRANTED. 8 2. Defendants Lansdale and Kush’s “Motion in Limine No. | Regarding 9 Preclusion of Internal Affairs Investigation Materials” (Doc. 99) is 10 GRANTED IN PART and DENIED IN PART as to Phase One of the trial as 11 stated within the body of this Order. 12 3. Defendants Lansdale and Kush’s Motion in Limine No. 2 to Preclude TPD 13 General Orders (Doc. 100) is GRANTED as to Phase One of the trial, to the 14 extent stated in this Order. 15 4. Defendants Lansdale and Kush’s Motion in Limine No. 5 to Preclude Letter 16 from TPD to Plaintiff Advising that Plaintiff's Complaint was Sustained 17 (Doc. 103) is GRANTED with regard to Phase One of the trial. 18 5. Defendants Lansdale and Kush’s Motion in Limine No. 6 to Preclude the 19 TPD Letter of Reprimand Given to Defendant Lansdale (Doc. 104) is 20 GRANTED with regard to Phase One of the trial. 21 Dated this 6th day of May, 2021. 22 □ 23 pote Soipe Honoral le Jennife ve Zfpps United States District Judge [28] -9-