MacKenzie v. Schreiber

1 WO [5] 6 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 7 FOR THE DISTRICT OF ARIZONA [8] 9 IN THE MATTER OF: No. CV-20-01993-PHX-JJT 10 Mark Christian Schreiber BK NO. 2:20-BK-00631-MCW Deborah Jean Schreiber, [11] Debtors. 12 Robert A. Mackenzie, ORDER [13] Appellant, [14] v. [15] Mark Christian Schreiber, et al., [16] Appellees. [18] 19 At issue is Trustee Robert A. Mackenzie’s (“Appellant”) Appeal (Doc. 6, 20 “Appellant Opening Brief”) of the United States Bankruptcy Court’s Order Overruling 21 Trustee’s Objection to Debtors’ Claimed Exemptions (Doc. 5-6, “Order”). The Court also 22 considered Debtors Mark Christian Schreiber and Deborah Jean Schreiber’s (“Appellees”) 23 Response (Doc. 10, “Appellees Opening Brief”) and Appellant’s Reply (Doc. 11, “Reply”). 24 For the following reasons, the Court will affirm the Order. 25 I. BACKGROUND 26 Appellees lived in Kansas from September 2005 through April 2019. They moved 27 to Arizona in May 2019. On January 17, 2020, Appellees commenced a voluntary Chapter 28 7 case in the District of Arizona. Appellees claimed multiple federal exemptions pursuant 1 to the hanging paragraph of 11 U.S.C. 522(b)(3)(A) (the “hanging paragraph”) and 11 2 U.S.C. §522 (d). (Appellees Opening Brief at 1-2.) Appellant, the Chapter 7 trustee, filed a 3 timely Objection to Appellees’ use of federal exemptions. He argued that Appellees could 4 not utilize the hanging paragraph to claim federal exemptions because Appellees were 5 eligible to claim Kansas exemptions. (Doc. 5-5 at 7.) After a full round of briefing and oral 6 argument, United States Bankruptcy Judge Madeline C. Wanslee overruled Appellant’s 7 Objection. Judge Wanslee reasoned that Appellees were ineligible to claim Kansas 8 personal property exemptions and the Kansas homestead exemption because they were not 9 residents of Kansas and any property eligible for exemption was located outside of Kansas; 10 therefore, Appellees met the criteria to claim federal exemptions pursuant to the hanging 11 paragraph and Section 522(d). (Order at 18.) 12 Appellant subsequently brought this appeal, contending that the Bankruptcy Court 13 erred by finding: 1) Appellants were “ineligible for any exemption” pursuant to the hanging 14 paragraph; and 2) Appellees could not claim the Kansas homestead exemption and various 15 Kansas personal property exemptions. 16 II. LEGAL STANDARD 17 A party may appeal a Bankruptcy Court’s Order to the District Court if the Order is 18 final and binding. 28 U.S.C. § 158 (a). An appellant may choose between a Bankruptcy 19 Appellate Panel, if one exists in the Circuit, and a District Court to hear its appeal. [20] 28 U.S.C. § 158 (c). Thus, this Court has appellate jurisdiction to review all final and 21 binding Orders issued by the Bankruptcy Court. In ultimately resolving the substance of 22 the appeal, the Court will review the Bankruptcy Court’s conclusions of law de novo and 23 its findings of fact under a clearly erroneous standard. See Fed R. Bankr. P. 8013; Wegner 24 v. Murphy (In re Wegner), 839 F.2d 533 , 536 (9th Cir. 1988) (citing Pizza of Hawaii, Inc. 25 v. Shakey’s, Inc. (In re Pizza of Hawaii, Inc.), 761 F.2d 1374, 1377 (9th Cir. 1985)). [28] 1 III. ANALYSIS 2 A. 11 U.S.C. § 522(b)(3)(A) 3 When filing for bankruptcy, debtors may exempt certain assets. Each state has its 4 own statutory scheme detailing which assets a debtor can exempt and the requirements to 5 exempt those assets. There is also a federal exemption statutory scheme, 11 U.S.C. § 522 6 et seq. Pursuant to Section 522: [7] [A]ny property that is exempt under Federal law, other than subsection (d) 8 of this section, or [under] State or local law that is applicable on the date of the filing of the petition to the place in which the debtor’s domicile has been 9 located for the 730 days immediately preceding the date of the filing of the 10 petition or if the debtor’s domicile has not been located in a single State for such 730-day period, the place in which the debtor’s domicile was located 11 for 180 days immediately preceding the 730-day period or for a longer portion of such 180-day period than in any other place; [13] 11 U.S.C. § 522 (b)(3)(A). 14 The hanging paragraph provides “[I]f the effect of the domiciliary requirement 15 under subparagraph (A) is to render the debtor ineligible for any exemption, the debtor may 16 elect to exempt property that is specified under subsection (d).” 17 In the 730 days prior to filing for bankruptcy, Appellees resided in two locations, 18 Arizona and Kansas. In the 180 days before that, Appellees resided in Kansas. Therefore, 19 the debtors must claim exemptions under Kansas law. However, Kansas restricts the 20 majority of its personal and real property exemptions to Kansas residents and has opted out 21 of the federal bankruptcy exemptions. K.S.A. §§ 60-2304, 60-2312, 60-2313. The 22 Bankruptcy Court identified two exemptions pursuant to Kansas law, K.S.A. § 36-302 and 23 K.S.A. § 48-245, that are not restricted to Kansas residents. Section 36-302 creates an 24 express exemption for innkeepers and Section 48-245 does the same for members of the 25 Kansas National Guard.1 Appellees, who are neither innkeepers nor members of the 26 National Guard, cannot utilize either of these exemptions. [27] 28 1 As discussed, infra, Appellant contends that Appellees are eligible for other Kansas exemptions but the Court disagrees. 1 Because they could not claim Kansas exemptions, Appellees instead claimed federal 2 exemptions pursuant to Section 522(d) and the hanging paragraph. 3 The crux of the dispute between the parties centers around the hanging paragraph’s 4 meaning of “ineligible for any exemption.” Appellant contends that “ineligible” means “does 5 not have a right to” and thus if Appellees are not affirmatively barred from utilizing a Kansas 6 exemption, then they are eligible to use that exemption and cannot claim exemptions under 7 Section 522(d). (Appellant Opening Brief at 5.) Appellees interpret the hanging paragraph 8 to mean that a debtor is only eligible for an exemption if he possesses and actually can 9 exempt the assets that the exemption covers. (Appellees Opening Brief at 7.) 10 The Court agrees with Appellees. The plain language and purpose of the statute as 11 well as the caselaw interpreting it support Appellees’ interpretation. Black’s Law 12 Dictionary defines “eligible” as “fit and proper… to receive a benefit.” Black's Law 13 Dictionary (11th ed. 2019). Appellees are not “fit and proper” to claim an exemption unless 14 they possess the assets subject to the exemption. 15 Moreover, Appellant’s interpretation of the hanging paragraph would frustrate the 16 provision’s purpose. The hanging paragraph is meant to ensure debtors are not barred from 17 claiming any exemptions as a result of Section 522(b)(3)(A)’s domiciliary requirement. 18 See In re Long, 470 B.R. 186, 190 (Bankr. D. Kan. 2012) (characterizing the hanging 19 paragraph as a “fail-safe mechanism” to ensure debtors were not denied any exemptions). 20 Courts typically construe Section 522 liberally as to allow debtors to claim exemptions. 21 See e.g. Culver, LLC v. Chiu (In re Chiu), 266 B.R. 743, 747 (B.A.P. 9th Cir. 2001), 22 aff’d, 304 F.3d 905 (9th Cir. 2002) (“It is well-established that § 522 is to be interpreted 23 liberally in favor of debtors in order to facilitate their ‘fresh start.’”). Under Appellant’s 24 interpretation of “ineligible for any exemption,” Appellees could not claim a single 25 exemption. There would not be a fresh start, and Congress’s concerns when enacting 26 Section 522(b)(3)(A) would be realized. 27 Accordingly, courts determine a debtor’s eligibility for state exemptions based on 28 whether the debtor actually can claim the exemptions. See e.g. In re Capps, 438 B.R. 668 , 1 673–74, (Bankr. D. Idaho 2010) (“[A]s long as the debtor may take advantage of some 2 state exemption, the hanging paragraph does not allow the debtor to use the § 522(d) 3 exemptions.”); In re Wilson, 2015 WL 1850919 , at *4 (Bankr. D. Idaho Jan. 13, 2015) (“So 4 long as debtors can receive some exemptions under the applicable state law, there is no 5 reason for recourse to § 522(d) federal exemptions as a fallback under § 522(b)(3)’s 6 hanging paragraph.”); In re Rodenbough, 579 B.R. 545 , 551 (Bankr. D. Idaho 2018) 7 (holding debtors could not claim federal exemptions under the hanging paragraph because 8 they were entitled to claim exemptions under North Dakota law). 9 In response, Appellant cites In re Katseanes, where the court held that the debtor 10 was ineligible to claim exemptions under Section 522(d), reasoning that “the [State] 11 exemption statutes are applicable in Debtors’ case, even if they do not benefit from all of 12 the various exemptions provided under that State’s laws.” 2007 WL 2962637 at *3 (Bankr. 13 D. Idaho Oct. 9, 2007). Appellant does not provide additional analysis but appears to 14 contend that this language supports his interpretation of the hanging paragraph. (Appellant 15 Opening Brief at 5.) However, Appellant fails to include the footnote immediately 16 following the citation, which clarifies that the debtor claimed exemptions under Idaho law 17 and “would be entitled to claim Utah’s personal property exemptions.” Id. at 5 n. 4-5. 18 Katseanes thus stands for the exact proposition that Appellees claim. A debtor’s ability to 19 claim exemptions under Section 522(d) hinges on whether he can actually claim 20 exemptions under state law. Therefore, the Court finds that Appellees, who cannot claim 21 any Kansas exemptions, are “ineligible” as used in the hanging paragraph. 22 B. Homestead Exemption 23 Alternatively, Appellant argues Appellees can exempt their mobile home pursuant 24 to Kansas’s homestead exemption and thus are ineligible to claim exemptions under 25 Section 522(d). The Court disagrees. Appellees’ mobile home is located in Arizona. While 26 Kansas’s homestead exemption does not expressly state that the property must be located 27 in Kansas, courts have consistently held that the Kansas homestead exemption does not 28 have extraterritorial effect. See, e.g., In re Sipka, 149 B.R. 181, 182-83 (D. Kan. 1992) 1 (holding debtor could not claim the homestead exemption because Kansas exemptions do 2 not have extra-territorial force); In re Ginther, 282 B.R. 16, 19 (Bankr. D. Kan. 2002) 3 (finding that although the homestead laws of Kansas are meant to be liberally construed, 4 the Kansas homestead exemption law does not have extra-territorial effect);2 see also State 5 v. Holcomb, 85 Kan. 178, 181 , 116 P. 251, 252 (1911) (“A state is sovereign only within 6 its own boundaries, and its laws have no extraterritorial force.”); Burlington M.R.R. in Neb. 7 v. Thompson, 31 Kan. 180 , 1 P. 622 (1884) (“The laws of a state have no extraterritorial 8 force. This as a general proposition is unquestioned, and includes within its scope 9 exemption as well as other laws.”) 10 Appellant argues that these cases were wrongly decided and should thus be 11 disregarded. Specifically, he contends that Ginther and Sipka were decided prior to the 12 2005 BPCPA Amendments and mistakenly rely on Holcomb and Burlington M.R.R., which 13 do not expressly address the homestead exemption. However, Appellant fails to cite a 14 single case that supports the applicability of the homestead exemption to property located 15 outside of Kansas. In essence, Appellant asks the Court to overturn the only caselaw 16 interpreting the issue at hand. The Court declines. Kansas caselaw is clear that the 17 homestead exemption does not have extraterritorial effect. Therefore, Appellees are 18 ineligible to claim the exemption. 19 C. Personal Property Exemptions 20 Likewise, the Court disagrees with Appellant that Appellees are eligible to claim 21 numerous other Kansas personal property exemptions under Kansas state law. The majority 22 of Kansas personal property exemptions are controlled by K.S.A. §§ 60-2304, 60-2313. 23 The plain language of each statute limits the exemptions to Kansas residents. Section 6024 2304 (“[e]very person residing in this state shall have exempt from seizure and sale… the 25 following articles of personal property…”); Section 60-2313 (“[e]xcept to the extent 26 otherwise provided by law, every person residing in this state shall have exempt from [27] 2 Ginther thus refutes Appellant’s contention that because Kansas’s exemption laws are 28 meant to be liberally construed, the Court must find that the homestead exemption applies to Appellees’ property. Id. at 18-19. (Reply at 2-3.) 1 | seizure and sale...”); See Nickerson, 375 B.R. at 871-72 (“Under the express language of 2| [K.S.A. 60-2304], Kansas personal property exemptions are not available to debtors who are not residents of Kansas.”). Appellant first argues that Nickerson, decided after the 2005 4) BPCPA Amendments, mistakenly relied on Ginther and Sipka. As discussed, supra, the 5 | court is unconvinced by this line of argument. 6 Appellant further contends that there are other Kansas exemptions for specific 7 | personal property items that do not contain a residency requirement in their plain language. 8| See e.g. K.S.A. § 60-2315 (creating an earned income credit exemption for an individual 9| debtor). Appellant contends that these Kansas exemptions bar Appellees from claiming 10 | exemptions under Section 522(d) but fails to provide any evidence that Appellees have the assets covered by the exemption. As discussed, supra, just because a debtor is not 12 | affirmatively barred from claiming a state exemption under the exemption’s plain 13 | language, it does not mean that debtors are eligible for the exemption. Rather, the debtor must have the asset and be able to claim the exemption. Appellant thus has not shown that 15 | Appellees are eligible for Kansas personal property exemptions. 16} IV. CONCLUSION 17 For the reasons stated above, The Court will affirm the Order overruling Appellant’s 18 | objection to the Debtors’ claimed federal exemptions pursuant to Section 522(d) and the 19 | hanging paragraph. 20 IT IS THEREFORE ORDERED affirming the Bankruptcy Court’s Order 21} Overruling Trustee’s Objection to Debtors’ Claimed Exemptions. 22 Dated this 4th day of June, 2021. CN 4 wefehlee— United State$District Judge [28] -7-