Jones v. GEICO Casualty Company

1 WO [5] 6 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 7 FOR THE DISTRICT OF ARIZONA [8] 9 Daniel James Jones, No. CV-20-01734-PHX-DJH 10 Plaintiff, ORDER 11 v. 12 GEICO Casualty Company, et al., 13 Defendants. [14] 15 Pending before the Court is Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss Plaintiff’s First 16 Amended Complaint (Doc. 27). Plaintiff filed a Response in Opposition (Doc. 28), and 17 Defendants filed a Reply (Doc. 29). In addition, the Court, after Defendants posed no 18 opposition, granted Plaintiff’s request to file a Sur-Reply (Doc. 34), to which Defendants 19 have responded (Doc. 35). The matter is ripe, and the Court will now issue its decision.1 20 I. Background 21 In his First Amended Class Action Complaint (“FAC”),2 the named Plaintiff Daniel 22 Jones alleges Defendants GEICO Casualty Company, GEICO Indemnity Company, and 23 GEICO General Insurance Company (collectively “Geico”) charged “unconscionably 24 excessive” auto insurance rates during the Covid-19 pandemic. (Doc. 21 at ¶ 25). As [25] 1 Both parties requested oral argument on the matter. The Court finds that the issues have 26 been fully briefed and oral argument will not aid the Court’s decision. Therefore, the Court will deny the requests for oral argument. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 78(b) (court may decide 27 motions without oral hearings); LRCiv 7.2(f) (same). 28 2 The Court will assume the FAC’s factual allegations are true, as it must in evaluating a motion to dismiss. See Lee v. City of L.A., 250 F.3d 668, 679 (9th Cir. 2001). 1 pandemic-related lockdown measures went into effect, fewer people left their homes to 2 drive and, therefore, there were significantly fewer automobile accidents. (Id. at ¶¶ 23, 3 24). With fewer accidents, Geico received fewer insurance claims and an accompanying 4 “windfall” of profits. (Id. at ¶ 27). 5 To compensate its customers for this windfall, Geico started a “GEICO Giveback” 6 program in the spring of 2020, which gave new and preexisting customers a 15% credit to 7 buy or renew a policy. (Id. at ¶ 30). As stated on the Geico website, “shelter in place laws 8 have reduced driving, and [Geico is] passing these savings on to our auto, motorcycle, and 9 RV customers.” (Id. at ¶ 32). However, Plaintiff alleges this program was inadequate 10 because the Center for Economic Justice and the Consumer Federation of America say 11 consumers should get a 30% refund on their premiums to compensate for Geico’s windfall. 12 (Id. at ¶ 28). 13 Plaintiff renewed his Geico policy (the “Policy”) for the period of November 2019 14 to May 2020 for $820.62. (Id. at ¶ 35). He then renewed the Policy for the period of May 15 2020 to November 2020, and because of the GEICO Giveback program, Plaintiff received 16 a $110.37 credit, which reduced the renewal cost to $625.42. (Id.) Plaintiff alleges he 17 renewed the Policy because Geico failed to disclose its windfall, because it failed to 18 disclose that its premiums were not based on an accurate assessment of automobile risk 19 during the pandemic, and because Geico failed to disclose that its Giveback program is not 20 as favorable to consumers as other insurers’ refund programs. (Id. at ¶ 36). 21 The FAC alleges that Geico had the discretion to lower its premiums under the terms 22 of the Policy itself. (Id. at ¶ 56). It also alleges Geico “improperly exercised” that 23 discretion by “failing to adjust premiums downward and to issue refunds of the now24 excessive premiums.” (Id. at ¶ 39). 25 The FAC brings four causes of action. Count I alleges Geico breached the insurance 26 Policy’s covenant of good faith and fair dealing. (Id. at ¶¶ 53–60). Count II seeks 27 declaratory relief resulting from Geico’s alleged frustration of the Policy’s purpose, for 28 which Plaintiff requests the Court declare he and his class members are no longer required 1 to pay their insurance premiums and that Geico disgorge its windfall. (Id. at ¶¶ 61–67). 2 Count III alleges that Geico’s conduct violates the Arizona Consumer Fraud Act through 3 deceptive statements made about its premiums. (Id. at ¶¶ 68–78). Finally, Count IV alleges 4 that if Geico is not liable for the other Counts, then it should, in the alternative, be liable 5 for unjust enrichment. (Id. at ¶¶ 79–84). 6 Geico moves to dismiss the entire FAC under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 7 12(b)(6). (Doc. 27 at 1). 8 II. Legal Standard 9 A motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) tests the legal sufficiency of a claim. 10 Cook v. Brewer, 637 F.3d 1002, 1004 (9th Cir. 2011). Complaints must make a short and 11 plain statement showing that the pleader is entitled to relief for its claims. Fed. R. Civ. P. 12 8(a)(2). This standard does not require “‘detailed factual allegations,’ but it demands more 13 than an unadorned, the-defendant-unlawfully-harmed-me accusation.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, [14] 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007)). 15 There must be “more than a sheer possibility that a defendant has acted unlawfully.” Id. 16 While courts do not generally require “heightened fact pleading of specifics,” a plaintiff 17 must allege facts sufficient to “raise a right to relief above the speculative level.” See 18 Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555 . A complaint must “state a claim to relief that is plausible on its 19 face.” Id. at 570 . “A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content 20 that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the 21 misconduct alleged.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 . In addition, “[d]etermining whether a 22 complaint states a plausible claim for relief will . . . be a context-specific task that requires 23 the reviewing court to draw on its judicial experience and common sense.” Id. at 679 . 24 If a complaint alleges fraud, then it “must state with particularity the circumstances 25 constituting fraud or mistake.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 9(b). To satisfy the particularity 26 requirement, a complaint must include “an account of the ‘time, place, and specific content 27 of the false representations as well as the identities of the parties to the 28 misrepresentations.’” Swartz v. KPMG LLP, 476 F.3d 756, 764 (9th Cir. 2007) (per 1 curiam) (quoting Edwards v. Marin Park, Inc., 356 F.3d 1058, 1066 (9th Cir. 2004)). In 2 other words, it “must ‘identify the who, what, when, where, and how of the misconduct 3 charged, as well as what is false or misleading about the purportedly fraudulent statement, 4 and why it is false.’” Salameh v. Tarsadia Hotel, 726 F.3d 1124, 1133 (9th Cir. 2013) 5 (quoting United States ex rel. Cafasso v. Gen. Dynamics C4 Sys., Inc., 637 F.3d 1047 , 1055 6 (9th Cir. 2011)). “In the context of a fraud suit involving multiple defendants, a plaintiff 7 must, at a minimum, identify the role of each defendant in the alleged fraudulent scheme.” 8 Swartz v. KPMG LLP, 476 F.3d 756, 765 (9th Cir. 2007) (cleaned up). 9 Dismissal of a complaint for failure to state a claim can be based on either the “lack 10 of a cognizable legal theory or the absence of sufficient facts alleged under a cognizable 11 legal theory.” Balistreri v. Pacifica Police Dep’t, 901 F.2d 696, 699 (9th Cir. 1990). In 12 reviewing a motion to dismiss, “all factual allegations set forth in the complaint ‘are taken 13 as true and construed in the light most favorable to the plaintiffs.’” Lee v. City of L.A., 250 14 F.3d 668 , 679 (9th Cir. 2001) (quoting Epstein v. Wash. Energy Co., 83 F.3d 1136 , 1140 15 (9th Cir. 1996)). But courts are not required “to accept as true a legal conclusion couched 16 as a factual allegation.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555 (quoting Papasan v. Allain, 478 U.S. 17 265, 286 (1986)). 18 III. Analysis 19 Geico argues all four of the FAC’s Counts fail to state a claim. (Doc. 27). The 20 Court will address each of them in turn. After discussing the Counts, the Court will address 21 Geico’s argument that Defendants GEICO Indemnity Company and GEICO General 22 Insurance Company should be dismissed from this action entirely. (Id. at 16). 23 a. Breach of the Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing 24 Count I alleges that Geico breached the insurance Policy’s implied covenant of good 25 faith and fair dealing. (Doc. 21 at ¶¶ 53–60). Every contract, in addition to its terms, 26 contains an implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing. Wells Fargo Bank v. Arizona 27 Laborers, 38 P.3d 12, 28 (Ariz. 2002). “The essence of that duty is that neither party will 28 act to impair the right of the other to receive the benefits which flow from their agreement 1 or contractual relationship.” Rawlings v. Apodaca, 726 P.2d 565, 569 (1986). “A party 2 breaches the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing when one party exercises 3 discretion retained or not foreclosed under a contract in such a way as to deny the other a 4 reasonably expected benefit of the bargain.” Zaki v. Capstone Asset Mgmt. LLC, 2020 WL 5 1062039, at *3 (Ariz. Ct. App. Mar. 5, 2020). 6 Here, Plaintiff argues Geico impeded a reasonably expected benefit of the Policy, 7 which was that Geico would lower its rates if the risk of a claim were to significantly 8 decrease. (Doc. 28 at 7). This duty, Plaintiff argues, existed independently from the Policy, 9 so long as the Policy itself did not explicitly foreclose it. (Doc. 28 at 7 n.4).3 Furthermore, 10 even though Geico did lower its rates to some extent, Plaintiff’s argument implies that the 11 Giveback program’s 15% discount did not satisfy this implied covenant. (See Doc. 21 at 12 ¶ 35). In response, Geico argues the Court should reject Plaintiff’s claim because it cannot 13 reasonably be expected to reduce its rates in response to unexpectedly diminished risk as 14 that is “the very nature of insurance.” (Doc. 27 at 11). 15 To begin its analysis, the Court turns to general principles of Arizona contract law. 16 The interpretation of an insurance contract is a legal question to be decided by the court. 17 Thomas v. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co., 842 P.2d 1335, 1337 (Ariz. Ct. App. 1992). “[I]n 18 determining contract rights, courts are not constrained by textual omissions to abandon 19 common sense and experience or to ignore the surrounding circumstances of an 20 agreement.” Sw. Sav. & Loan Ass’n v. SunAmp Sys., Inc., 838 P.2d 1314, 1321 (Ariz. Ct. 21 App. 1992 ). 22 Here, the surrounding circumstance is that Plaintiff purchased the insurance Policy 23 during a time of great uncertainty. The purpose of insurance contracts for the insured, as [24] 3 Geico argues that the Policy’s language did not grant the discretion to adjust Plaintiff’s 25 premium. (Doc. 27 at 9). However, the Court finds the Policy’s language does not foreclose Geico’s ability to adjust the premium. (See Doc. 27-2). Therefore, the discretion 26 exists whether the Policy acknowledges it or not. See Bike Fashion Corp. v. Kramer, 46 P.3d 431, 435 (Ariz. Ct. App. 2002) (“Arizona law recognizes that a party can breach the 27 implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing both by exercising express discretion in a way inconsistent with a party’s reasonable expectations and by acting in ways not expressly 28 excluded by the contract’s terms, but which nevertheless bear adversely on the party’s reasonably expected benefits of the bargain.”). 1 the Arizona Supreme Court discussed in Rawlings, is to purchase protection against the 2 possibility of financial disaster, or “economic catastrophe.” 726 P.2d at 570 . 3 Obviously, the insured buys the company’s express agreement to pay certain types of claims. . . . In delineating the benefits which flow from an insurance [4] contract relationship we must recognize that in buying insurance an insured 5 usually does not seek to realize a commercial advantage but, instead, seeks protection and security from economic catastrophe. Thus, the insured’s [6] object in buying the company’s express covenant to pay claims is security 7 from financial loss which he may sustain from claims against him and protection against economic catastrophe in those situations in which he may 8 be the victim. In both cases, he seeks peace of mind from the fears that 9 accompany such exposure. . . . Because of the disparity in bargaining power and the nature of the contract, the insurer receives both premium and control 10 [over the defense of claims made against the insured]. [11] Id. (citations omitted). 12 To protect these reasonably expected benefits, the law implies a covenant of good 13 faith and fair dealing. See Zaki, 2020 WL 1062039 , at *3. Plaintiff has not alleged that 14 the obviously expected benefit of buying an insurance policy, coverage for claims, has been 15 impeded. Instead, Plaintiff argues that he reasonably expected Geico would compensate 16 him to a greater extent in the event the risk of driving was dramatically reduced. Stated 17 differently, Plaintiff argues that because the agreement turned out to be a better deal for 18 Geico, Geico was obliged to give more money back to Plaintiff, otherwise it would be 19 “unfair.” (Doc. 21 at ¶ 28). 20 Plaintiff has not cited, nor can the Court find, any similar case upon which such a 21 claim was based. Although the law of this implied covenant is “inexact,” it has its limits. 22 Sw. Sav. & Loan Ass’n, 838 P.2d at 1319 . “If contracting parties cannot profitably use 23 their contractual powers without fear that a jury will second-guess them under a vague 24 standard of good faith, the law will impair the predictability that an orderly commerce 25 requires.” Id. The Court finds that if it were to accept the reasoning behind Plaintiff’s 26 claimed breach of the covenant of good faith and fair dealing, its holding would drastically 27 impair the predictability required by an orderly commerce. 28 Plaintiff styles this Count as one stemming from the breach of an implied covenant, 1 but, at bottom, Plaintiff argues Geico’s “unfair windfall” is unconscionable and that the 2 Court should rescind the contract by issuing a declaration that “full payment of premiums 3 is no longer required, and excessive premiums paid to date must be disgorged . . . .” (Id. 4 at ¶ 29). However, “[c]ourts should not assume an overly paternalistic attitude toward the 5 parties to a contract by relieving one or another of them of the consequences of what is at 6 worst a bad bargain . . . .” Nelson v. Rice, 12 P.3d 238, 243 (Ariz. Ct. App. 2000) (quoting 7 Dillman & Assocs., Inc. v. Capitol Leasing Co., 442 N.E.2d 311, 317 (Ill. App. Ct. 1982)). 8 Courts do not rescind a contract just because the results appear unfair in hindsight. Nelson 9 v. Rice, 12 P.3d 238, 243 (Ariz. Ct. App. 2000). 10 In addition, Plaintiff’s argument ignores the inherent risk parties take on when 11 entering into an insurance agreement. The insured necessarily accepts the risk that he will 12 have bought a policy that he will not need, and the insurer necessarily accepts the risk that 13 the insured’s claims will be higher than the premium. See Rawlings, 726 P.2d at 570 . Here, 14 the risk that Plaintiff accepted has materialized. Although Plaintiff may argue in hindsight 15 that the premium is unfair, that is not sufficient ground to show Geico has somehow 16 breached an implied duty of good faith and fair dealing. See Nelson, 12 P.3d at 243 . 17 If the Court were to accept the basis of Plaintiff’s claim, it would necessarily hold 18 that a party who has profited from a contract due to unforeseen events must pay its windfall 19 to the other party. In that case, each and every contract would be at risk of a post-hoc good 20 faith and fair dealing claim, which would corrode “the predictability that an orderly 21 commerce requires.” Sw. Sav. & Loan Ass’n, 838 P.2d at 1319 . Plaintiff tries to cabin this 22 result by claiming Geico is only required to adjust its rates when faced with a pandemic. 23 (Doc. 28 at 7 n. 3). But Plaintiff cites no authority for why the Court should accept the 24 pandemic as a special exception. Plaintiff concedes that Geico is not required to constantly 25 adjust its rates in response to risk in normal times. (Id.) The Court sees no reason why it 26 should be required to do so now. 27 Considering the surrounding circumstances of the insurance contract at issue, and 28 using its own common sense, the Court will dismiss Count I. See Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 679 1 (courts may use common sense to evaluate a claim’s plausibility); Sw. Sav. & Loan Ass’n, [2] 838 P.2d at 1321 (courts may look to context and common sense when evaluating contract 3 claims). 4 b. Frustration of Purpose 5 Count II of the FAC argues the parties entered into their agreement assuming that 6 the pandemic would not occur, and, because the pandemic did occur, Plaintiff should be 7 excused from paying part of his premiums. (Doc. 21 at ¶¶ 61–67). The Count is stylized 8 as one for “Declaratory Relief–Frustration of Purpose.” (Id.) 9 Under the frustration of purpose doctrine, a party must show four elements to 10 warrant relief. Next Gen Cap., L.L.C. v. Consumer Lending Assocs., L.L.C., 316 P.3d 598 , 11 600 (Ariz. Ct. App. 2013). First, the “frustrated purpose” must have been the party’s 12 principal purpose and understood as such by both parties. Id. Second, the frustration must 13 have been more severe than the risks assumed under the contract. Id. Third, the non14 occurrence of the frustrating event must have been an assumption on which the contract 15 was made. Id. Fourth, relief will not be granted if the loss caused by the frustrating event 16 should be placed on the party seeking relief. Id. This doctrine has been traditionally 17 applied to three circumstances: “death or incapacity of a person necessary for performance, 18 destruction of a specific thing necessary for performance, and prohibition or prevention by 19 law.” 7200 Scottsdale Rd. Gen. Partners v. Kuhn Farm Mach., Inc., 909 P.2d 408 , 412 20 (Ariz. Ct. App. 1995). 21 Geico argues Plaintiff’s frustration of purpose claim is not a proper cause of action 22 and, in the alternative, the principal purpose of the contract, insurance coverage for 23 Plaintiff’s vehicle, has not been alleged to be destroyed. (Doc. 27 at 13). Plaintiff argues 24 it may properly assert the frustration of purpose doctrine as a cause of action and that this 25 claim does not require allegations that he was unable to drive his car or that it was not 26 covered by the insurance. (Doc. 28 at 9–10). 27 The Court need not address whether Count II is a proper cause of action because 28 Plaintiff fails to show it warrants relief. The FAC fails to show the first element, that the 1 principal purpose in the agreement was frustrated. Plaintiff argues the purpose of the 2 Policy is to have “insurance at rates based on an accurate assessment of risk.” (Id. at 10). 3 While Plaintiff may have been looking for a good deal, the principal purpose in buying 4 insurance is to obtain insurance. See Rawlings, 726 P.2d at 570 (“Obviously, the insured 5 buys the company’s express agreement to pay certain types of claims. . . .”). Without any 6 allegations that his insurance coverage has been hampered, Plaintiff fails to show a claim 7 for frustration of purpose. In addition, as the Court noted above, an inherent risk in buying 8 insurance is that the world will become less risky such that any amount paid for insurance, 9 in hindsight, is too much. This known risk materialized. Therefore, Plaintiff also fails to 10 show the second element, that the frustrated purpose here is one beyond the risk that an 11 insured necessarily accepts in buying insurance. The Court will dismiss Count II. 12 c. Arizona Consumer Fraud Act 13 Count III alleges a violation of the Arizona Consumer Fraud Act (“CFA”), which 14 prohibits “misrepresentation . . . of any material fact . . . in connection with the sale or 15 advertisement of any merchandise whether or not any person has in fact been misled, 16 deceived or damaged thereby . . . .” A.R.S. § 44-1522(A). To bring a CFA clam, a plaintiff 17 must show “(1) a false promise or misrepresentation made in connection with the sale or 18 advertisement of ‘merchandise,’ and (2) consequent and proximate injury resulting from 19 the misrepresentation.” Watts v. Medicis Pharm. Corp., 365 P.3d 944, 953 (Ariz. 2016). 20 Although by statute, a plaintiff need not show he was misled, Arizona courts have held that 21 an injury in this context “occurs when the consumer relies on the misrepresentation, even 22 though reliance need not be reasonable.” Correa v. Pecos Valley Dev. Corp., 617 P.2d 23 767, 771 (Ariz. Ct. App. 1980). The misrepresentation must also be material, or “logically 24 related to the transaction in which it occurs and rationally significant to the parties in view 25 of the nature and circumstances of the transaction.” Haisch v. Allstate Ins. Co., 5 P.3d 940 , 26 944 (Ariz. Ct. App. 2000). 27 The FAC alleges that Plaintiff renewed his Policy “based on GEICO’s failure to 28 disclose to its customers the fact and amount of its excessive profits caused by COVID-19; 1 the fact that its premiums are not based on an accurate assessment of risk during COVID2 19; and the fact that its ‘GEICO Giveback’ program compares unfavorably with the refund 3 programs of all or nearly all other major auto insurers.” (Doc. 21 at ¶ 36). Plaintiff also 4 argues that Geico misled consumers when it said on its website that “[w]e know that shelter 5 in place laws have reduced driving, and we are passing these savings on to our auto, 6 motorcycle, and RV customers.” (See id. at ¶ 9; Doc. 27-1 at 32). Plaintiff argues that this 7 last statement is fraudulent because the Giveback program constituting the “15% credit[,] 8 does not actually pass GEICO’s savings on to its consumers.” (Doc. 28 at 12). 9 Geico argues all these alleged misrepresentations are immaterial. (Doc. 29 at 8–9). 10 To the extent that the alleged fraud relates to Geico’s profits, and whether its rates 11 compared favorably with other insurers, the Court finds that such alleged 12 misrepresentations are immaterial. It cannot reasonably be claimed that a company 13 commits fraud when it fails to tell consumers of its profits. This is not rationally related to 14 the question of whether an individual would choose to buy an insurance policy. See 15 Haisch, 5 P.3d at 944 . Likewise, a company that fails to tell consumers that they may get 16 better prices elsewhere cannot be reasonably said to have committed fraud. Arizona 17 maintains a competitive insurance market, which necessarily presumes consumers will 18 compare prices among firms. See A.R.S. § 20-383(B). However, if, as Plaintiff alleges, 19 Geico represented that its Giveback program was “passing on savings” commensurate with 20 the risk of driving during the pandemic, the Court finds that such a representation is 21 material to the decision to buy insurance. 22 Geico argues that its statement that it was “passing on savings” is not false or 23 deceptive because it actually instituted the Giveback program. (Doc. 27 at 13). But read 24 in the light most favorable to Plaintiff, the statement implied that Geico was passing on all 25 the savings accrued through the reduced driving. See Lee, 250 F.3d at 679 (requiring the 26 Court to interpret facts, during the motion to dismiss phase, in plaintiff’s favor). Defendant 27 also argues that, even assuming this statement is construed as deceiving, Plaintiff has not 28 alleged that he relied on it when deciding to renew his car insurance. (Doc. 27 at 15). 1 However, the FAC does allege that Plaintiff renewed his policy “as a result of GEICO’s 2 deceptive statements and omissions.” (Doc. 21 at ¶ 76). At this stage, and viewing the 3 statement in Plaintiff’s favor, such an allegation suffices to show reliance. See Lee, 250 4 F.3d at 679. Therefore, the Court will not dismiss Count III. 5 d. Unjust Enrichment 6 Count IV alleges if Geico is not liable for the other three Counts, Geico is liable for 7 unjust enrichment as an alternative cause of action. (Doc. 21 at ¶ 81). To bring an unjust 8 enrichment claim under Arizona law, a plaintiff must show: “(1) an enrichment, (2) an 9 impoverishment, (3) a connection between the enrichment and impoverishment, (4) the 10 absence of justification for the enrichment and impoverishment, and (5) the absence of a 11 remedy at law.” Murphy v. Woomer, 478 P.3d 251 , 256 (Ariz. Ct. App. 2020). “[W]here 12 there is a specific contract which governs the relationship of the parties, the doctrine of 13 unjust enrichment has no application.” Brooks v. Valley Nat. Bank, 548 P.2d 1166 , 1171 14 (Ariz. 1976). 15 Geico argues an unjust enrichment claim may not be brought because of the Policy’s 16 contract governing the parties’ relationship. (Doc. 27 at 15). In response, Plaintiff argues 17 that at the motion to dismiss phase, it is inappropriate to dismiss its unjust enrichment claim 18 that is plead in the alternative. (Doc. 28 at 14). 19 Plaintiff may certainly plead in the alternative, but alternative pleadings do not 20 automatically survive a motion to dismiss. See Brooks, 548 P.2d at 1171 (affirming trial 21 court’s decision to dismiss unjust enrichment claim where a specific contract governed the 22 relationship of the parties). Alternative claims must also allege facts showing the claim is 23 plausible. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2). 24 Here, the FAC does not allege facts giving rise to a plausible unjust enrichment 25 claim. Plaintiff plainly alleges he received insurance coverage in exchange for the payment 26 he made to Geico. (Doc. 21 at ¶ 35). This constitutes a justification for Geico’s 27 enrichment. See Adelman v. Christy, 90 F. Supp. 2d 1034, 1045 (D. Ariz. 2000) (“A theory 28 of unjust enrichment is unavailable only to a plaintiff if that plaintiff has already received 1 the benefit of her contractual bargain.”). Although the FAC states “[t]here is no 2 justification for the enrichment or the impoverishment,” (Doc. 21 at ¶ 82), this is a legal 3 conclusion that the Court need not accept, especially given that there are no other specific 4 factual allegations showing how the claim could be plausible. See Twombly, 550 U.S. at 5 555. Because Count IV lacks supporting factual allegations, the Court will dismiss it. See 6 Balistreri, 901 F.2d 699 (court may dismiss claim for absence of supporting factual 7 allegations). 8 e. Defendants GEICO Indemnity Company and GEICO General Insurance Company [9] Finally, Geico argues Defendants GEICO Indemnity Company and GEICO General [10] Insurance Company should be dismissed from the action entirely because they have no [11] contractual relationship with Plaintiff. (Doc. 27 at 16). Plaintiff argues that they are [12] properly included in this action under the “juridical link” doctrine because the FAC alleges [13] a common scheme among all three parties. (Doc. 28 at 15). This doctrine, first suggested [14] in the Ninth Circuit and adopted elsewhere, applies to class actions when “all the [15] defendants took part in a similar scheme that was sustained either by a contract or [16] conspiracy, . . . [so that] it is appropriate to join as defendants even parties with whom the [17] named class representative did not have direct contact.” Payton v. Cty. of Kane, 308 F.3d 18 673, 679 (7th Cir. 2002); see also La Mar v. H & B Novelty & Loan Co., 489 F.2d 461 , [19] 470 (9th Cir. 1973). [20] Because Plaintiff alleges fraud under the CFA, Plaintiff must show what each [21] Defendant did or did not do with particularity. Fed. R. Civ. P. 9(b); Swartz, 476 F.3d at 22 765 (holding that allegations of fraud against multiple defendants must describe the role [23] each defendant played). The FAC alleges Defendants GEICO Indemnity Company and [24] GEICO General Insurance Company are affiliated with each other and GEICO Casualty [25] Company. (Doc. 21 at ¶ 4). It also alleges they “jointly participated in[] and are jointly [26] responsible for the unlawful conduct described [in the FAC].” (Id.) Beyond these [27] assertions, the FAC fails to describe the role that GEICO Indemnity Company and GEICO [28] General Insurance Company played in the alleged fraud. As a result, the Court cannot 1 || reasonably infer a common scheme among the parties and will, therefore, dismiss them || from this action. IV. Conclusion 4 The Court will grant Geico’s Motion to Dismiss in part. The only remaining claim 5 || 1s Count III for fraud under the CFA, and the only remaining Defendant is GEICO Casualty 6 || Company. 7 Accordingly, 8 IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss (Doc. 27) is 9|| granted in part as described in this Order. The Clerk of Court shall kindly dismiss || Defendants GEICO Indemnity Company and GEICO General Insurance Company from this matter. 12 Dated this 13th day of August, 2021. [13] 14 fe — □□ 15 norable'Diang/4. Hunfetewa 16 United States District Fudge [28] -13-