Hernandez v. Maricopa County Community College District

1 WO [5] 6 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 7 FOR THE DISTRICT OF ARIZONA [8] 9 Norma V Jimenez Hernandez, No. CV-21-00742-PHX-DJH 10 Plaintiff, ORDER 11 v. 12 Maricopa County Community College District, et al., [13] Defendants. [14] 15 Pending before the Court is Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss or for a More Definite 16 Statement (Doc. 20). Pro se Plaintiff has filed a Response in Opposition (Doc. 30), and 17 Defendants have filed a Reply (Doc. 31). For the following reasons, the Court grants 18 Defendants’ Motion in part. 19 I. Background 20 Plaintiff filed her Complaint on April 26, 2021, and alleges she suffered from 21 discrimination at her former job as a professor for Estrella Mountain Community College. 22 (Doc. 1). The Complaint names Defendants Maricopa County Community College District 23 (“MCCCD”), Estrella Mountain Community College, and eight individual Defendants, 24 who appear to be members of the staff and faculty. (Id. at 2). 25 Plaintiff was hired to teach psychology in August 2013. (Id. at 3). She alleges that 26 in September 2017, the work environment became hostile when staff neglected to pay her 27 for her newly acquired position as “Honors and Phi Theta Kappa Director.” (Id.) In 28 December 2018, Plaintiff alleges she was held to a different standard than the previous 1 Honors Director, who was male, because she was required to meet with the dean more 2 often than her male predecessor. (Id.) She alleges the hostile work environment continued 3 into April 2018 when the College President renewed her contract “with concerns” but 4 declined to tell Plaintiff what those concerns were. (Id.) 5 Plaintiff subsequently filed a grievance against the College President for failing to 6 identify the concerns. (Id. at 4). Thereafter, Plaintiff alleges all Defendants “engaged in 7 retaliatory behavior . . . .” (Id.) For example, Plaintiff alleges Defendant Kathleen 8 Iudicello wrote fake student complaints and gave Plaintiff a negative performance review. 9 (Id.) Plaintiff alleges there was a subsequent investigation into the matter and, although it 10 showed no wrongdoing on Plaintiff’s part, MCCCD refused to release the investigation. 11 (Id.) Plaintiff alleges several other meritless investigations followed, including 12 “threatening emails stating that [Plaintiff] would be terminated.” (Id. at 5). 13 Finally, Plaintiff alleges she was discriminated against on the basis of sex and race 14 because a “faculty facilitator” declined to assister her in her renewing her contract with 15 MCCCD even though the facilitatory did help a white male do so. (Id.) Ultimately, 16 Plaintiff’s employment contract was not renewed in May 2019. (Id.) 17 On December 19, 2019, Plaintiff filed a Charge of Discrimination with the Arizona 18 Attorney General. (Doc. 20-1 at 3).1 Attached to the Complaint is a Notice of Right to 19 Sue issued by the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commissions (“EEOC”) on 20 January 27, 2021. (Doc. 1 at 7). 21 The Court interprets the Complaint to have raised the following claims: 22 - Violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-32 23 - Violation of A.R.S. §§ 13-2921, 23-1501, 38-532 24 - Violation of the Higher Education Act 25 1 Defendants attach a copy of the Charge of Discrimination to their Motion to Dismiss. The Court may consider this document here on a motion to dismiss as it forms part of the 26 basis of Plaintiff’s Complaint. See United States v. Ritchie, 342 F.3d 903, 908 (9th Cir. 2003). [27] 2 Although the Complaint alleges violations of 42 U.S.C. § 2000-3 , the Court will construe 28 it as § 2000e-3 as there is no provision for the former. See Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 94 (2007) (holding that pro se filings must be liberally construed). 1 - Wrongful Termination 2 - Breach of Contract 3 (Doc. 1 at 1–2). The Complaint seeks damages in the amount of $229,040. (Id. at 5). 4 Defendants move to dismiss the Complaint for failing to state a claim upon which 5 relief can be granted under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). (Doc. 20). In the 6 alternative, Defendants move for a more definite statement under Federal Rule of Civil 7 Procedure 12(e). (Id.) The Court begins by addressing the Motion to Dismiss. 8 II. Motion to Dismiss Standard 9 A motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) tests the legal sufficiency of a claim. 10 Cook v. Brewer, 637 F.3d 1002, 1004 (9th Cir. 2011). Complaints must make a short and 11 plain statement showing that the pleader is entitled to relief for its claims. Fed. R. Civ. P. 12 8(a)(2). This standard does not require “‘detailed factual allegations,’ but it demands more 13 than an unadorned, the-defendant-unlawfully-harmed-me accusation.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, [14] 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007)). 15 There must be “more than a sheer possibility that a defendant has acted unlawfully.” Id. 16 While courts do not generally require “heightened fact pleading of specifics,” a plaintiff 17 must allege facts sufficient to “raise a right to relief above the speculative level.” See 18 Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555 . A complaint must “state a claim to relief that is plausible on its 19 face.” Id. at 570 . “A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content 20 that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the 21 misconduct alleged.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 . 22 Dismissal of a complaint for failure to state a claim can be based on either the “lack 23 of a cognizable legal theory or the absence of sufficient facts alleged under a cognizable 24 legal theory.” Balistreri v. Pacifica Police Dep’t, 901 F.2d 696, 699 (9th Cir. 1990). In 25 reviewing a motion to dismiss, “all factual allegations set forth in the complaint ‘are taken 26 as true and construed in the light most favorable to the plaintiffs.’” Lee v. City of L.A., 250 27 F.3d 668, 679 (9th Cir. 2001) (quoting Epstein v. Wash. Energy Co., 83 F.3d 1136 , 1140 28 (9th Cir. 1996)). But courts are not required “to accept as true a legal conclusion couched 1 as a factual allegation.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555 (quoting Papasan v. Allain, 478 U.S. 2 265, 286 (1986)). 3 III. Discussion 4 As an initial matter, Defendants seek to dismiss Defendant Estrella Mountain 5 Community College because it is a non-jural entity. (Doc. 20 at 5). Plaintiff concedes this 6 point. (Doc. 30 at 5). Therefore, the Court will dismiss Defendant Estrella Mountain 7 Community College with prejudice. 8 Next, Defendants argue that any state-law and Title VII claims Plaintiff may bring 9 are untimely and that the Higher Education Act provides no private cause of action. The 10 Court will first address whether Plaintiff’s state-law claims are timely. Then it will address 11 Plaintiff’s federal claims under the Higher Education Act, followed by a discussion of the 12 Title VII claim. 13 a. State Law Claims and Notice of Claims 14 In Arizona, before suing a public entity or public employee for damages, a party 15 must file a notice of claim “within one hundred eighty days after the cause of action 16 accrues.” A.R.S. § 12-821.01(A). If legal notice is not served within one hundred and 17 eighty days, any state law cause of action is barred. A.R.S. § 12-821.01(A); Manriquez v. 18 City of Phoenix, 2012 WL 1985640 , at *2 n.1 (D. Ariz. June 4, 2012). (“The notice of claim 19 requirement applies only to state law claims.”). “Actual notice and substantial compliance 20 do not excuse failure to comply with the statutory requirements of A.R.S. § 12-821.01(A).” 21 Falcon ex rel. Sandoval v. Maricopa Cty., 144 P.3d 1254, 1256 (Ariz. 2006) (en banc). 22 Plaintiff makes two arguments as to why the Court should consider her state law 23 claims as timely. First, Plaintiff claims that the “chief purpose” of the notice of claim 24 statute is satisfied because Defendants had actual notice of the claim. (Doc. 30 at 7). While 25 Defendants may have had actual notice, this alone does not satisfy the statute’s 26 requirements. Falcon, 144 P.3d at 1256 . Second, Plaintiff states that in Arizona, an 27 “employer cannot assert immunities personal to its employee.” (Doc. 30 at 8–9) (citing 28 Brumbaugh v. Pet Inc., 628 P.2d 49, 50 (Ariz. Ct. App. 1981)). The Court infers from this 1 statement the argument that MCCCD may not adopt any immunities granted to its 2 employees. However, as a public entity, MCCCD is entitled to its own protections under 3 the notice of claim statute, as are the individual state employees. A.R.S. § 12-821.01(A). 4 Each Defendant has its own statutorily granted protections. 5 The Court finds Plaintiff has not shown she timely filed a notice of claim. Her state 6 law claims, therefore, will be dismissed with prejudice. This includes Plaintiff’s claims 7 under Arizona statute, the wrongful termination claim, and the breach of contract claim. 8 b. Higher Education Act Claim 9 Next, the Court considers Plaintiffs Higher Education Act (“HEA”) claim. 10 Defendants argue HEA does not provide for an express or implied private cause of action 11 against them. (Doc. 20 at 12). Plaintiff makes no argument in response. 12 The Ninth Circuit has held that HEA does not provide an express right of action, 13 except for suits involving the Secretary of Education. Parks Sch. of Bus., Inc. v. Symington, [14] 51 F.3d 1480, 1484 (9th Cir. 1995). The Ninth Circuit has also held that HEA does not 15 provide an implied cause of action for educational institutions against loan guarantee 16 programs. Id. at 1485 . 17 Although there is no case law specifically holding that HEA does not provide an 18 implied cause of action for professors against their institution, it is not necessary to analyze 19 the issue here because the Court construes Plaintiff’s failure to respond as a concession. 20 Therefore, the Court will dismiss Plaintiff’s HEA claim with prejudice. 21 c. Title VII Claim 22 The Complaint brings a Title VII claim alleging discrimination and retaliation in 23 violation of 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-3. (Doc. 1 at 1). Defendants make three arguments why 24 this claim should be dismissed. First, they argue that there is no individual liability under 25 Title VII, second, that the claims are untimely, and third, that Plaintiff failed to exhaust her 26 administrative remedies. The Court addresses each in turn. 27 i. Individual Liability 28 First, Defendants argue the Court should dismiss the individual Defendants from 1 this claim because there is no individual liability under Title VII. (Doc. 20 at 8). Indeed, 2 “individual defendants cannot be held liable for damages under Title VII . . . .” Miller v. 3 Maxwell’s Int’l Inc., 991 F.2d 583, 587 (9th Cir. 1993). Plaintiff does not dispute this. 4 Instead, Plaintiff makes the argument that Title VII claims should allow for individual 5 liability because other similar causes of action, such as a claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1981 or 6 § 1983, allow for individual liability. (Doc. 30 at 6–7). Plaintiff has not alleged any claims 7 under § 1981 or § 1983. Furthermore, in the Ninth Circuit, this issue has been decided, 8 and the Court is bound by Ninth Circuit law. See Miller, 991 F.2d at 587 (holding that 9 Title VII’s statutory scheme “that Congress did not intend to impose individual liability on 10 employees”). Therefore, the Court will dismiss the individual Defendants from Plaintiff’s 11 Title VII claim with prejudice. 12 ii. Timeliness of Claim 13 Defendants next argue that the Title VII claim against MCCCD is untimely. 14 Whether a Title VII claim is timely filed depends, in part, on the state in which the initial 15 charge of discrimination is filed. 16 In a State that has an entity with the authority to grant or seek relief with respect to the alleged unlawful practice, an employee who initially files a [17] grievance with that agency must file the charge with the EEOC within 300 18 days of the employment practice; in all other States, the charge must be filed within 180 days. [19] Nat’l R.R. Passenger Corp. v. Morgan, 536 U.S. 101, 109 (2002). [20] Defendants make the unsupported argument that the appropriate deadline in this [21] instance is 180 days. (Doc. 31 at 6). Their argument is plainly wrong. “[T]he EEOC in [22] Arizona and the Arizona Civil Rights Division have a ‘referral’ relationship, through which [23] the EEOC accepts charges of discrimination and automatically forwards them to the Civil [24] Rights Division.” Davies v. Corr. Corp. of Am., 2011 WL 317571 , at *2 (D. Ariz. Feb. 1, [25] 2011). The Supreme Court has held that this system qualifies as initially instituting [26] proceedings with the State. E.E.O.C. v. Com. Off. Prod. Co., 486 U.S. 107, 111 (1988). [27] Despite Defendants’ assertions to the contrary, the correct time limit for filing a Title VII [28] claim in Arizona is 300 days. Day v. LSI Corp., 174 F. Supp. 3d 1130, 1163 (D. Ariz. 1 2016), aff’d, 705 F. App’x 539 (9th Cir. 2017) (“The Arizona Civil Rights Division 2 enforces a law prohibiting employment discrimination; accordingly, the 300-day time limit 3 in Title VII applies to Plaintiff’s claims.”). 4 Applied to this matter, an unlawful practice must have happened between February 5 22, 2019, and December 19, 2019, when Plaintiff filed her Charge of Discrimination. 6 Defendants concede that the May 2019 decision to not renew Plaintiff’s contract falls 7 within this timeline. (Doc. 31 at 7). However, they also argue that this decision cannot 8 give rise to Plaintiff’s Title VII claim for the reason that the termination is not alleged to 9 be a continuation of harassment such that the continuing violation doctrine would apply. 10 (Doc. 31 at 8). 11 The Continuing violation doctrine applies to Title VII claims for hostile work 12 environment. Nat’l R.R. Passenger Corp. v. Morgan, 536 U.S. 101, 116 (2002). For 13 hostile work environment claims, it is immaterial “that some of the component acts of the 14 hostile work environment fall outside the statutory time period. Provided that an act 15 contributing to the claim occurs within the filing period, the entire time period of the hostile 16 environment may be considered by a court for the purposes of determining liability.” [17] Id. at 117 . 18 The Complaint alleges that Defendants created a hostile work environment in 19 September 2017 that continued until the contract was not renewed in May 2019. 20 (Doc. 1 at 3–5). Although Defendants argue the decision not to renew the contract in 2019 21 has not been explicitly alleged to be part of the continuing harassment, the Court finds that 22 the Complaint’s context plausibly states a claim for hostile work environment that includes 23 the termination. Therefore, Plaintiff’s Title VII claim for hostile work environment cannot 24 be dismissed for the reason that it falls outside the statute of limitations. 25 iii. Exhaustion of Administrative Remedies 26 Finally, Defendants argue that because Plaintiff failed to raise claims relating to 27 race, color, or religion in her charge to the EEOC, they must be dismissed with prejudice. 28 (Doc. 20 at 8–9). Plaintiff’s Charge of Discrimination alleged discrimination based on sex, 1 national origin, and retaliation. (Doc. 20-1 at 2). Plaintiff concedes that she did not present 2 any claims related to color or religion to the EEOC. (Doc. 30 at 7). However, Plaintiff 3 does argue that she presented claims related to race in her rebuttal response to the EEOC. 4 (Id.) 5 District courts only have jurisdiction over Title VII claims that are “like or 6 reasonably related” to an EEOC charge’s allegations. Sommatino v. United States, 255 7 F.3d 704 , 708 (9th Cir. 2001). Plaintiff’s claims of discrimination based on race and color 8 are reasonably related to her allegations that Defendants discriminated against her for being 9 Hispanic. But Plaintiff’s claim of discrimination based on religion is not supported by any 10 allegations in the Complaint or EEOC charge. Therefore, the Court will dismiss Plaintiff’s 11 claims to the extent they allege discrimination based on religion with prejudice. 12 IV. More Definite Statement 13 In the event that any of Plaintiff’s claims survive their Motion to Dismiss, 14 Defendants move for a more definite statement of Plaintiff’s claims. (Doc. 20 at 13). “A 15 party may move for a more definite statement of a pleading to which a responsive pleading 16 is allowed but which is so vague or ambiguous that the party cannot reasonably prepare a 17 response.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(e). The Court finds that Plaintiff’s Complaint is not so vague 18 or ambiguous that Defendants could not reasonably prepare a response. Therefore, 19 Defendants’ Motion for a more definite statement is denied. 20 V. Conclusion 21 In sum, the Court dismisses Plaintiff’s state law claims and her HEA claim with 22 prejudice. The Court also dismisses Defendant Estrella Mountain Community College 23 from this matter with prejudice. As to Plaintiff’s Title VII claim, the Court dismisses the 24 individual Defendants with prejudice, and, as there are no remaining claims against the 25 individual Defendants, the Court will dismiss them from this matter. 26 The Court denies Defendants’ request to dismiss Plaintiff’s Title VII claim in its 27 entirety. The Title VII hostile work environment claim may proceed, except it may not be 28 based upon allegations of religious discrimination. 1 Finally, the Court recommends Plaintiff review the information available in the 2|| District Court’s Handbook for Self-Represented Litigants, which is available online.° || Plaintiff is also advised of the Free Self-Service Clinic at the Phoenix courthouse.* Plaintiff 4|| should also familiarize herself with the Local Rules of Civil Procedure as well as the || Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. 6 Accordingly, 7 IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss (Doc. 20) is 8 || granted in part as set forth in this Order. Plaintiff’s state law claims and her HEA claim 9|| shall be dismissed with prejudice. Defendant Estrella Mountain Community College shall 10 || be dismissed with prejudice. Defendants Maria Harper-Marinick, Ernest Lara, Reynaldo 11 || Rivera, Heather Weber, Teofilo Ferrer, Kathleen Iudicello, Sylvia Orr, and Kelly Loucy shall be dismissed. 13 Dated this 10th day of January, 2022. [14] 15 oC. . je _ \Le 16 norable' Diang/4. Hunfetewa 17 United States District Judge [24] 25 || —————_______—_ > The Handbook may be found at http://www.azd.uscourts.gov/handbook-self-represented26 || litigants. 27|| + For information, visit the Court’s internet site at: www.azd.uscourts.gov. Proceed to the 28|| entitled Federal Court Self Service Center Phoenix.“ SUormey ane then the □□□□ -9-