Yammine v. Toolbox for HR Spolka z Ograniczona Odpowiedzialnoscia Spolka Komandytowa

1 WO — 2 — — 3 — — 4 — — 5 — 6 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 7 FOR THE DISTRICT OF ARIZONA — 8 — 9 Marco Yammine, No. CV-21-00093-PHX-MTL 10 Plaintiff, ORDER 11 v. 12 Toolbox for HR Spolka z Ograniczona Odpowiedzialnoscia Spolka Komandytowa, — 13 — Defendant. — 14 — 15 Before the Court is Plaintiff/Counter-Defendant Marco Yammine’s Motion to 16 Dismiss. (Doc. 43.) Yammine argues Counts II, IV, VI, and VII of 17 Defendant/Counterclaimant Toolbox for HR Spόlka z Ograniczoną Odpowiedzialnoṡcią 18 Spόlka Komandytowa’s (“TB4HR”) First Amended Counterclaim fail for lack of personal 19 jurisdiction. He also argues Counts I, II, IV, VI, and VII fail to state a claim upon which 20 relief can be granted. (Id.) 21 Yammine and TB4HR dispute ownership of the website domain for CV Timeline 22 (the “Domain”). The Domain is registered with GoDaddy, a company located in Arizona. 23 (Doc. 1 at ¶ 7.) This dispute was originally adjudicated as an administrative proceeding 24 pursuant to the Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy (“UDRP”) where 25 Yammine was ordered to transfer the Domain to TB4HR. (Id. at ¶¶ 5, 26.) In compliance 26 with UDRP, Yammine filed in this jurisdiction to prevent the transfer of the Domain. (Id. 27 at ¶¶ 27–28; Doc. 35 at ¶ 56.) For the following reasons, the Motion is granted in part and 28 denied in part. 1 I. BACKGROUND 2 TB4HR is a software company based in Warsaw, Poland. TB4HR’s software is 3 designed to help international tech companies recruit technology professionals. (Doc. 35 4 at ¶¶ 10–11.) Yammine also resides in Poland. (Doc. 43-1 at ¶ 3.) Yammine’s relationship 5 with TB4HR began in March 2018. (Id. at ¶ 17.) Though the exact nature of that 6 relationship is disputed, the parties agree Yammine was tasked with developing the 7 precursor to the CV Timeline product. (Id.; Doc. 1 at ¶ 8.) 8 Before 2018, TB4HR “conducted research and development into automating the 9 work of recruiters with enhancements in artificial intelligence.” (Doc. 35 at ¶ 15.) This 10 research led TB4HR to believe that “there are patterns that could be followed up on to 11 make enhanced prognostications that accurately identify when a tech professional may be 12 interested in changing their job.” (Id.) With this research, TB4HR created a new service 13 and product, first naming it “Mageekz” and later renaming it to “CV Timeline”. (Id. at ¶ 14 16.) 15 While developing the product, Yammine and other TB4HR employees had the idea 16 to present resumes on a timeline, which they named “Mageekz for Recruiters.” (Doc. 35 at 17 ¶ 21.) Yammine contends he was the one who came up with this idea, and he and the CEO 18 of TB4HR verbally agreed to develop a product together. (Doc. 1 at ¶ 9.) But TB4HR 19 asserts that Yammine coded Mageekz for Recruiters as part of his job pursuant to a 20 contractor agreement. (Doc. 35 at ¶ 21.) TB4HR began marketing Mageekz for Recuriters 21 in September 2018 through social media. (Id.) 22 Around that time, the parties renamed Mageekz for Recruiters to CV Timeline. (Id.) 23 at ¶ 22.) TB4HR alleges that it then tasked Yammine with creating a website to market the 24 product. (Id. at ¶ 23.) But Yammine contends TB4HR never showed interest in the new 25 venture, and he took full responsibility getting the project started. (Doc. 1 at ¶ 10.) So, in 26 September 2018, Yammine registered the CVTimeline.com website (the “Domain”) with 27 GoDaddy. (Id. at ¶ 11; Doc. 35 at ¶ 23.) Yammine maintains that the “Domain Name was 28 registered separate and apart from the Mageekz Project for a venture independent of, and 1 unrelated to, TB4HR.” (Doc. 1 at ¶ 12.) TB4HR states that Yammine began advertising the 2 Domain on LinkedIn on behalf of TB4HR. (Doc. 35 at ¶ 23.) In December 2018, TB4HR 3 fully employed Yammine as Vice President of Research and Development. (Id. at ¶ 27.) 4 Yammine states that he was hired for a project unrelated to CV Timeline. (Doc. 1 at ¶ 13.) 5 In January 2020, in a discussion with a coworker about intellectual property, 6 Yammine stated that he owned the Domain. (Doc. 35-3 at 2.) Yammine then founded a 7 new company called “CVT spolka z ograniczona odpowiedzialnoscia” and listed the 8 Domain as the company’s web address. (Id. at ¶ 35–36.) TB4HR did not find out about 9 Yammine’s activities until late May 2020. (Doc. 35 at ¶ 39.) In June 2020, TB4HR fired 10 Yammine. (Id. at ¶ 43.) TB4HR alleges that Yammine and other employees wrongfully 11 controlled the Domain and were double-dealing. (Id. at ¶ 35.) One year later, Yammine 12 went into business with a Swiss technology company to sell the CV Timeline product. (Id. 13 at ¶ 47.) 14 In October 2020, TB4HR commenced a World Intellectual Property Organization 15 (“WIPO”) arbitration as an attempt to regain control of the Domain. (Id. at ¶ 56.) Late 16 December 2020, a WIPO panelist determined the Domain belonged to TB4HR and ordered 17 that it be transferred to TB4HR. (Id.) The UDRP allows a defendant to file an action within 18 10 business days to prevent the WIPO-ordered transfer. (Id.; Doc. 1 at ¶ 27.) Accordingly, 19 Yammine had to commence an action specifically in this district to stop the transfer. (Doc. 20 1 at ¶ 27.) 21 Yammine filed the Complaint against TB4HR in January 2021, and seeks, inter alia, 22 declaratory relief. (Id. at ¶ 1.) TB4HR then filed the First Amended Answer and seven 23 counterclaims. (Doc. 35.) In the pending Motion, Yammine moves to dismiss four of the 24 seven counterclaims against him for lack of personal jurisdiction and, in the alternative, 25 five of the seven counterclaims for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. 26 Yammine does not challenge the exercise of personal jurisdiction over Count I 27 (Cyberpiracy), Count III (Declaratory Relief), and Count V (Conversion) of the 28 counterclaims. (Doc. 44 at 7 n.1.) 1 II. LEGAL STANDARDS 2 A. Rule 12(b)(2) 3 Under Rule 12(b)(2) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, a defendant may move, 4 “prior to trial, to dismiss the complaint for lack of personal jurisdiction.” Data Disc, Inc. 5 v. Sys. Tech. Assocs., Inc., 557 F.2d 1280, 1285 (9th Cir. 1977). The plaintiff bears the 6 burden to show that an exercise of jurisdiction is proper. Ziegler v. Indian River Cnty., 64 7 F.3d 470, 473 (9th Cir. 1995). Here, the plaintiff “need only make a prima facie showing 8 of jurisdictional facts.” Sher v. Johnson, 911 F.2d 1357, 1361 (9th Cir. 1990) (internal 9 citation omitted). When examining whether there is a prima facie showing of jurisdictional 10 facts, any “uncontroverted allegations in [the complaint] must be taken as true, and 11 conflicts between the facts contained in the parties’ affidavits must be resolved in 12 [plaintiff’s] favor.” AT&T Co. v. Compagnie Bruxelles Lambert, 94 F.3d 586 , 588 (9th Cir. 13 1996) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). 14 B. Rule 12(b)(6) 15 To survive a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim, a complaint must contain 16 “a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief” such 17 that the defendant is given “fair notice of what the . . . claim is and the grounds upon which 18 it rests.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007) (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 19 8(a)(2); Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41, 47 (1957)). Dismissal under Rule 12(b)(6) “can be 20 based on the lack of a cognizable legal theory or the absence of sufficient facts alleged 21 under a cognizable legal theory.” Balistreri v. Pacifica Police Dep’t, 901 F.2d 696 , 699 22 (9th Cir. 1988). A complaint should not be dismissed “unless it appears beyond doubt that 23 the plaintiff can prove no set of facts in support of the claim that would entitle it to relief.” 24 Williamson v. Gen. Dynamics Corp., 208 F.3d 1144, 1149 (9th Cir. 2000). 25 The Court must accept material allegations in the complaint as true and construe 26 them in the light most favorable to the plaintiff. North Star Int’l v. Ariz. Corp. Comm’n, — 27 — 720 F.2d 578, 580 (9th Cir. 1983). “Indeed, factual challenges to a plaintiff’s complaint 28 have no bearing on the legal sufficiency of the allegations under Rule 12(b)(6).” Lee v. City 1 of Los Angeles, 250 F.3d 668, 688 (9th Cir. 2001). Review of a Rule 12(b)(6) motion is 2 “limited to the content of the complaint.” North Star Int’l, 720 F.2d at 581 . 3 III. DISCUSSION 4 A. Personal Jurisdiction 5 Yammine challenges this Court’s exercise of personal jurisdiction over half of the 6 counterclaims against him. He asserts that the four counterclaims at issue are “unrelated” 7 to his act of registering the Domain with GoDaddy, which is headquartered in Arizona, and 8 that act alone is insufficient to support personal jurisdiction. (Doc. 44 at 8–15.) TB4HR 9 argues that Yammine has consented to personal jurisdiction over any potential 10 counterclaims because Yammine invoked this Court’s jurisdiction by filing his initial 11 complaint. (Doc. 55 at 12–14.) 12 “Once a plaintiff invokes the jurisdiction of a federal court by filing a complaint, 13 the court maintains jurisdiction over the plaintiff for all subsequent proceedings, including 14 all counterclaims asserted against the plaintiff.” Verve LLC v. Hypercom Corp., No. CV15 05-0365-PHX-FJM, 2006 WL 8441358 , at *4 (D. Ariz. June 13, 2006); see also Leman v. 16 Krentler-Arnold Hinge Last Co., 284 U.S. 448, 451 (1932) (finding jurisdiction existed 17 because the plaintiff, upon bringing suit in federal district court, “submitted itself to the 18 jurisdiction of the court with respect to all the issues embraced in the suit, including those 19 pertaining to the counterclaim of the defendants”). Stated differently, a plaintiff who avails 20 himself of the district court consents to the district court’s personal jurisdiction over the 21 counterclaims against him. 22 Yammine invoked the jurisdiction of this Court by filing his complaint against 23 TB4HR here in the District of Arizona. Schnabel v. Lui, 302 F.3d 1023, 1037 (9th Cir. 24 2002) (“[P]laintiffs who avail themselves of the district court consent to personal 25 jurisdiction.”). Accordingly, the Court maintains jurisdiction over all subsequent 26 proceedings “embraced in the suit”—including all of TB4HR’s counterclaims. Leman, 248 27 U.S. at 451. Yammine argues that he filed in this District because it was “the exclusive 28 jurisdiction in which Plaintiff could stop the UDRP decision from taking effect” to contest 1 personal jurisdiction. (Doc. 44 at 12 (emphasis omitted).) How Yammine came to file in 2 this District does not change the fact that Yammine filed in this District, invoked the 3 jurisdiction of this District, and consented to personal jurisdiction in this District. 4 Yammine and TB4HR further debate the relatedness of the claims to Yammine’s 5 initial complaint. The crux of Yammine’s argument is that four of TB4HR’s counterclaims 6 against him are “unrelated” to the underlying claim. (Id. at 8, 10, 12, 15.) TB4HR argues 7 that all of its counterclaims “relate to the same core controversy over the Domain.” (Doc. 8 55 at 13 n.3.) Regardless of whether the counterclaims are compulsory or permissive, this 9 Court has jurisdiction. 6 Charles Alan Wright, Arthur Miller and Mary Kay Kane (“Wright 10 & Miller”), Federal Practice and Procedure § 1424 (“In general, if defendant interposes a 11 permissive counterclaim, plaintiff cannot object that the court lacks personal jurisdiction 12 or that venue is improper for purposes of adjudicating the claim.”); Wright & Miller, 13 § 1416 (“Plaintiff may not object that the court lacks personal jurisdiction or that venue is 14 improper for purposes of adjudicating a compulsory counterclaim that defendant has 15 interposed. By choosing a particular forum in which to seek affirmative relief, plaintiff 16 effectively waives any objections to that forum based on personal inconvenience.”). 17 Because Yammine filed the underlying complaint in this district, he may not contest 18 jurisdiction against any counterclaims filed against him, whether they are permissive or 19 compulsory. Thus, this Court denies Yammine’s motion for lack of personal jurisdiction 20 as to Counts II, IV, VI and VII. 21 B. Failure to State a Claim 22 Yammine alternatively moves to dismiss Counts I, II, IV, VI, and VII of TB4HR’s 23 First Amended Counterclaim for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. 24 (Doc. 44 at 7.)1 — 25 — 1 TB4HR suggests that Yammine did not fully comply with LRCiv 12.1(c) in filing this 26 motion to dismiss because the motion “omits the certification of the pre-motion meet and confer process.” (Doc. 55 at 9, n.10.) But Yammine did not omit the LRCiv. 12.1(c) — 27 — certification; it was attached to the Memorandum in Support of Plaintiff’s Motion to 28 Dismiss. (Doc. 44 at 25.) Thus, Yammine fully complied with the 12.1(c) certification requirements and the Court, in its discretion, will not summarily dismiss Yammine’s 1 1. Cyberpiracy (Count I) and Trademark Infringement (Count II) 2 TB4HR brings a counterclaim for cyberpiracy under the Anti-Cybersquatting 3 Consumer Protection Act (“ACPA”). 15 U.S.C. § 1125 (d). To state a claim under the 4 ACPA, a plaintiff must allege: “that (1) the defendant registered, trafficked in, or used a 5 domain name; (2) the domain name is identical or confusingly similar to a protected mark 6 owned by the plaintiff; and (3) the defendant acted with bad faith intent to profit from that 7 mark.” DPST Int’l., Inc. v. Nahum, 624 F.3d 1213 , 1218–19 (9th Cir. 2010). Additionally, 8 TB4HR brings a counterclaim for trademark infringement under 15 U.S.C. § 1125 (a). In 9 this case, a plaintiff must prove “(1) that it held a valid protectable mark and (2) that the 10 defendant is using a mark confusingly similar.” Cont’l Promotion Grp., Inc. v. Garvin, No. 11 CV-08-0070-PHX-SRB, 2008 WL 11338887 , at *11 (D. Ariz. Mar. 8, 2008) (internal 12 quotations omitted). Yammine contends that Counts I and II must be dismissed because 13 TB4HR “does not allege any information that would demonstrate trademark rights in its 14 alleged unregistered trademark.” (Doc. 44 at 18.) No other elements of the claims are 15 contested, and it is undisputed that the trademark—here, CV Timeline—is unregistered. 16 Protectable ownership interests are established in an unregistered trademark if the 17 mark has been used in commerce. Adams v. Hartz Mountain Corp., No. C14-1174RSL, — 18 — 2014 WL 7151781 , at *3 (D. Ariz. Dec. 14, 2014). To show commercial use, a party must 19 prove (1) that it actually adopted and used the mark in commerce before it was registered 20 by another party and (2) the use of the mark was continuous and not interrupted. Dep’t of 21 Parks & Recreation for State of Cal. v. Bazaar Del Mundo Inc., 448 F.3d 1118 , 1125–26 22 (9th Cir. 2006). Protectable ownership interests vest in an unregistered trademark upon a 23 single instance of commercial use, “so long as the use demonstrate[s] both adoption of the 24 mark[] and use in a way sufficiently public to identify or distinguish the marked goods in 25 an appropriate segment of the public mind as [that] of the adopter of the mark.” Adams, — 26 — 2014 WL 7151781 , at *3. — 27 — 28 12(b)(6) Motion. 1 Here, TB4HR has alleged facts sufficient to raise a plausible inference it has a 2 protectable interest in the unregistered mark because TB4HR used CV Timeline 3 continuously in commerce since the mark’s inception. See id. (finding the plaintiff alleged 4 facts sufficient to raise a plausible inference of a protectable ownership interest in a mark 5 because the plaintiff used the mark in commerce). TB4HR alleged that the CV Timeline 6 mark was “put into immediate use in commerce broadly and universally across the United 7 States and the world,” that it has been used to sell its service on social media since 2018, 8 and $1 million was spent in development and marketing of the mark. (Doc. 35 at ¶¶ 22, 24, 9 65, 71.) Thus, TB4HR has sufficiently stated a claim to survive a 12(b)(6) motion, and 10 Yammine’s Motion to dismiss Counts I and II is denied. 11 2. Misappropriation and Threatened Misappropriation of Trade 12 Secrets (Count IV) 13 Yammine challenges TB4HR’s counterclaim for misappropriation of trade secrets 14 under the Defend Trade Secrets Act (“DTSA”) because TB4HR “has not pled what its trade 15 secrets are or their economic value.” (Doc. 44 at 13.) 18 U.S.C. §§ 1832 , 1836 et seq. To 16 state a claim under the DTSA, a plaintiff must allege: “(1) that the plaintiff possessed a 17 trade secret, (2) that the defendant misappropriated the trade secret; and (3) that the 18 misappropriation caused or threatened damage to the plaintiff.” InteliClear, LLC v. ETC 19 Glob. Holdings, Inc., 978 F.3d 653 , 657–58 (9th Cir. 2020). Besides the existence of a 20 trade secret, no other elements are contested. 21 Under the DTSA, a trade secret is defined as “financial, business, scientific, 22 technical, economic, or engineering information” that the owner takes reasonable measures 23 to keep secret and the information derives independent economic value from being a secret. — 24 — 18 U.S.C. § 1839 (3). The DTSA has an expansive definition of trade secret; a plaintiff 25 meets the Iqbal pleading standard even by alleging broad categories of confidential 26 information. Physics, Material, and Applied Mathematics Rsch. LLC v. Yeak, No. CV-2027 00379-TUC-JCH, 2021 WL 2557398 , at *6 (D. Ariz. May 3, 2021) (holding allegations of 28 “trade secrets embodied in written materials, drawings, computer codes, processes, 1 procedures, equipment, list of suppliers, customers, and contacts regarding specific 2 categories of laser systems” are sufficient to survive a 12(b)(6) motion) (internal quotations 3 omitted); see also W.L. Gore & Assocs., Inc. v. GI Dynamics, Inc., No. CV-10-8088-PHX4 GMS, 2010 WL 5184254 , at *8 (D. Ariz. Dec. 15, 2010) (holding allegations of “market 5 studies, financial information, manufacturing methods, and . . . future plans, which were 6 not published in the patent applications” are sufficient to survive a 12(b)(6) motion). A 7 plaintiff is not required to plead with such specificity as to reveal the trade secret. Physics, 8 Material, and Applied Mathematics Rsch., 2021 WL 2557398 , at *6. 9 TB4HR alleged its trade secrets “include both knowhow and negative knowhow 10 regarding creating, marketing, selling, designing, updating, and using the software and 11 service comprising CV Timeline” and “[t]he internal workings and design of the 12 CVTimeline Domain and software are also themselves trade secrets.” (Doc. 35 at ¶¶ 81– 13 82.) TB4HR also alleges it “conducted research and development into automating the work 14 of recruiters with enhancements in artificial intelligence,” and had found “indication[s] that 15 there are patterns that could be followed up on to make enhanced prognostications that 16 accurately identify when a tech professional may be interested in changing their job.” (Id. 17 at ¶ 15.) These allegations surpass the pleading standard set forth in Iqbal and refined in 18 Physics, Material, and Applied Mathematics Research, and it is plausible that an entity 19 outside of TB4HR would not have knowledge of TB4HR’s software design. Therefore, 20 these allegations are sufficient to state a trade secret. 21 Yammine also contends that the TB4HR’s allegations “make bare bones 22 statements” about how its trade secrets derive economic value. (Doc. 44 at 20.) Trade 23 secrets have independent economic value when their actual or potential value derives from 24 being kept secret. 18 U.S.C. § 1839 (3)(B). This value is determined from “the degree to 25 which the secret information confers a competitive advantage on its owner.” Attia v. 26 Google LLC, 983 F.3d 420 , 426 (9th Cir. 2020). As a result, the parties may prove 27 independent economic value via “circumstantial evidence of the resources invested in 28 producing the information, the precautions taken to protects its secrecy, and the willingness 1 of others to pay for its access.” Joshua David Mellberg LLC v. Will, 96 F.Supp.3d 953 , 2 973–74 (D. Ariz. Mar. 30, 2015) (internal quotation marks omitted). 3 Here, TB4HR’s allegations of protective measures are sufficient to show that its 4 trade secrets derive economic value. For example, TB4HR pleaded that its trade secrets are 5 “subject to extensive efforts to maintain secrecy and confidentiality” such as requiring 6 employees and contractors to sign confidentiality agreements and restricting access to 7 confidential information to limited subset of people. (Doc. 35 at ¶ 80.) Moreover, TB4HR 8 employs technical safeguards of data encryption and password protection corresponding to 9 a user’s role in the company. (Id.) And “everyone who would possible obtain confidential 10 information, third parties, contractors, and/or employees would all have to sign 11 confidentiality agreements first.” (Id. at 13, n.3.) These assertions, coupled with allegations 12 that TB4HR is in a “niche market,” are enough for TB4HR to survive a 12(b)(6) motion to 13 dismiss on this claim. (Id. at ¶¶ 11–13.) Yammine’s Motion to dismiss Count IV is denied. 14 3. Tortious Interference With Prospective Economic Advantage 15 (Count VI) 16 TB4HR also alleges a counterclaim for tortious interference with prospective 17 economic advantage. (Id. at ¶¶ 98–107.) For this claim, a plaintiff must allege: “(1) the 18 existence of a valid contractual relationship or business expectancy, (2) the interferer’s 19 knowledge of the relationship or expectancy, (3) intentional interference inducing or 20 causing a breach or termination of the relationship or expectancy, and (4) resultant damage 21 to the party whose relationship or expectancy has been disrupted.” FLP, LLC v. Wolf, No. 22 CV17-0214 PHX DGC, 2017 WL 4699490 , at *2 (D. Ariz. Oct. 19, 2017). Yammine 23 contends that TB4HR fails to meet the first element. By referring only to its “potential 24 customers” and “people who may want to do business with TB4HR,” Yammine argues 25 TB4HR failed to allege the existence of a business expectancy. (Doc. 44 at 21–22; Doc. 26 35 at ¶¶ 100, 104.) 27 “A claim for tortious interference with a business expectancy is insufficient unless 28 the plaintiff alleges facts showing the expectancy constitutes more than a mere hope.” 1 Crestwood Capital Corp. v. Andes Industries, Inc., No. CV-15-00600-PHX-NVW, 2016 2 WL 3457952 , at *19 (D. Ariz. June 24, 2016) (internal citation omitted).2 When the 3 business expectancy applies to a group of people, courts have permitted a “plaintiff to 4 allege an expectancy with a class of individuals,” so long as the group is specifically 5 identifiable. Dube v. Likins, 216 Ariz. 406, 414, ¶ 20 (Ct. App. 2007). Thus, business 6 expectancy does not have to be measured by particular relations, instead it “can be 7 measured by looking to a background of business experience rather than a particular 8 relationship.” Pettit v. Ariz. Bd. of Regents, No. CV 05-2922-PHX-ROS, 2006 WL 9 8422926, at *5 (D. Ariz. Aug. 28, 2006) (internal citation and quotation omitted) (finding 10 a business expectancy when plaintiff allege defendant “deprived [Plaintiff] of future patent 11 and licensing income”). 12 TB4HR’s complaint states that “Yammine knew at all relevant times TB4HR was 13 attempting to negotiate with and obtain customers in the United States, and beyond, for 14 [CV Timeline].” (Doc. 35 at ¶ 99.) As a result, TB4HR alleged Yammine interfered with 15 “potential customers” and “people who may want to do business with TB4HR.” (Id. at ¶¶ 16 100, 104.) Even with TB4HR’s reference to a targeted advertising campaign, this is not 17 enough to prove its business expectancy constitutes more than a “mere hope.” (Id. at ¶ 23.) 18 Crestwood Capital Corp., 2016 WL 3457952 , at *19; see also Dube, 216 Ariz. at 414 19 (“Although the tort of tortious interference with a business expectancy covers situations 20 that the tort of intentional interference with a contract does not, the former has only been 21 available in those situations where the plaintiff can identify the specific relationship with 22 which the defendant interfered.”). 23 TB4HR has not proven a specific relationship with any of its potential customers. 24 TB4HR relies on a string of inapposite cases in unrelated areas or unrelated prongs of the 25 tortious interference test to attempt to prove that potential customers can create a business — 26 — 2 Different standards govern a business expectancy versus contractual relationship. Rebath 27 LLC v. HD Solutions LLC, No. CV-19-04873-PHX-JJT, 2020 WL 4514934 , at *2 (D. Ariz. Sep. 18, 2020). TB4HR and Yammine only brief the business expectancy standard, and no 28 facts supporting a contractual relationship exist in this record. Accordingly, the Court applies the business expectancy standard. 1 expectancy; this is unavailing. (Doc. 55 at 24 n.17.) E.g., Stoyanof v. Crocodiles Not 2 Waterlillies, L.L.C., No. CV 11-00384 HWG, 2012 WL 13024085 , at *10 (D. Ariz. Feb. 3 16, 2012) (intentional interference with a business expectancy is not a substitute for 4 defamation); Sunshine Media Grp., Inc. v. Goldberg, No. CV-10-0761-PHX-DGC, 2010 5 WL 2899081 , at *6–*7 (D. Ariz. July 22, 2010) (focusing on whether the interference was 6 improper, not if a business expectancy existed); Antwerp Diamond Exch. of Am., Inc. v. 7 Better Bus. Bureau of Maricopa Cty., Inc., 130 Ariz. 523, 530 (1981) (considering whether 8 the defendant had specific intent to interfere with a business relationship, not if the 9 customers constituted a business expectancy); Mach 1 Air Servs., Inc. v. Garcia, No. CV10 08-0911-PHX-FJM, 2008 WL 3200777 , at *1 (D. Ariz. Aug. 6, 2008) (addressing a claim 11 for tortious interference with existing and prospective contractual relations, not business 12 expectancy). Thus, TB4HR’s reference to “potential customers” and “people who may 13 want to do business with TB4HR” is not enough to establish a business expectancy. (Doc. 14 35 at ¶¶ 98–107.) Yammine’s Motion to dismiss Count VI is granted. 15 4. Breach of Fiduciary Duties (Count VII) 16 Yammine asserts TB4HR’s counterclaim for breach of fiduciary duties must be 17 dismissed because Yammine resides in Poland, so the application of Arizona law is 18 “complete overreach.” (Doc. 44 at 22–23.) TB4HR advocates for the application of 19 Arizona law because Yammine registered the Domain in Arizona “in violation of the 20 loyalties he owed to [TB4HR].” (Doc. 55 at 24–25.) “To properly plead a claim for breach 21 of fiduciary duty a party must show: (1) the existence of a fiduciary duty, (2) its breach, 22 and (3) damages resulting from the breach.” Where Yammine resides and where the 23 conduct occurred has no significance in the Court’s fiduciary duty analysis. See Wine Educ. 24 Council v. Arizona Rangers, No. CV-19-02235-PHX-SMB, 2020 WL 7352632 , at *7 (D. 25 Ariz. Dec. 15, 2020) (listing the elements of a breach of fiduciary duty claim, but not listing 26 the situs of the conduct). Yammine cites no law in support of his assertion that a breach of 27 fiduciary duty claim turns on where the conduct occurred. Additionally, as the parties gave 28 no written notice of intent to raise an issue of foreign law, this Court is under no obligation 1 || to apply any other law. MCA, Inc. v. U.S., 685 F.2d 1099, n.12 (9th Cir. 1982). TB4HR □□ and Yammine have not provided such written intent, so this Court looks to Arizona as the || forum state to determine what fiduciary duties Yammine owed. See id. 4 Yammine also contends that TB4HR has not alleged any actual harm. But TB4HR || alleged it projected to make $5 million in profit “using the Service and Mark, but due to || the consumer-confusing activities of Yammine through the Domain and in his dilution of || the Mark, they have been unable to profit at all.” (Doc. 35 at 9 50.) Thus, TB4HR alleged || harm sufficient to survive Yammine’s motion to dismiss. As such, Yammine’s motion to 9|| dismiss Count VII is denied. 10] IV. CONCLUSION 11 Accordingly, 12 IT IS ORDERED denying Plaintiff/Counter-Defendant Marco Yammine’s Motion 13 || to Dismiss Counts II, IV, VI, and VII of Defendant/Counter-Plaintiff TB4HR’s 14 || Counterclaim for lack of personal jurisdiction. (Doc. 43.) 15 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED denying Plaintiff/Counter-Defendant Marco 16 || Yammine’s Motion to Dismiss Counts I, I, VI, and VII for failure to state a claim. (Doc. 17}} 43.) 18 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED granting Plaintiff/Counter-Defendant Marco || Yammine’s Motion to Dismiss Count IV for failure to state a claim. (Doc. 43.) 20 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED TB4RR shall have seven days from the date of this order to file an amended Counterclaim in conformance with the requirements set forth in □□ this Order. 23 IT IS FINALLY ORDERED denying Defendant/Counter-Plaintiff TB4HR’s 24 || request for jurisdictional discovery. (Doc. 55 at 9, n.8.) 25 Dated this 11th day of March, 2022. 26 . WMichak T. dburdle Michael T. Liburdi 28 United States District Judge -13-