Wood v. Costco Wholesale Corporation

1 WO [5] 6 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 7 FOR THE DISTRICT OF ARIZONA [8] 9 Marlene Wood, No. CV-21-00605-PHX-JJT 10 Plaintiff, ORDER 11 v. 12 Costco Wholesale Corporation, et al., 13 Defendants. [14] 15 At issue is Defendant Costco Wholesale Corporation’s (“Costco”) Motion for 16 Summary Judgment (Doc. 19, Mot.), to which Plaintiff filed a Response (Doc. 25, Resp.), 17 and Defendant filed a Reply (Doc. 27, Reply). The Court finds this matter suitable for 18 resolution without oral argument. See LRCiv 7.2(f). 19 I. BACKGROUND 20 On March 12, 2019, Plaintiff was injured after she slipped on wet concrete outside 21 of Defendant’s warehouse, under its “large covered patio.” (Doc. 20, Defendant’s 22 Statement of Facts (“DSOF”) ¶ 1; Doc. 26, Plaintiff’s Separate Statement of Facts 23 (“PSOF”) ¶¶ 1-3.) There is surveillance video footage of Plaintiff’s fall, which shows that 24 the parking lot pavement was wet from rain, and that it was raining at the time of Plaintiff’s 25 fall. (DSOF ¶¶ 3-4; PSOF ¶ 3.) Additionally, weather data shows that it was raining on 26 March 12, 2019, in the area of Buckeye Arizona, where Defendant’s subject warehouse is 27 located. (DSOF ¶ 9.)1 However, Plaintiff suggests that while “it is possible that rain may 28 1 The Court may take judicial notice of the fact that it was raining on the day of Plaintiff’s fall. A fact is appropriate for judicial notice if it is “not subject to reasonable dispute 1 have been falling out in the parking lot, there is nothing to suggest that rain was falling 2 where Plaintiff slipped and fell, 10-15 feet within the vestibule2. (PSOF ¶ 6.) Defendant 3 also asserts, and Plaintiff disputes, that the video shows Plaintiff entering the covered patio 4 area from the wet parking lot with her umbrella open, and it subsequently shows her wet 5 shoes causing her to slip and fall. (DSOF ¶ 5.) Plaintiff contends that whether her shoes 6 caused her to fall is a contested assertion, requiring resolution by a trier of fact. (PSOF ¶ 5.) 7 On March 10, 2021, Plaintiff brought suit against Defendant in Maricopa County 8 Superior Court, alleging respondeat superior, premises liability, and negligence claims. 9 (Doc. 1, Compl. ¶¶ 19-33.) Defendant removed the case to this Court pursuant to 28 U.S.C. 10 §§ 1332, 1441, and 1446. On October 12, 2021, Defendant moved for summary judgment, 11 arguing that Plaintiff’s claims fail as a matter of law because it owed no duty to Plaintiff. 12 (See generally Mot.) The Court now resolves each aspect of Defendant’s Motion. 13 II. LEGAL STANDARD 14 Under Rule 56(c) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, summary judgment is 15 appropriate when: (1) the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material 16 fact; and (2) after viewing the evidence most favorably to the non-moving party, the 17 movant is entitled to prevail as a matter of law. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56; Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, [18] 477 U.S. 317, 322-23 (1986); Eisenberg v. Ins. Co. of N. Am., 815 F.2d 1285, 1288-89 (9th 19 Cir. 1987). Under this standard, “[o]nly disputes over facts that might affect the outcome 20 of the suit under governing [substantive] law will properly preclude the entry of summary 21 judgment.” Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986). A “genuine issue” [23] because it . . . can be accurately and readily determined from sources whose accuracy 24 cannot reasonably be questioned.” Fed. R. Evid. 201(b). A court may properly take judicial notice regarding the state of the weather at a particular time. Wilson v. Amneal 25 Pharmaceuticals, LLC, 2013 WL 6909930 , at *5 (D. Idaho Dec. 31, 2013) (recognizing that it is appropriate to take judicial notice of facts such as it was or was not “raining on a 26 given date according to weather data.”). Defendant cites data from the National Weather Service, which shows that areas that neighbor Buckeye received between 0.67 and 0.75 27 inches of rain that day. (DSOF ¶ 9.) 28 2 The parties use the terms “vestibule” and “covered patio” to refer to the location of Plaintiff’s fall. The Court uses these terms interchangeably. 1 of material fact arises only “if the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a 2 verdict for the nonmoving party.” Id. 3 In considering a motion for summary judgment, the court must regard as true the 4 non-moving party’s evidence, if it is supported by affidavits or other evidentiary material. 5 Celotex, 477 U.S. at 324 ; Eisenberg, 815 F.2d at 1289 . However, the non-moving party 6 may not merely rest on its pleadings; it must produce some significant probative evidence 7 tending to contradict the moving party’s allegations, thereby creating a material question 8 of fact. Anderson, 477 U.S. at 256-57 (holding that the plaintiff must present affirmative 9 evidence in order to defeat a properly supported motion for summary judgment); First Nat’l 10 Bank of Ariz. v. Cities Serv. Co., 391 U.S. 253, 289 (1968). 11 “A summary judgment motion cannot be defeated by relying solely on conclusory 12 allegations unsupported by factual data.” Taylor v. List, 880 F.2d 1040, 1045 (9th Cir. 13 1989). “Summary judgment must be entered ‘against a party who fails to make a showing 14 sufficient to establish the existence of an element essential to that party’s case, and on 15 which that party will bear the burden of proof at trial.’” United States v. Carter, 906 F.2d 16 1375, 1376 (9th Cir. 1990) (quoting Celotex, 477 U.S. at 322 ). 17 III. ANALYSIS 18 A. Plaintiff Cannot Show that Defendant Owed her a Duty 19 “‘To establish a claim for negligence, a plaintiff must prove . . . : (1) a duty requiring 20 the defendant to conform to a certain standard of care; (2) a breach by the defendant of that 21 standard; (3) a causal connection between the defendant’s conduct and the resulting injury; 22 and (4) actual damages.’” Diaz v. Phx. Lubrication Serv., Inc., 230 P.3d 718, 721 (Ariz. 23 Ct. App. 2010) (quoting Gipson v. Kasey, 150 P.3d 228, 230 (Ariz. 2007)). In Arizona, 24 landowners have a duty to business invitees to maintain their property in a reasonably safe 25 manner. See Nicoletti v. Westcor, Inc., 639 P.2d 330, 332 (Ariz. 1982). However, a business 26 owner is not required to guarantee absolute safety. See McMurty v. Weatherford Hotel, 27 Inc., 293 P.3d 520, 528 (Ariz. Ct. App. 2013). “Whether the defendant owes the plaintiff a 28 duty of care is a threshold issue; absent some duty, an action for negligence cannot be 1 maintained.” Gipson, 150 P.3d at 230 (citation omitted). The question of duty is usually 2 decided by the trial court as a matter of law. Wilson v. U.S. Elevator Corp., 972 P.2d 235 , 3 237 (Ariz. Ct. App. 1998). 4 For any of Plaintiff’s claims to survive, Defendant must have had a duty to protect 5 Plaintiff from the condition that caused her injury. Defendant argues that Plaintiff cannot 6 show that it owed her a duty because: (1) wet cement caused by an active rainstorm is not 7 an unreasonably dangerous condition; (2) the presence of wet cement while it is raining is 8 an open and obvious condition, about which Defendant had no duty to warn; and (3) the 9 “ongoing storm rule” precludes Plaintiff’s claims. (See generally Mot.) 10 1. The Wet Cement was Not an Unreasonably Dangerous Condition 11 Defendant argues that while it was required to ensure that its premises were 12 reasonably safe, wet cement caused by an active rainstorm is not an unreasonably 13 dangerous condition from which it had a duty to protect Plaintiff. (Mot. at 5-6.) Defendant 14 relies on precedent from other states where courts have found that wet cement caused by 15 active rain does not create an unreasonably dangerous condition. See Misir v. Beach Haven 16 Apt. No. I, Inc., 803 N.Y.S.2d 19 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 2005) (wet leaves and slippery pavement 17 did not constitute an unreasonably dangerous condition); Gibson v. Consol. Credit Corp., [18] 138 S.E.2d 77, 79 (Ga. App. 1964) (“There is scarcely any material that might be used in 19 construction that isn’t made somewhat slippery by the presence of water. This is a matter 20 of common knowledge, and, since it is, it behooves us all [to] use a measure of protection 21 in walking upon wet surfaces.”); Pliska v. Equity Mgmt. Grp., Inc., No. 3009-CA-00072322 MR, 2010 WL 3515753 (Ky. Ct. App. Sept. 10, 2010) (affirming summary judgment 23 against a plaintiff who slipped on wet pavement in a parking lot, holding that there was 24 “nothing inherently dangerous about . . . wet pavement”). 25 Plaintiff contends that whether the wet cement constitutes an unreasonably 26 dangerous condition is a question of fact for the jury. (Resp. at 6.) See Silvas v. Speros 27 Const. Co., 594 P.2d 1029, 1031 (Ariz. Ct. App. 1979) (finding a question for the jury as 28 to whether the defendant should have anticipated the harm that occurred, despite the fact 1 that the plaintiff knew and appreciated the danger of holes in the roof of a construction 2 job). Plaintiff argues that the area where she slipped was under a covered area and appeared 3 to be dry, and there were no mats, signage, or employees warning of the condition of the 4 pavement, so the “particular facts” of her fall require a jury’s determination.3 (Resp. at 7.) 5 The Court finds Plaintiff’s arguments unpersuasive. Though it was covered, the area 6 where Plaintiff fell was not walled off, allowing rain to enter. (See DSOF, Exs. B, C.) 7 Additionally, Plaintiff fails to cite any authority to support her contention that Defendant 8 had a duty to keep its outdoor covered patio area dry during an active rainstorm, nor could 9 the Court find any cases suggesting as much in its own research. Indeed, numerous courts 10 in other states have found that wet floors inside buildings or enclosed vestibules are not 11 unreasonably dangerous when rainy weather conditions are present outside. See, e.g., 12 Dubensky v. 2900 Westchester Co., LLC, 813 N.Y.S.2d 117 (N.Y. App. Div. 2006) (finding 13 no duty to keep floor of lobby area dry during a period of ongoing precipitation); Ling v. 14 Hosts, Inc., 164 N.W.2d 123, 128 (Iowa 1969) (holding that “the fact that water, slush, and 15 mud are tracked in on the [lobby] floor of a premises because of weather conditions outside 16 ordinarily does not create an actionable situation,” even though it is “wet, dirty, and 17 slippery”); Reed v. Galaxy Holdings, Inc., 914 N.E.2d 632, 639 (Ill. App. Ct. 2009) (finding 18 no duty to remove naturally accumulated water tracked into a store entrance). For these 19 reasons, the Court finds the wet cement on which Plaintiff slipped was not an unreasonably 20 dangerous condition from which Defendant had a duty to protect Plaintiff. Because 21 Defendant did not owe a duty to Plaintiff, summary judgment is appropriate. [22] 23 3 Plaintiff also cites Cooley v. Arizona Public Service Co. for two statements: (1) “[t]he character of the defect may affect the legal consequences flowing from it,” and (2) “[t]his 24 inference is not mere wild speculation but is based on matters within the realm of common human experience.” 839 P.2d 422, 423 (Ariz. Ct. App. 1991). These quotations are not 25 only misattributed to the Cooley court, which was directly quoting the Colorado Supreme Court in Bodeman v. Shutto Supermarkets, 593 P.2d 700 , 701 (Colo. 1979), but they are 26 also taken out of context. In the quotations Plaintiff cites, the Supreme Court of Colorado was discussing a hole in a ramp leading from the sidewalk in front of a grocery store to a 27 parking lot. Bodeman, 593 P.2d at 701. The Supreme Court of Colorado was making the point that the hole, which was four inches wide and two inches deep, did not develop 28 suddenly, giving the defendant time to become aware of it and repair it. Id. The facts of that case are not analogous to those now before the Court. 1 2. The Wet Cement was Open and Obvious 2 Although the Court can grant summary judgment solely on the basis that the wet 3 cement did not present an unreasonably dangerous condition, the Court briefly addresses 4 Defendant’s remaining arguments. Defendant also argues that it owed no duty to Plaintiff 5 because the wet cement was an open and obvious condition. (Mot. at 6-8.) Under Arizona 6 law, a landowner or possessor of land has no duty to protect invitees from dangers that are 7 known or obvious to the invitee. See Restatement Second of Torts §343A; Burke v. Arizona 8 Biltmore Hotel, Inc., 467 P.2d 781, 783-84 (Ariz. Ct. App. 1970) (“Any so-called defective 9 condition at the top of the stairway was open and obvious and persons encountering the 10 condition could be expected to take care of themselves without further precautions on the 11 part of the defendant-hotel.”); Hagan v. Sahara Caterers, Inc., 487 P.2d 9 (Ariz. Ct. App. 12 1971) (holding that pebbles at the entrance of a store upon which the plaintiff slipped and 13 fell were open and obvious, and not an unreasonably dangerous condition about which the 14 defendant was required to warn). 15 Again relying on cases from courts in other states, Defendant argues that it is well16 established that wet pavement caused by weather is an open and obvious condition. (Mot. 17 at 7.) See, e.g., McCauley v. Cocca Dev., Ltd., 2020 WL 3790548 , at *4 (Ohio Ct. App. 18 June 30, 2020) (affirming summary judgment and holding that photographs clearly showed 19 the pavement was wet due to weather conditions). In this case, according to Defendant, the 20 surveillance video footage of Plaintiff’s fall shows that the wet condition of the pavement 21 was open and obvious, and the Court can rely on the footage in granting summary judgment 22 for Defendant. (Mot. at 7; DSOF, Ex. B.) See Glassberg v. Staples the Office Superstore 23 E., Inc., 2010 WL 3924682 , at *5 (E.D.N.Y. Sept. 13, 2010) (affirming judgment as a 24 matter of law and determining from surveillance footage that a shopping cart placed by the 25 register was open and obvious and holding that the court was compelled to credit the facts 26 presented by the video over other evidence because the video plainly showed the events). [28] 1 Plaintiff argues that whether the condition of the cement was open and obvious is a 2 question for a jury.4 (Resp. at 8-10.) See Andrews for and on Behalf of Kime v. Casagrande, [3] 804 P.2d 800, 804 (Ariz. Ct. App. 1990). Plaintiff points out that people in the area around 4 her “appeared completely dry,” and she slipped 10 to 15 feet inside the covered area. (Resp. 5 at 9.) She further contends that “water is clear,” so the hazard of a wet floor was not readily 6 apparent. (Resp. at 9.) Further, Plaintiff notes that she was not running and did not appear 7 to be distracted at the time of her fall, which she claims bolsters her argument that a jury 8 could conclude that the condition was not open and obvious, and that Defendant could have 9 “done numerous things to control the situation.” (Resp. at 9.) 10 The Court agrees with Defendants. The undisputed facts, even construed in the light 11 most favorable to Plaintiff, show that the condition of the pavement was open and obvious. 12 It is irrelevant whether any moisture on the concrete under the vestibule was visible to 13 Plaintiff because it is obvious that it was actively raining, and the natural consequences of 14 rain, such as wet shoes and wet concrete, were known to Plaintiff. See Dukich v. Illinois 15 Workers’ Comp. Comm’n, 86 N.E.3d 1161 , 1171 (Ill. App. 2017) (“dangers created by 16 rainfall are dangers to which all members of the public are exposed on a regular basis.”). 17 Further, the video footage shows Plaintiff with an open umbrella, so she was clearly aware 18 that it was raining. (DSOF, Ex. B.) Because the facts show that the wet condition of the 19 pavement was an open and obvious natural consequence of rain, it was not unreasonably 20 dangerous condition from which Defendant had a duty to protect Plaintiff. Thus, summary 21 judgment is proper on this basis as well. [23] 24 4 Plaintiff also reasons that whether a condition is open and obvious is not a question of duty, but one of the requisite standard of care. (Resp. at 8.) See Markowitz v. Ariz. Parks 25 Bd., 706 P.2d 352, 368 (Ariz. 1990). However, in situations where defective conditions are open and obvious, Arizona courts have found that the likelihood of harm is slight, and thus 26 such conditions are not unreasonably dangerous conditions from which a landowner or possessor has a duty to protect an invitee. Burke, 467 P.2d at 783-84 . More specifically, 27 where a condition is open and obvious, Arizona courts have found that defendants have no duty to warn about the condition. See Robles v. Severyn, 504 P.2d 1284, 1287 (Ariz. Ct. 28 App. 1973 ) (“If a dangerous condition existed, it was an obvious one and therefore the defendants had no duty to warn.”). 1 3. The Court Does Not Apply the Ongoing Storm Rule 2 Finally, Defendant argues that the “storm in progress doctrine” or “ongoing storm 3 rule” precludes Plaintiff’s case because landowners are not responsible for protecting 4 against injuries that occur during an active storm. (Mot. at 8-10.) Because it was actively 5 raining at the time Plaintiff fell, under the rule, Defendant asserts that it could not have 6 been expected to “keep the concrete outside of its entrance dry . . . while patrons 7 continue[d] to enter with their wet umbrellas and wet shoes.” (Mot. at 10.) See Laine v. 8 Speedway, LLC, 177 A.3d 1227, 1228 (Del. 2018) (“In active storm situations, customers 9 are expected to be aware themselves of the risks of falling and to take care to protect 10 themselves. They know it could be slippery and must dress and otherwise take the steps 11 necessary to protect themselves against a potential fall.”). Defendant acknowledges that 12 Arizona has not expressly adopted the doctrine but maintains that Arizona law is consistent 13 with such a rule. (Reply at 6-7.) Defendant observes that the rationale for the ongoing storm 14 rule is that “it is inexpedient and impractical to remedy slippery outdoor conditions while 15 a storm continues to create those conditions.” (Reply at 7.) See Pareja v. Princeton Int’l 16 Props., 252 A.3d 184 , 191 (N.J. 2021). The rule is also based on the premise that “a land 17 possessor is not a de facto insurer responsible for all accidents occurring on its property.” 18 See Gries v. Ames Ecumenical Hous., Inc., 944 N.W.2d 626 , 630 (Iowa 2020). Defendant 19 argues that Arizona laws already incorporate these concepts. See, e.g., Berne v. Greyhound 20 Parks of Ariz., Inc., 448 P.2d 388, 391 (Ariz. 1968) (holding that a landowner is required 21 only to “exercise reasonable care for an invitee’s protection,” and “is not an insurer of the 22 safety of invitees”). 23 In her Response, Plaintiff asserts that the storm in progress doctrine should not be 24 applied because is a New York law, which applies only to snow and ice, and applies only 25 in circumstances where the defendant had no actual or constructive notice of the condition. 26 (Resp. at 10.) While it is clear that the doctrine extends far beyond New York (see Mot. at 27 8-9), Plaintiff is correct to observe that most courts that have applied the rule have done so 28 where icy or snowy conditions are present. See, e.g., Meyers v. Big Six Towers, Inc., 85 A.D. 877 (N.Y. App. Div. 2011). Thus, although the Court agrees with Defendant that 2|| the premise behind the “storm in progress” doctrine is consistent with existing Arizona || law, it remains unconvinced that the doctrine may serve as a basis for summary judgment on these facts. Further, even if the storm in progress doctrine does militate in favor of || granting summary judgment here, the Court declines to find that a rule that has not been || expressly adopted by Arizona courts may serve as a basis for granting summary judgment, nor does it need to, for the reasons discussed above. IV. CONCLUSION 9 The Court finds that because the wet condition of the pavement outside Defendant’s 10 || store was open and obvious and not unreasonably dangerous, Defendant did not have a 11 |} duty to protect Plaintiff from the condition. Absent a duty on the part of Defendant, Plaintiff 12 || cannot maintain any of her claims. Accordingly, the Court grants Defendant’s Motion for 13} Summary Judgment and dismisses Plaintiff’s claims. 14 IT IS THEREFORE ORDERED granting Defendant’s Motion for Summary 15} Judgment in its entirety (Doc. 27). Plaintiff's claims are dismissed with prejudice. 16 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED directing the Clerk of Court to enter judgment 17 || accordingly and close this matter. 18 Dated this 31st day of August, 2022. CN 20 ef felee— Unifgd State#District Judge [28] -9-