Steigleman v. Symetra Life Insurance Company

1 WO [5] 6 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 7 FOR THE DISTRICT OF ARIZONA [8] 9 Jill M Steigleman, No. CV-19-08060-PCT-ROS 10 Plaintiff, ORDER 11 v. 12 Symetra Life Insurance Company, 13 Defendant. [14] 15 Plaintiff Jill Steigleman seeks summary judgment that ERISA does not preempt her 16 state law claims for breach of contract and bad faith. Defendant Symetra Life Insurance 17 Company seeks summary judgment that ERISA does preempt those claims. The Ninth 18 Circuit concluded there was a question of fact on this issue and, after additional discovery, 19 the parties’ second round of summary judgment motions do not alter that conclusion. 20 Therefore, the Court will set a bench trial on the applicability of ERISA. 21 BACKGROUND 22 Steigleman owned and operated an insurance agency. Over the years, that agency 23 had between one and four employees. During their employment, the agency’s “employees 24 gained access to group-type disability insurance coverage through Steigleman’s 25 membership in The Agents Association (TAA).” Steigleman v. Symetra Life Ins. Co., No. 26 21-15613, 2022 WL 912255 , at *1 (9th Cir. Mar. 29, 2022). The agency paid 100% of its 27 employees’ premiums for disability coverage, as well as 100% of the employees’ premiums [28] 1 for other benefits obtained through TAA, such as vision insurance.1 2 During her deposition, Steigleman was asked if she offered “disability coverage for 3 people in your office.” She responded “Well, I just let them apply for anything [TAA] 4 offered if they worked enough hours. They had to work at least 32 hours a week for me, 5 and they had to be there six months.” Steigleman then stated paying the employees’ 6 premiums was “part of their benefit package that I would sell so I could hire qualified 7 people.” (Doc. 131-12 at 73-74). If it existed, the requirement that an employee work 32 8 hours a week was unique in that “TAA required that staff be employed for six months and 9 work only 20 hours per week” to be eligible for benefits.2 Steigleman v. Symetra Life Ins. 10 Co., No. 21-15613, 2022 WL 912255 , at *1 (9th Cir. Mar. 29, 2022). 11 This Court previously concluded ERISA applied to the disability coverage and 12 preempted Steigleman’s state-law claims. The Ninth Circuit reversed, concluding it was 13 unclear whether Steigleman’s agency had established an ERISA plan. The Ninth Circuit 14 held, in relevant part, “there is a genuine issue of material fact as to whether Steigleman 15 imposed her own separate requirements” for the agency’s employees to obtain benefits or 16 whether Steigleman “merely described TAA’s eligibility rules incorrectly at her 17 deposition.” Steigleman, 2022 WL 912255 , at *1. On remand, the Court allowed the parties 18 to conduct additional discovery and “file motions for summary judgment regarding the 19 applicability of ERISA or a statement that a bench trial on this issue is necessary.” (Doc. 20 171 at 2). Both sides opted to file motions for summary judgment. 21 Steigleman’s motion argues there is no longer any dispute of fact and ERISA does 22 not apply. That position is supported by her own declaration as well as declarations from 23 two previous employees. In her declaration Steigleman states, “I did not create or impose 24 any eligibility criteria on the offer to pay my staff’s TAA premiums.” (Doc. 180-1 at 95). 25 1 This is referring to benefits through TAA. The agency paid some, but not all, of the employees’ health insurance premiums. 26 2 Steigleman had testified earlier in her deposition “You had to be there six months before you could offer any kind of benefits to a staff member, and it was optional. Most agents 27 really don’t provide it. I just felt like you can’t sell insurance and then not take care of your staff.” (Doc. 131-12 at 49-50). This testimony could be read as showing Steigleman 28 viewed her agency, not TAA, as the entity that was offering benefits. If so, that might be additional evidence that the agency established an ERISA plan. 1 She explains her deposition statement that an employee had to work 32 hours “was not 2 meant to suggest” she had different requirements from TAA. (Doc. 180-1 at 96). Rather, 3 Steigleman claims she was “attempting to describe the eligibility criteria that all TAA 4 members’ staff had to satisfy.” (Doc. 180-1 at 96). 5 The first declaration from a former employee states “Ms. Steigleman did not create 6 or impose any sort of eligibility criteria on the payment of my premiums.” (Doc. 180-1 at 7 84). And the second declaration from a former employee is similar, stating “[n]either Ms. 8 Steigleman nor her agency had any sort of criteria or eligibility requirements with respect 9 to the TAA insurance and the offer to fund the cost of premiums.” (Doc. 180-1 at 88). 10 Those declarations recognize, however, that payment of the premiums was premised on 11 their continued employment in that they describe payment of premiums as a “benefit of 12 employment” at the agency. (Doc. 180-1 at 84). 13 The declarations from the two employees do not state how many hours each 14 employee worked. But Steigleman submitted two employee benefit enrollment forms. 15 Those forms indicate that, as of 2009, one employee applying for benefits worked 25 hours 16 per week while the other worked 30 hours per week. (Doc. 180-1 at 112-13). Steigleman 17 argues these forms are additional evidence she misspoke at her deposition and the only 18 requirement for benefits was the 20 hours per week imposed by TAA. 19 In opposing Steigleman’s motion for summary judgment, Symetra argues 20 Steigleman is not entitled to change her deposition testimony. According to Symetra, there 21 was never any indication Steigleman believed her deposition testimony was inaccurate 22 until her reply brief at the Ninth Circuit. Symetra also argues “the timing and context of 23 Plaintiff’s declaration suggest that it is a sham.” (Doc. 185 at 9). In effect, now that she 24 knows separate eligibility criteria would be fatal to her case, Symetra argues Steigleman 25 has changed her testimony. But in any event, Symetra also argues Steigleman’s deposition 26 testimony regarding the unique eligibility requirement (i.e., 32 hours per week) is not 27 crucial to defeating summary judgment. Symetra argues the other circumstances 28 surrounding the agency’s offering of benefits and payment of premiums establish 1 Steigleman is not entitled to summary judgment. 2 The summary judgment motion from Symetra, as well as Steigleman’s opposition, 3 contain most of the same arguments briefed in connection with Steigleman’s motion. 4 Symetra’s motion makes clear, however, the sole issue regarding the applicability of 5 ERISA is “whether the Steigleman Insurance Agency had established or maintained an 6 employee welfare benefit plan.” Thus, unlike previously when Symetra argued some other 7 entity may have established an ERISA plan, the only inquiry now is whether Steigelman’s 8 agency created an ERISA plan. In connection with its motion, Symetra also points out 9 Steigleman’s agency deducted on its tax returns the premiums paid to TAA on its 10 employees’ behalf. The agency identified those premiums as contributions to an 11 “Employee benefit program.” (Doc. 179-6 at 9). Steigleman’s deposition testimony, the 12 agency’s tax returns, and the remaining circumstances all show, according to Symetra, that 13 ERISA applies. 14 ANALYSIS 15 I. Motion to Enforce Scheduling Order and Protective Order 16 On the last day of the post-remand discovery period, Steigleman filed a “Motion to 17 Enforce Court’s Scheduling Order or, in the Alternative, For Protective Order.” (Doc. 18 173). That motion was procedurally improper and is based on a misunderstanding of 19 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 45. Therefore, the motion will be denied. 20 On June 16, 2022, the Court granted the parties “a brief time to conduct additional 21 discovery” regarding “the applicability of ERISA” to Steigleman’s claims. (Doc. 171 at 22 2). The parties were ordered to complete that discovery no later than July 29, 2022. (Doc. 23 171 at 2). Shortly after discovery began, Symetra contacted non-party Blue Cross Blue 24 Shield (“BCBS”) seeking the production of documents. Symetra and BCBS conferred for 25 a few weeks and BCBS eventually stated a subpoena would be necessary. On July 25, 26 2022, Symetra sent BCBS a subpoena for the documents. That subpoena had a compliance 27 date of August 8, 2022, after the close of discovery. However, Symetra informally asked 28 BCBS to produce the documents no later than the discovery deadline of July 29, 2022. 1 BCBS produced the documents on July 29, 2022. Symetra informed Steigleman the same 2 day that it would not use the BCBS documents except for “impeachment purposes.” (Doc. 3 173-3 at 2). 4 Despite knowing the documents had been produced by BCBS on July 29, 2022, 5 Steigleman filed a motion requesting the Court prohibit Symetra from using “any 6 documents or information obtained” from the BCBS subpoena. (Doc. 173-4). Symetra 7 responded the motion was improper under the Court’s discovery dispute procedures. 8 Symetra also argued the motion was unnecessary given the documents had been received 9 by July 29, 2022, and, in any event, Symetra did not plan on using the documents. Symetra 10 requested an award of the fees and expenses it incurred in responding to Steigleman’s 11 motion. 12 Steigleman’s motion suffers from at least three fatal flaws. First, the Court’s 13 discovery dispute procedures state if the parties cannot resolve a discovery dispute, “do not 14 file a motion unless directed by the Court.”3 Steigleman argues her motion “is not a 15 discovery motion, but rather a motion made in response to defendants’ alleged non16 compliance with [the Court’s scheduling] order.” (Doc. 178 at 4). In support of this 17 position, Steigleman cites an unpublished order from a state court in New York as well as 18 a decision by the Supreme Court of New Jersey. The Court is not familiar with the 19 discovery dispute rules that apply in those courts. Therefore, they do not provide guidance 20 for the present situation. 21 Based on the Court’s procedures, and the content of Steigleman’s motion, it is 22 difficult to believe her counsel believes a motion that is identified, in part, as a request for 23 a “protective order” does not qualify as a discovery dispute. Seeking a protective order is 24 a prototypical type of discovery dispute subject to the Court’s discovery dispute 25 procedures, particularly when the protective order is sought in part based on the alleged 26 failure to comply with discovery deadlines. Thus, the motion was procedurally improper 27 and could be denied on that basis alone. 28 3 The Scheduling Order issued on June 4, 2019, stated “[t]he parties shall not file written discovery motions without leave of Court.” (Doc. 16 at 4). 1 The second flaw in Steigleman’s motion is that it is based on an erroneous view of 2 how Rule 45 works. According to Steigleman, a subpoena pursuant to Rule 45 is subject 3 to a “14-day minimum” response time. (Doc. 173 at 6-7). Steigleman believes a Rule 45 4 subpoena issued on July 25, 2022, could not have a response date of less than fourteen days 5 thereafter. And because the discovery period was set to end on July 29, Steigleman argues 6 the subpoena was facially improper. Steigleman does not identify the portion of Rule 45 7 she believes imposes a 14-day minimum period and it is well-established that no such 8 minimum exists.4 In fact, the text of Rule 45 states objections to a subpoena “must be 9 served before the earlier of the time specified for compliance or 14 days after the subpoena 10 is served.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 45(d)(2)(B). Thus, Rule 45 explicitly contemplates a subpoena 11 may have a response deadline of less than 14 days. Because there is no 14-day minimum 12 response period, the subpoena issued on July 25, 2022, was not necessarily improper. The 13 subpoena did have a response date beyond the close of discovery, but Steigleman has not 14 explained why that response date, on its own, rendered the subpoena improper. 15 The third flaw in Steigleman’s motion is that BCBS produced the documents by the 16 discovery deadline of July 29, 2022. Before even filing her motion Steigleman knew the 17 documents had been produced by the discovery deadline. Given that the documents were 18 produced within the discovery deadline, it is not clear why Steigleman believes there is any 19 remaining issue. If Symetra had sent the Rule 45 subpoena to BCBS six weeks earlier, but 20 specified July 29, 2022, as the compliance date, Steigleman’s timeliness objection would 21 have little basis. If BCBS had not produced the documents by the discovery deadline, the 22 analysis might be different. But given the production by the discovery deadline, 23 Steigleman’s motion lacks a sufficient basis and will be denied.5 24 4 Steigleman cites the 1991 Advisory Committee Notes. Those notes discuss a provision that is not in the current version of Rule 45. 25 5 Symetra requested sanctions pursuant to Rule 37(a)(5)(B). That rule, applicable to the present situation through Rule 26(c), allows for an award of “reasonable expenses” when 26 a motion for a protective order is denied, unless the motion was “substantially justified” or other circumstances would render an award of expenses unjust. Steigleman’s motion was 27 not substantially justified. However, there may be other circumstances that would make it unjust to award expenses to Symetra. Because it is likely the prevailing party will seek an 28 award of fees after final judgment, the Court will deny the present request for an award of expenses. However, if Symetra prevails, it may seek the fees associated with this motion 1 II. Summary Judgment Motions 2 “The existence of an ERISA plan is a question of fact, to be answered in light of all 3 the surrounding facts and circumstances from the point of view of a reasonable person.” 4 Kanne v. Connecticut Gen. Life Ins. Co., 867 F.2d 489, 492 (9th Cir. 1988). It is Symetra’s 5 burden to establish “the existence of an ERISA plan.” Zavora v. Paul Revere Life Ins. Co., [6] 145 F.3d 1118 , 1120 n.2 (9th Cir. 1998). 7 The Ninth Circuit held “Steigleman’s employees gained access to group-type 8 disability insurance coverage through Steigleman’s membership in [TAA], and 9 Steigleman’s insurance agency paid the employees’ premiums.” Steigleman v. Symetra 10 Life Ins. Co., No. 21-15613, 2022 WL 912255 , at *1 (9th Cir. Mar. 29, 2022). These facts 11 were “evidence that Steigleman may have ‘established or maintained’ an ERISA plan,” but 12 the Ninth Circuit concluded they were “not sufficient” to do so.6 Id. The Ninth Circuit 13 then concluded there was a dispute of fact whether Steigleman imposed different eligibility 14 criteria on her employees than what was required by TAA. 15 Steigleman argues the Ninth Circuit’s decision requires the Court address the 16 eligibility criteria dispute created by her deposition testimony and nothing else. (Doc. 186 17 at 8). Steigleman invokes “the law of the case” and “the rule of mandate” as requiring this 18 limitation. But neither of those doctrines applies here. 19 The Ninth Circuit did not decide “explicitly or by necessary implication” that the 20 only possible factual dispute remaining was the eligibility criteria addressed during 21 at that time, as well as any other fees or expenses, as appropriate. And if Steigleman prevails, she should not seek any expenses associated with her needless motion and 22 Symetra may be entitled to a reduction of any expenses payable to Steigleman based on the expenses Symetra incurred in connection with this motion. 23 6 The Ninth Circuit’s decision in this case stated “the ‘bare purchase of insurance . . . does not by itself constitute an ERISA plan.’” (quoting Kanne v. Connecticut Gen. Life Ins. Co., [24] 867 F.2d 489, 492 (9th Cir. 1988)). The ellipses eliminated a crucial aspect of the statement in Kanne. The full statement in Kanne was “the bare purchase of insurance, without any 25 of the above elements present, does not by itself constitute an ERISA plan (although it may be evidence of the existence of an ERISA plan).” Id. The “above elements” referenced 26 include “no contributions are made by an employer” to the group-type insurance program at issue. Id. Thus, the full quote in Kanne does not address the situation here. In fact, the 27 full quote would appear to weigh against Steigleman’s position in that this case does not involve “the bare purchase of insurance.” Rather, the undisputed facts are the agency paid 28 100% of the premiums for multiple types of insurance to cover its employees and that coverage was dependent on continued employment. 1 Steigleman’s deposition. Thus, the law of the case doctrine does not apply. Rocky 2 Mountain Farmers Union v. Corey, 913 F.3d 940, 951 (9th Cir. 2019). And “the rule of 3 mandate allows a lower court to decide anything not foreclosed by the mandate.” Hall v. 4 City of Los Angeles, 697 F.3d 1059, 1067 (9th Cir. 2012). Deciding the applicability of 5 ERISA based on Steigleman’s deposition testimony, as well as all the other “surrounding 6 facts and circumstances,” was not foreclosed by the Ninth Circuit’s decision. Kanne v. 7 Connecticut Gen. Life Ins. Co., 867 F.2d 489, 492 (9th Cir. 1988). 8 Instead of any formal limitation on the arguments that may be presented, this case 9 is subject to the usual rule that “a defendant need not raise every possible argument in a 10 motion for summary judgment and may make a different argument on remand if a grant of 11 summary judgment in its favor is reversed on appeal.” Barnes v. Chase Home Fin., LLC, [12] 934 F.3d 901, 906 (9th Cir. 2019). Therefore, the Court must evaluate the entire record. 13 Starting with the parties’ eligibility criteria dispute based on Steigleman’s 14 deposition, “[t]he general rule in the Ninth Circuit is that a party cannot create an issue of 15 fact by an affidavit contradicting [her] prior deposition testimony.” Kennedy v. Allied Mut. 16 Ins. Co., 952 F.2d 262, 266 (9th Cir. 1991). That rule does not apply here because the 17 Ninth Circuit remanded for this Court to consider whether Steigleman “merely described 18 TAA’s eligibility rules incorrectly at her deposition.” Those instructions implicitly require 19 the Court consider Steigleman’s deposition testimony as well as contradictory evidence, 20 including a new declaration by Steigleman. Therefore, the sham affidavit rule does not 21 prevent consideration of Steigleman’s recent declaration. 22 Steigleman argues the inconsistency between her deposition and declaration do not 23 create a dispute of fact because there is only one possible way to read her deposition 24 testimony. She believes it is obvious she merely misspoke during her deposition. In 25 support, Steigleman points to Judge Watford’s observation during oral argument that it was 26 “crystal clear . . . that Steigleman was not trying to say that she had come up with her own 27 independent minimum eligibility requirements, she was . . . just trying to repeat to the best 28 of her recollection what the Plan’s eligibility requirements were.” (Doc. 186 at 9). But a 1 statement by one panel member during oral argument does not control over the panel’s 2 written decision. And the panel’s decision does not state it is “crystal clear” there is only 3 one possible interpretation of her deposition testimony. Rather, the panel stated there is a 4 dispute of fact on this exact point. Steigleman does not explain why the panel remanded 5 for further proceedings on the applicability of ERISA if, as she claims, the correct result 6 was obvious. 7 For purposes of resolving Steigleman’s motion, the Court must view the record in 8 the light most favorable to Symetra. So viewed, Steigleman’s new declaration does not 9 eliminate the dispute of fact regarding the imposition of different eligibility criteria. 10 Steigleman’s deposition testimony was offered at a time when Steigleman likely was 11 unaware that imposing unique eligibility requirements might mean her claims were 12 preempted. Her recent declaration, in contrast, made after understanding the importance 13 of disclaiming unique eligibility criteria certainly must be viewed with some skepticism. 14 Because the Court cannot make credibility determinations at summary judgment, the Court 15 cannot determine which testimony from Steigleman to believe and which not to believe 16 based solely on the record. A bench trial is necessary. 17 Beyond deciding which testimony by Steigleman should be accepted, there are other 18 aspects of the eligibility criteria dispute that can only be explored at trial. Those aspects 19 include the number of hours the agency’s employees worked. The employee enrollment 20 forms indicate that as of 2009, the employees were not working 32 hours per week. But 21 Symetra argues that does not establish how many hours the employees were working as of 22 the relevant time in 2017. If, as of 2017, the agency was requiring its employees to work 23 over 32 hours per week, there may not have been any reason for Steigleman to inform them 24 of the hour limitation on their benefits. A full exploration of the employees’ knowledge 25 and practices can only be conducted at trial. 26 Also related to the eligibility criteria dispute is the question of what benefits the 27 agency offered to pay for on its employees’ behalf. According to Steigleman’s deposition, 28 the agency offered its employees vision, dental, short-term disability, long term disability, 1 health insurance, vacation, and holiday pay. (Doc. 131-12 at 48-49). But according to 2 documents from TAA, the agency’s employees were eligible for all of the benefits 3 identified by Steigleman but also excess disability insurance, life insurance, long term care 4 insurance, critical illness insurance, accident insurance, and telehealth. (Doc. 131-11 at 5 197). According to Steigleman, her agency agreed to pay for any benefit the employees 6 selected. Yet the present record shows the employees only selected a small subset of the 7 available benefits. There may be an explanation for the employees foregoing additional 8 insurance coverage at no cost to themselves, but Steigleman has not provided such an 9 explanation. Symetra argues the limited selection of benefits by the employees is yet more 10 evidence that Steigleman designed a unique “benefits package” for the agency’s 11 employees. Symetra also points to the agency’s claimed tax deduction for “Employee 12 benefits program” as more evidence Steigleman intended to create her own benefits 13 program. 14 Based on the present record, the deposition testimony showing an increased hour 15 requirement, the evidence that Steigleman viewed her agency as offering a “benefits 16 package,” the evidence the agency reported “benefits program” payments on its tax return, 17 and the evidence indicating Steigleman selected which benefits to offer, create a dispute of 18 fact whether ERISA applies. If the agency had a unique hour requirement, intended to 19 offer a unique “benefits package,” only offered to pay for some of the benefits, and paid 20 the entirety of the employees’ premiums, it will be difficult to conclude ERISA does not 21 apply.7 22 Because there are many factual disputes regarding how benefits were provided to 23 the agency’s employees, a trial is necessary. The Court acknowledges, however, the 24 burden of proving the existence of an ERISA plan is on Symetra, not Steigleman. The 25 Ninth Circuit has already ruled the employees’ access to benefits through Steigleman and 26 the agency’s payment of all their premiums was not enough. Thus, the burden is on 27 7 Steigleman makes additional arguments for why ERISA could not apply, regardless of her imposing a unique hour requirement. Those arguments need only be addressed after 28 the Court complies with the Ninth Circuit’s instruction to resolve the factual disputes regarding any eligibility criteria. 1 Symetra to prove Steigleman imposed a unique hour requirement, the employees were only 2 offered a subset of TAA’s benefits, or other facts proving the agency “established or 3 maintained” a plan. 4 A bench trial is necessary to determine the applicability of ERISA. If ERISA is 5 found not to apply, the Court will schedule a jury trial on Steigleman’s state-law claims. 6 In advance of the bench trial, the parties will be required to file a Joint Proposed Pretrial 7 Order in the form outlined on the Court’s website with the exception the parties need not 8 submit their proposed findings of fact and conclusions of law prior to the bench trial. In 9 preparing the Joint Proposed Pretrial Order, the parties must address the following in 10 Section I regarding “Issues of Law in Controversy”: 11 • In her summary judgment briefing Steigleman argues it has been “well12 established . . . for decades” that an employer directly paying the entirety of 13 its employees’ insurance premiums is not sufficient for the employer to be 14 deemed to have established an ERISA plan. (Doc. 180 at 18). Steigleman 15 has never offered any caselaw establishing this proposition. Given that this 16 proposition allegedly has been well-established for decades, Steigleman 17 must set forth the case citations addressing situations where a court found an 18 ERISA plan did not exist despite the employer directly paying its employees’ 19 insurance premiums.8 Symetra should address the case citations provided by 20 Steigleman. [21] 8 Steigleman often cites a First Circuit case for its statement “[a] mere purchase of 22 insurance by an employer is not sufficient to establish a plan under ERISA.” New England Mut. Life Ins. Co. v. Baig, 166 F.3d 1, 4 (1st Cir. 1999). But that case involved a doctor 23 who purchased an individual disability policy. The doctor’s employer reimbursed him for the premiums he paid but those premiums were “never channeled” through the employer. [24] Id. at 3 . And the doctor’s coverage “would not terminate if his employment” ended. Id. at 2 . Those facts bear no resemblance to the facts here. Moreover, the remainder of the First 25 Circuit’s analysis in that case appears to run counter to Steigleman’s current position. The First Circuit noted an employer’s “purchase of [an] insurance policy constituted an express 26 intention by the employer to provide benefits on a regular and long term basis.” Id. at 5 . That intention to provide regular and long term benefits was a “crucial factor” for 27 determining if a plan existed. Here, it is undisputed Steigleman intended to provide a “benefits package” to the agency’s employees and the agency did so for years. Therefore, 28 Steigleman may cite the First Circuit opinion, but she should provide the other cases she is relying upon to derive her general rule. 1 e The parties must identify opinions, preferably by the Ninth Circuit, where 2 the alleged plan did not meet the safe harbor regulation, 29 C.F.R. § 2510.3 - 3 1q), but the court found the alleged plan was not an ERISA plan. The Court 4 is aware that failure to meet one of the provisions of the safe harbor “is not 5 conclusive.” Zavora v. Paul Revere Life Ins. Co., 145 F.3d 1118, 1121 (th 6 Cir. 1998). However, it will be helpful to consider those situations where an 7 employer could not take advantage of the safe harbor based on its actions, 8 but a court still determined the employer had not established an ERISA plan. 9 The Court is particularly interested in any case where there is discussion of 10 the safe harbor regulation in the context of an employer directly paying 11 premiums, but the court found no ERISA plan existed. 12 Accordingly, 13 IT IS ORDERED the Motion to Enforce (Doc. 173) is DENIED. 14 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED Motions for Summary Judgment (Doc. 179, 180) 15 || are DENIED. 16 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED the parties shall file the Joint Proposed Pretrial 17 || Order no later than February 10, 2023. The parties should identify the dates in February 18 || and March 2023 they are available for a two-day bench trial. 19 Dated this 20th day of January, 2023. 20 fo - 21 C . ES 22 Honorable Ros yn ©. Silver 3 Senior United States District Judge [28] -12-