Matthews v. Tempe, City of

1 WO [5] 6 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 7 FOR THE DISTRICT OF ARIZONA [8] Dustin Matthews, ) No. CV-22-00407-PHX-SPL ) [9] ) 10 Plaintiff, ) ORDER vs. ) ) [11] ) City of Tempe, et al., ) [12] ) 13 Defendants. ) ) 14 ) 15 Before the Court is Plaintiff Dustin Matthews’ (“Plaintiff”) Motion for Partial 16 Summary Judgement (“MPSJ”) (Doc. 53) and Motion for Sanctions (Doc. 105). The 17 Motions are fully briefed and ready for review. (Docs. 53, 105, 117, 121, 123, 128). Having 18 reviewed the parties’ briefing, the Court denies both Motions for the following reasons.1 19 I. BACKGROUND 20 This is an employment discrimination action arising out of Plaintiff’s employment 21 with Defendant City of Tempe (the “City”). (See Doc. 52, “Complaint”). Plaintiff was 22 employed at the Tempe Municipal Court (the “Tempe Court”) until his termination on 23 December 27, 2021. (Id. at 4, 14). Plaintiff brings this action against the City and the 24 following individuals: Senior Human Resources Analyst Adrianne Ward, Court 25 Administrator Alexis Allen, Deputy Court Administrator Jennifer Curtiss, and Court [26] 27 1 Because it would not assist in resolution of the instant issues, the Court finds the pending motions are suitable for decision without oral argument. See LRCiv. 7.2(f); Fed. [28] R. Civ. P. 78(b); Partridge v. Reich, 141 F.3d 920, 926 (9th Cir. 1998). 1 Services Supervisor Marcos Romero (“Individual Defendants” and, together with the City, 2 “Defendants”). (Id. at 2–3). Plaintiff alleges that he was subjected to gender discrimination, 3 retaliation, and a hostile work environment during his employment. (Id. at 6–7). 4 According to the Complaint, the Tempe Court “implemented a telecommuting 5 schedule” in response to the COVID-19 pandemic “on or about April/May of 2020.” (Id. 6 at 6). Defendants confirm this, stating that on April 7, 2020 the Tempe Court “implemented 7 a bi-weekly telecommuting schedule allowing employees to alternate on a schedule 8 between telecommuting a week and working onsite a week.” (Doc. 120 at 16). The 9 biweekly telecommuting schedule ended on October 7, 2020. (Id.). On December 7, 2020, 10 the Tempe Court “reimplemented a rotational telecommuting schedule.” (Id.). Defendant 11 Romero, Plaintiff’s supervisor, “instituted a five-week rotational schedule for his team, 12 with employees being in the office for four weeks and then eligible to telecommute the 13 fifth week.” (Id.). Defendants also contend that around that same time the Tempe Court 14 “started a temporary process to allow those who were returning to work from approved 15 [Families First Coronavirus Response Act (“FFCRA”)] leave to telecommute for their first 16 week of returning to work, before having to work on site” (the “transition period”). (Id. at 17 16–17). On March 22, 2021, the Tempe Court terminated the rotational telecommuting and 18 transition period policies. (Id. at 17). 19 Plaintiff alleges that female employees—specifically, Plaintiff’s co-workers 20 Veronica Reyes, Maritza Deadrick, and Jamie Hedlund, who are not parties in this action— 21 were allowed to work from home “outside of the regular telecommuting schedule.”2 (Doc. 22 52 at 10). Plaintiff alleges in the Complaint that Ms. Reyes and Ms. Hedlund were 23 permitted to work remotely “[b]etween the end of December [2020] through 2/22/21.” (Id. 24 at 11). Meanwhile, Plaintiff alleges that his own requests to telecommute during this time 25 were denied; he was only allowed to work remotely when the rotational schedule allowed [26] 27 2 Plaintiff’s Complaint refers to Ms. Reyes. (See Doc. 52 at 11). In his Motion and its accompanying Statement of Facts, however, Plaintiff does not refer to Ms. Reyes and 28 mentions only Ms. Deadrick and Ms. Hedlund. (See Doc. 53 at 4, 7, 13, 31; Doc. 54 at 3). 1 it. (Id. at 10–12). Plaintiff also alleges that Ms. Deadrick and Ms. Hedlund were allowed 2 the one-week transition period but that he was denied the same. (Doc. 53 at 4, 7, 13, 31; 3 Doc. 54 at 3). Plaintiff contends that Defendants’ denial of his requests to telecommute 4 was discriminatory on the basis of gender. 5 On January 7, 2021, Plaintiff filed a gender discrimination complaint with the City’s 6 Human Resources Department. (Doc. 52 at 6). Plaintiff alleges that Defendants failed to 7 properly investigate his discrimination claim and instead began retaliating against him by 8 disciplining him and by eventually terminating his employment. The alleged retaliation 9 consisted of two formal disciplines; the first occurred on March 18, 2021 and resulted in a 10 written reprimand and the second occurred in September 2021 and ultimately resulted in 11 his termination. (Id. at 6, 13). In addition to discrimination and retaliation, Plaintiff also 12 alleges that Defendants created a hostile work environment “by engaging in a series of 13 retaliatory acts against me,” which included “altering [his] time sheets, ignoring City Rules 14 and Court Policies, recruiting other employees to watch [him] and report back to them, 15 subjecting [him] to erroneous disciplinary actions, sustaining the false allegations, and 16 denying [him] the right to use accrued paid time off and sick time.” (Id. at 7). 17 On March 16, 2022, Plaintiff filed this action. (Doc. 1). On August 26, 2022, 18 Plaintiff filed an Amended Complaint (Doc. 52), which serves as the operative complaint 19 in this matter. Plaintiff brings claims for gender discrimination, retaliation, and hostile 20 work environment under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. §§ 2000e to 21 2000e-17, and similar claims under 42 U.S.C. §§ 1981 and 1983. (Doc. 52 at 4). Plaintiff 22 also brings several related claims under Arizona state law. (Id.). On August 28, 2022, 23 Plaintiff filed the Motion for Partial Summary Judgment (Doc. 53). Given that discovery 24 was not yet completed, the Court granted Defendants’ request for an extension of time to 25 respond to Plaintiff’s Motion. (Doc. 91). On October 27, 2022, Plaintiff filed the Motion 26 for Sanctions (Doc. 105), which is also at issue in this Order. On November 21, 2022, 27 Defendants responded to Plaintiff’s Motion for Sanctions. (Doc. 117). On November 28, 28 2022, Defendants timely responded to Plaintiff’s Motion for Partial Summary Judgment 1 (Doc. 123) and Plaintiff filed a Reply brief regarding his Motion for Sanctions (Doc. 121). 2 On December 15, 2022, Plaintiff filed a Reply brief regarding his Motion for Partial 3 Summary Judgment. (Doc. 128). 4 II. LEGAL STANDARD 5 Summary judgment is appropriate where “the movant shows that there is no genuine 6 dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” 7 Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a); see also Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317 , 322–23 (1986). 8 Material facts are those facts “that might affect the outcome of the suit under the governing 9 law.” Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986). A genuine dispute of 10 material fact arises if “the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for 11 the nonmoving party.” Id. 12 The party moving for summary judgment bears the initial responsibility of 13 presenting the basis for its motion and identifying those portions of the record, together 14 with affidavits, which it believes demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue of material 15 fact. Celotex, 477 U.S. at 323 . If the movant fails to carry its initial burden of production, 16 the nonmovant need not produce anything. Nissan Fire & Marine Ins. Co., Ltd. v. Fritz 17 Co., Inc., 210 F.3d 1099 , 1102–03 (9th Cir. 2000). But if the movant meets its initial 18 responsibility, the burden shifts to the nonmovant to demonstrate the existence of a factual 19 dispute and that the fact in contention is material. Anderson, 477 U.S. at 250 . In other 20 words, the nonmovant “must do more than simply show that there is some metaphysical 21 doubt as to the material facts,” and, instead, must “come forward with ‘specific facts 22 showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.’” Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio 23 Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 586-87 (1986). 24 When considering a motion for summary judgment, the judge’s function is not to 25 weigh the evidence and determine the truth but to determine whether there is a genuine 26 issue for trial. Anderson, 477 U.S. at 249 . In its analysis, the court must view the factual 27 record and draw all reasonable inferences in the nonmovant’s favor. Leisek v. Brightwood [28] 1 Corp., 278 F.3d 895, 898 (9th Cir. 2002). The court need consider only the cited materials, 2 but it may consider any other materials in the record. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)(3). 3 III. DISCUSSION 4 Plaintiff requests summary judgment as to several of his claims as well as sanctions 5 for Defendants’ alleged misconduct. The Court will first address Plaintiff’s Motion for 6 Partial Summary Judgment and then turn to his Motion for Sanctions. 7 A. Motion for Partial Summary Judgment 8 Plaintiff seeks summary judgment as to his disparate treatment claims under Title 9 VII and § 1983. (Doc. 53 at 2–17). He also seeks summary judgment as to his retaliation 10 claims under §§ 1981 and 1983. (Id. at 17–36). Finally, Plaintiff seeks summary judgment 11 as to his Arizona state law claims and as to the issue of qualified immunity. (Id. at 36–37). 12 1. Disparate Treatment Claims Under Title VII and § 1983 13 Under Title VII, an employer may not “discriminate against any individual with 14 respect to his compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges of employment, because of 15 such individual’s . . . sex.” 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(a)(1). Similarly, § 1983 provides a right 16 of action for individuals whose constitutional rights are violated by state actors and thus 17 offers an avenue of relief for public employees who are injured by their employer’s 18 discriminatory conduct. See 42 U.S.C. § 1983 ; see also Lowe v. City of Monrovia, 775 F.2d 19 998, 1010 (9th Cir. 1985) (citations omitted) (recognizing that § 1983 “incorporates the 20 equal protection standards that have developed in fourteenth amendment jurisprudence” 21 and therefore permits claims for gender discrimination in employment). 22 “[A] plaintiff alleging discrimination under Title VII may proceed under two 23 theories of liability: disparate treatment or disparate impact.” Garcia v. Spun Steak Co., [24] 998 F.2d 1480, 1484 (9th Cir. 1993) (citation omitted). “While intent is not relevant to a 25 disparate impact theory of recovery, the disparate treatment theory does require proof of 26 discriminatory intent.” Freyd v. Univ. of Or., 990 F.3d 1211, 1228 (9th Cir. 2021) 27 (emphasis added) (citing Garcia, 998 F.2d at 1484 ). Similarly, § 1983 claims alleging 28 employment discrimination center around a consideration of the defendant’s intent. See 1 Ballou v. McElvain, 29 F.4th 413, 422 (9th Cir. 2022) (citation omitted) (“The central 2 inquiry in an Equal Protection Clause claim is whether a government action was motivated 3 by a discriminatory purpose.”); Lam v. City & Cnty. of S.F., 868 F. Supp. 2d 928, 951 (N.D. 4 Cal. 2012 ) (“In the equal protection context, just as in a Title VII disparate treatment case, 5 the fundamental question revolves around the plaintiff’s ability to demonstrate a 6 discriminatory ‘purpose’ or intent.”). Given that Title VII and § 1983 discrimination claims 7 each rely on a showing of discriminatory intent, courts are generally guided by Title VII 8 analysis when analyzing § 1983 claims. See Lam, 868 F. Supp. 2d at 951 (citing St. Mary’s 9 Honor Ctr. v. Hicks, 509 U.S. 502 , 506 n.1 (1993)) (“[G]enerally, when analyzing claims 10 of disparate treatment in employment under § 1981 or § 1983, a district court is guided by 11 Title VII analysis.”). 12 A plaintiff may establish discriminatory purpose or intent “by producing direct or 13 circumstantial evidence demonstrating that a discriminatory reason more likely than not 14 motivated the defendant and that the defendant's actions adversely affected the plaintiff in 15 some way.” Ballou, 29 F.4th at 422 (quotations and citations omitted) (emphasis added). 16 The Supreme Court has instructed that the burden-shifting framework set out in McDonnell 17 Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792 (1973), is not applicable “where the plaintiff 18 presents direct evidence of discrimination.” TransWorld Airlines, Inc. v. Thurston, 469 19 U.S. 111 , 121 (1985). That said, in the absence of direct evidence, “plaintiffs can, and 20 frequently do, rely on the burden-shifting framework set out in McDonnell . . . as a way of 21 channeling inquiry into the available circumstantial evidence.” Ballou, 29 F.4th at 422 . 22 Here, Plaintiff begins by asserting that he has demonstrated direct evidence that 23 Defendants were motivated by a discriminatory reason and that the Court need not consider 24 the McDonnell Douglas burden-shifting framework. (Doc. 53 at 2–5; Doc. 128 at 1 (“The 25 defendant’s position that I did not establish the third or fourth elements of the McDonnel[l] 26 Douglas test is not applicable because I have presented direct evidence of 27 discrimination.”)). The Court does not agree. Under a heading titled “Direct Evidence,” 28 Plaintiff’s Motion primarily focuses on Plaintiff’s contention that Defendants failed to 1 inform him and other employees of the Tempe Court’s transition period policy. (Doc. 53 2 at 2–4). As noted above, this policy permitted employees who were returning from an 3 approved FFCRA leave to telecommute for one week upon their return from leave.3 (Doc. 4 120 at 16–17). Plaintiff contends that he was never informed of this policy and that it was 5 “made up to intentionally [] mislead the Attorney General investigator and conceal the 6 discrimination I was subjected to.” (Doc. 53 at 3–4). Specifically, Plaintiff asserts that 7 Defendant Ward made “no mention” of the policy in her response to Plaintiff’s internal 8 complaint of gender discrimination, and that Defendant Allen has admitted that the policy 9 was not made available online and that employees eligible for the transition period were 10 instead informed directly. (Id. at 3). According to Plaintiff, Defendants’ position that 11 Plaintiff was not eligible for one week of telecommuting because he had exhausted his 12 FFCRA leave “is not plausible” because “all employees were eligible [for the additional 13 week of leave] as long as they were experiencing a COVID related issue.” (Id. at 4). 14 It bears repeating that the “direct evidence” required to avoid the McDonnell 15 Douglas test must, in this case, directly demonstrate discrimination based on gender. 16 “Direct evidence is ‘evidence, which, if believed, proves the fact of discriminatory animus 17 without inference or presumption’ and ‘typically consists of clearly sexist, racist, or 18 similarly discriminatory statements or actions by the employer.’” Robles v. Agreserves, 19 Inc., 158 F. Supp. 3d 952, 993 (E.D. Cal. 2016) (quoting Dominguez-Curry v. Nev. Transp. 20 Dep’t, 424 F.3d 1027, 1038 (9th Cir. 2005)). Plaintiff’s extended discussion of Defendants’ 21 “transition period” policy contains no such evidence of gender-based animus; in fact, the 22 discussion has no direct relation to Plaintiff’s gender at all. Even assuming Plaintiff’s 23 contentions concerning the “transition period” are true, the Court would still be without [24] 25 3 The Court notes Plaintiff’s assertion that the one-week transition period was not dependent on whether an employee was returning from an approved FFCRA leave, but [26] rather on whether an employee was “experiencing a COVID issue.” (Doc. 54 at 2–3). That 27 said, this distinction is irrelevant to the Court’s analysis of whether Plaintiff has demonstrated direct evidence that Defendants were motivated to deny his requests to 28 telecommute by a discriminatory animus toward males. 1 any direct evidence that Defendants denied Plaintiff’s requests to work from home because 2 of his gender. Plaintiff appears to acknowledge this himself, as his Motion states that the 3 direct evidence shows “that the defendant(s) have not been truthful pertaining to the 4 eligibility requirements of the additional week of telecommuting,” not that Defendants 5 discriminated against him based on his gender. (Doc. 53 at 3). Likewise, in the Reply, 6 Plaintiff states that his direct evidence “reveal[s] two things: (1) I was eligible for the 7 additional weeks of telecommuting and (2) there was no ‘transition’ period.” (Doc. 128 at 8 2). Glaringly missing is any assertion by Plaintiff that his direct evidence reveals 9 discrimination based on gender, which is all that matters to the direct evidence analysis. 10 Plaintiff has failed to offer any direct evidence that Defendants’ decision to deny Plaintiff’s 11 requests to telecommute was “more likely than not” motivated by discriminatory reasons. 12 In the absence of any direct evidence of discrimination, the Court turns to the 13 McDonnell Douglas test to determine whether Plaintiff is entitled to summary judgment 14 on his discrimination claims. Under the McDonnell Douglas test, a plaintiff must first 15 establish a prima facie sex discrimination claim by showing that (1) he belongs to a 16 protected class, (2) he was qualified for and satisfactorily performing his job, (3) he was 17 subject to an adverse employment action, and (4) similarly situated individuals outside his 18 protected class were treated more favorably. McDonnell Douglas, 411 U.S. at 802 . Upon 19 a prima facie showing, the burden shifts to the employer to “articulate a legitimate, 20 nondiscriminatory reason for the challenged action.” Id. If the employer does so, the burden 21 shifts back to the employee to show that the reason offered by the employer “is pretextual 22 either directly by persuading the court that a discriminatory reason more likely motivated 23 the employer or indirectly by showing that the employer’s proffered explanation is 24 unworthy of credence.” Id. (internal quotations omitted) (quoting Chuang v. Univ. of Cal. 25 Davis, 215 F.3d 1115 , 1123–24 (9th Cir. 2000)). 26 In the present case, Plaintiff contends that he has met his initial burden of 27 establishing a prima facie case of sex discrimination. (Doc. 53 at 5–7). Defendants’ 28 Response argues that Plaintiff has failed to make the requisite showing with respect to the 1 third and fourth elements. (Doc. 123 at 2). As to the third element, an “adverse employment 2 action” is defined as “one that materially affects the compensation, terms, conditions, or 3 privileges of employment.” Davis v. Team Elec. Co., 520 F.3d 1080, 1089 (9th Cir. 2008) 4 (internal quotation marks omitted). “The Ninth Circuit takes an expansive view on what 5 constitutes an adverse employment action” and examples include “demotions, 6 disadvantageous transfers or assignments, refusals to promote, unwarranted negative job 7 evaluations, and toleration of harassment by other employees.” Ramirez v. Olympic Health 8 Mgmt. Sys., Inc., 610 F. Supp. 2d 1266, 1281 (E.D. Wash. 2009) (citing Ray v. Henderson, [9] 217 F.3d 1234, 1241 (9th Cir. 2000)). Despite this expansive view, “not every employment 10 decision amounts to an adverse employment action” and courts are advised to avoid “trivial 11 personnel actions’ brought by irritable, chip-on-the-shoulder employees.” Id. (quotations 12 and citations omitted). 13 Here, Plaintiff’s gender discrimination claim is entirely based on his claim that he 14 was “denied the benefit of teleworking when [his] female counterparts were not.”4 (Doc. 15 128 at 3). The question then is whether the denial of an employee’s request to telework— 16 i.e., denying a work-from-home request and requiring the employee to work onsite— 17 constitutes an “adverse employment action” for purposes of establishing a discrimination 18 claim. In their Response, Defendants cite to at least seven cases in which courts considered 19 this question and found that such conduct does not amount to an adverse employment 20 action. (See Doc. 123 at 4–5 (listing cases)). Although none of the cases are from the Ninth 21 Circuit, the Court finds the caselaw persuasive, particularly because Plaintiff does not [22] 23 4 In the section titled “Element 3: Adverse Employment Action” Plaintiff also refers to the two formal disciplines he received and his eventual termination of employment. [24] (Doc. 53 at 7). However, upon reviewing Plaintiff’s Complaint, the Court does not read 25 these to be alleged as “adverse employment actions” that Plaintiff includes in his sex discrimination claims. Rather, Plaintiff alleges that the formal disciplines and his [26] termination were retaliatory actions that Defendants took in response to Plaintiff filing 27 internal discrimination complaints. Thus, while the formal disciplines and Plaintiff’s termination are considered below in the context of Plaintiff’s retaliation claims, the Court 28 does not consider them in analyzing Plaintiff’s sex discrimination claims. 1 provide—and this Court itself was unable to find—any cases in which a court found the 2 denial of telecommuting privileges to constitute an adverse employment action. 3 That said, Plaintiff does attempt to distinguish Defendants’ authority, arguing that 4 “[a]ll of the cases cited by the defendants’ not one of them have to do with a global 5 pandemic taking place at that time.” (Doc. 128 at 3). Although this appears to be true, the 6 fact that a pandemic was ongoing does not transform Defendants’ denials of Plaintiff’s 7 requests to telecommute in January and February 2021 into adverse employment actions. 8 First, it is not as though Plaintiff was entirely denied the ability to work from home during 9 the pandemic. Rather, Plaintiff telecommuted every other week for a six-month period 10 between April 2020 and October 2020 pursuant to the biweekly telecommuting policy that 11 was in place. (Doc. 120 at 16). Even after that policy was terminated, Plaintiff was again 12 permitted to telecommute every five weeks pursuant to the rotational telecommuting policy 13 that was in place between December 2020 and March 2021. (Id.). Second, it is also not the 14 case that Plaintiff was denied the ability to take available leave when he needed to. 15 Defendants provide evidence that Plaintiff requested—and Defendants granted— 16 significant amounts of leave during 2020. In addition to the usual paid and unpaid leave 17 that employees accrued, the FFCRA provided employees like Plaintiff “up to 12 weeks of 18 leave at 40 hours a week for ‘caring for a child whose school or place of care is closed . . . 19 for reasons related to COVID-19.’” (Id. at 17). Defendants contend that Plaintiff exhausted 20 all his leave, including all his childcare related FFCRA leave, during the year 2020. Given 21 the telecommuting policies that were in place and the significant amount of leave that 22 Plaintiff was granted, the Court cannot find that Defendants’ denial of Plaintiff’s requests 23 to telecommute—on just a few occasions in January and February 2021—amounted to the 24 sort of adverse employment action which materially affected Plaintiff’s compensation, 25 terms, conditions, or privileges of employment. Although Plaintiff disputes the exact 26 parameters of Defendants’ policies and the extent to which he used or exhausted his leave, 27 this only raises a material factual dispute and certainly does not satisfy Plaintiff’s burden 28 for obtaining summary judgment. The Court finds that Defendants have more than met 1 their burden of demonstrating a material factual dispute sufficient to preclude summary 2 judgment in Plaintiff’s favor. 3 Even if the Court were to recognize Defendants’ denial of Plaintiff’s requests to 4 telecommute as an adverse employment action, the Court further finds that Plaintiff has 5 failed to meet the summary judgment standard with respect to the fourth element—that is, 6 whether similarly situated individuals outside his protected class were treated more 7 favorably. As to the fourth element, “individuals are similarly situated when they have 8 similar jobs and display similar conduct.” Vasquez v. Cnty. of L.A., 349 F.3d 634, 641 (9th 9 Cir. 2003). The plaintiff “must demonstrate, at the least, that they are similarly situated to 10 those employees in all material respects.” Moran v. Selig, 447 F.3d 748, 755 (9th Cir. 11 2006) (emphasis added). Plaintiff attempts to satisfy the fourth element by pointing to two 12 of his female coworkers, Ms. Hedlund and Ms. Deadrick.5 (Doc. 53 at 7). In some respects, 13 Ms. Hedlund and Ms. Deadrick were similarly situated. They worked for the same 14 supervisor as Plaintiff, Defendant Romero, and they presumably shared the same job title 15 and duties as Plaintiff. Plaintiff also points out that Ms. Hedlund and Ms. Deadrick, like 16 Plaintiff, had children whose schools were closed due to COVID-19. (Id.). However, 17 Defendants point out that Ms. Hedlund and Ms. Deadrick were differently situated than 18 Plaintiff in other respects, particularly as it relates to their use of leave. For example, 19 Plaintiff exhausted his FFCRA leave prior to the transition period policy being put into 20 place; Ms. Hedlund and Ms. Deadrick, on the other hand, had not exhausted their FFCRA 21 leave. As another example, Plaintiff attempted to take a one-week transition period 22 “suddenly” and without seeking supervisor approval in advance; Ms. Hedlund and Ms. 23 Deadrick, conversely, “planned in advance with their supervisor . . . about the timing of 24 taking the transition telecommuting week.” (Doc. 123 at 6–7). These distinctions are [25] 26 5 As noted above, see supra note 2, Plaintiff’s Complaint also refers to a third female 27 employee, Ms. Reyes. However, Plaintiff makes no mention of Ms. Reyes in his Motion or in the Statement of Facts and therefore the Court will not consider whether Ms. Reyes 28 was a “similarly situated individual” who was treated more favorably than Plaintiff. 1 material because they imply that Ms. Hedlund and Ms. Deadrick were granted 2 telecommuting permission not because they were women, but because they were returning 3 from an approved FFCRA leave and they properly followed Defendants’ policy by 4 speaking with their supervisor in advance. Conversely, the distinctions imply that Plaintiff 5 was denied telecommuting permission not because he was a man, but because he had 6 exhausted his approved FFCRA leave and otherwise misunderstood the transition period 7 policy. The Court recognizes that Plaintiff disagrees with Defendants’ explanation of their 8 policies and how those policies applied to Plaintiff and the other employees. The fact that 9 Plaintiff views these facts differently, however, is not sufficient to demonstrate an absence 10 of disputed fact; rather, it does just the opposite by underscoring that the parties dispute 11 material facts as it relates to the fourth element. 12 In sum, Plaintiff has not demonstrated a prima facie case of disparate treatment 13 because disputed facts exist on material aspects of the third and fourth elements. Even if 14 Plaintiff had demonstrated a prima facie case, Defendants have done more than enough to 15 articulate a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for their denial of Plaintiff’s requests to 16 telecommute by explaining the telecommuting and leave policies that were in place and 17 how Plaintiff did or did not adhere to those policies. As the Ninth Circuit has held, “[t]he 18 employer need not persuade the court that it was actually motivated by the proffered 19 reasons.” Yartzoff v. Thomas, 809 F.2d 1371, 1376 (9th Cir. 1987). Rather, “[i]t is sufficient 20 if the defendant’s evidence raises a genuine issue of fact as to whether it discriminated 21 against the plaintiff” and a defendant “need only produce admissible evidence which would 22 allow the trier of fact rationally to conclude that the employment decision had not been 23 motivated by discriminatory animus.” Id. (quoting Miller v. Fairchild Indus., Inc., 797 F.2d 24 727, 731 (9th Cir. 1986)). After viewing the factual record and drawing all reasonable 25 inferences in Defendants’ favor, the Court finds that Defendants have put forth admissible 26 evidence raising genuine issues of fact as to whether Defendants discriminated against 27 Plaintiff based on his gender when it denied his requests to telework. Plaintiff has therefore 28 failed to demonstrate an absence of a genuine issue of material fact with respect to his 1 disparate treatment claims under Title VII and § 1983 and the Court denies Plaintiff’s 2 request for summary judgment. 3 2. Retaliation Claims Under §§ 1981 and 1983 4 As an initial matter, the Court denies Plaintiff’s request for summary judgment as 5 to his § 1981 retaliation claim and instead dismisses the claim in its entirety. Although the 6 Supreme Court has recognized that § 1981 encompasses retaliation claims, see CBOCS 7 West, Inc. v. Humphries, 553 U.S. 442, 446 (2008), the statute creates a cause of action 8 “only for those discriminated against on account of their race or ethnicity” and it does not 9 permit a plaintiff to assert a claim based on gender discrimination. Johnson v. Riverside 10 Healthcare Sys., LP, 534 F.3d 1116, 1123 (9th Cir. 2008) (citing Jones v. Bechtel, 788 F.2d 11 571, 574 (9th Cir. 1986)); see also Lowe, 775 F.2d 998, 1011 (9th Cir. 1985) (“The district 12 court correctly dismissed Lowe’s . . . section 1981 sex discrimination claim[ because] sex 13 discrimination cannot be redressed under section 1981.”). Here, Plaintiff does not allege 14 any discrimination based on race or ethnicity. Therefore, the Court not only denies 15 summary judgment in Plaintiff’s favor, but also grants summary judgment to Defendants 16 and dismisses any claims Plaintiff brings under § 1981. See Gonzalez v. CarMax Auto 17 Superstores, LLC, 840 F.3d 644 , 654–55 (9th Cir. 2016) (quotations omitted) (“Although 18 Gonzalez did not himself move for summary judgment in the district court, we may grant 19 summary judgment sua sponte to a nonmoving party if, drawing all inferences in favor of 20 the moving party, there are no genuine issues of material fact, the moving party has been 21 given reasonable notice that the sufficiency of his [] claim will be in issue, and the 22 nonmoving party is entitled to summary judgment as a matter of law.”). 23 The Court now turns to Plaintiff’s request for summary judgment on his claim for 24 retaliation under § 1983. “The McDonnell Douglas framework and allocation of proof that 25 governs disparate treatment claims also governs retaliation claims.” Cheeks v. Gen. 26 Dynamics, 22 F. Supp. 3d 1015, 1035 (D. Ariz. 2014) (citing Yartzoff, 809 F.2d at 1375 ); 27 see also Lelaind v. City & Cnty. of S.F., 576 F. Supp. 2d 1079, 1094 (N.D. Cal. 2008) 28 (“Like claims for disparate treatment, claims for retaliation under . . . section 1983 . . . are 1 analyzed under the McDonnell Douglas burden-shifting framework.”). A plaintiff must 2 first meet his or her burden of establishing a prima facie case of retaliation, which requires 3 the plaintiff to show: “(1) engagement in a protected activity; (2) an adverse employment 4 action; and (3) a causal link between the two.” Cheeks, 22 F. Supp. 3d at 1035 (citing 5 Brooks v. City of San Mateo, 229 F.3d 917, 928 (9th Cir. 2000)). As with a disparate 6 treatment claim, the burden then shifts to the defendant to “articulat[e] a legitimate, non7 retaliatory reason for its action.” Id. (citations omitted). “Once the defendant has presented 8 a purpose for the action, the plaintiff bears the ultimate burden of providing evidence that 9 the defendant’s reason is ‘merely a pretext for a retaliatory motive.’” Id. (citations omitted). 10 Here, Plaintiff asserts that he has established a prima facie case of retaliation and 11 that he has additionally provided sufficient evidence that Defendants’ reasons for their 12 retaliatory actions are merely pretext. (Doc. 53 at 18–36). Plaintiff contends that 13 Defendants retaliated against him for reporting gender discrimination by issuing two 14 disciplinary actions and ultimately terminating him. (Id.). Defendants concede that Plaintiff 15 engaged in a protected activity when he filed an internal complaint for gender 16 discrimination on January 7, 2021. (Doc. 123 at 19). Defendants also concede that Plaintiff 17 suffered an adverse employment action when he was terminated on December 27, 2021 18 (though they do not explicitly concede that the disciplinary actions constituted “adverse 19 employment actions” for purposes of a retaliation claim). (Id.). However, Defendants 20 contend that Plaintiff has failed to establish causation and therefore is not entitled to 21 summary judgment on his retaliation claim. (Id.). 22 The Court finds that, at the least, disputes of material fact exist with respect to the 23 causation element, precluding summary judgment in Plaintiff’s favor. For each of the 24 alleged retaliatory actions, Defendants offer alternate explanations—supported by factual 25 evidence—having nothing to do with retaliating against Plaintiff for his internal complaint 26 of gender discrimination. For example, Defendants contend that the March and April 2021 27 disciplinary action “identified certain City personnel rules and Arizona Code of Judicial 28 Administration sections Plaintiff violated by calling out and refusing to report on site on 1 February 16, 2021 and by submitting a leave slip asserting COVID symptoms when 2 Plaintiff was unable to get the leave he requested on January 26–27 and February 18, 3 2021.” (Doc. 120 at 20). As to the September and November 2021 disciplinary action and 4 Plaintiff’s subsequent termination, Defendants contend that Plaintiff was regularly using 5 the City’s computers and printers during work hours for non-work-related tasks such as 6 surfing and watching videos on the internet and printing documents related to personal 7 matters. (Id. at 21–23). Defendants also contend that the September and November 2021 8 disciplinary action and subsequent termination were precipitated by Plaintiff’s decreased 9 work productivity, especially as compared to his colleagues. (Id.). Upon viewing the 10 factual record and drawing all reasonable inferences in Defendants’ favor, the Court finds 11 that Defendants have put forth admissible evidence raising genuine issues of fact as to 12 whether there exists a causal link between the protected activity (Plaintiff reporting gender 13 discrimination) and the adverse employment actions (the disciplinary actions and 14 Plaintiff’s termination). Thus, Plaintiff has failed to demonstrate an absence of any genuine 15 issues of material fact with respect to his retaliation claim under § 1983. The Court denies 16 Plaintiff’s request for summary judgment on the claim.6 17 3. State Law Claims and Qualified Immunity 18 Near the end of his Motion, Plaintiff makes the following argument with respect to 19 his claims under Arizona state law: 20 The substantive analysis for Title VII, 1981, and 1983 claims also applies to discrimination and retaliation claims under [22] 6 Given the presence of material factual disputes related to causation, the Court need 23 not delve into other issues raised by the parties as it pertains to Plaintiff’s § 1983 retaliation claim. Namely, the Court need not analyze whether Plaintiff has demonstrated that [24] municipal liability is appropriate against the City under a ratification theory, a final 25 policymaker theory, or an official policy or custom theory. Likewise, the Court need not determine whether Plaintiff has demonstrated that each of the Individual Defendants took [26] intentional acts—under the color of law and with retaliatory motivations—that deprived 27 Plaintiff of rights secured by the Constitution or federal statutes. The parties clearly dispute facts that are material to the element of causation in Plaintiff’s retaliation claim and this is 28 sufficient on its own to deny summary judgment to Plaintiff. Arizona Law. Therefore, the conclusions of this [C]ourt on the 1 federal claims of discrimination and retaliation should apply to the State Law claims as well. [2] 3 (Doc. 53 at 36). As an initial matter, Plaintiff fails to identify which state law claims he 4 seeks summary judgment on. He also fails to state the elements for such claims or make 5 any meaningful, legally supported argument as to why summary judgment in his favor is 6 appropriate on such claims. Regardless, the Court grants Plaintiff’s request insofar as he 7 asks that “the conclusions of this [C]ourt on the federal claims . . . should apply to the State 8 Law claims as well.” (Id.). The Court denied Plaintiff’s request for summary judgment on 9 his federal claims, and it now does the same with respect to his state law claims. Plaintiff 10 is not entitled to summary judgment as to any of his state law claims. 11 Plaintiff also makes a short, two-paragraph argument that Defendants Ward, 12 Romero, Curtiss, and Allen are not entitled to qualified immunity. (See id. at 36–37). The 13 Court rejects this argument because it is entirely conclusory and fails to meaningfully 14 address either prong of the qualified immunity analysis. 15 B. Motion for Sanctions 16 Under Rule 30(d), the Court “may impose an appropriate sanction—including the 17 reasonable expenses and attorney’s fees incurred by any party—on a person who impedes, 18 delays, or frustrates the fair examination of the deponent.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 30(d)(2) 19 (emphasis added). Plaintiff seeks Rule 30(d) sanctions against Defendants Ward and the 20 City based on his allegation that Defendant Ward altered evidence that was used at 21 Plaintiff’s September 30, 2022 deposition. (Doc. 105 at 1). 22 At issue are emails originally sent by City HR Management Assistant Sarah Jenkins 23 and Deputy Internal Services Director Tom Duensing in April 2020 and subsequently 24 forwarded to Plaintiff by HR Specialist Heather Estrada on August 15, 2020. (Doc. 105 at 25 13–16). On April 8, 2020, Jenkins sent an email containing the subject line “Important 26 Information on the [FFCRA]” that outlined “new HR Guidelines” related to the FFCRA 27 and telecommuting. (Id. at 15–16). The following day, Duensing forwarded Jenkins’ email 28 to “COT – Timekeepers” along with his own supplemental information about the new 1 guidelines, which changed the City’s previous policy—in place since March 13, 2020— 2 allowing employees to go into a negative balance on leave accruals. (Id. at 14–15). On 3 August 14, 2020, Plaintiff emailed Estrada asking why he was “no longer allowed to used 4 [sic] unpaid time to deal with covid related issues.” (Id. at 13). That same day, Estrada 5 replied by explaining that Plaintiff was referencing the City’s previous policy that had been 6 replaced by the FFCRA-based policy in April 2020. (Id.). On August 15, 2020, Plaintiff 7 supplemented her response to Plaintiff by forwarding him the April 2020 emails from 8 Duensing and Jenkins, along with the following message: 9 Apologies, ended 04/12/2020 not 04/11/2020. This encompasses both the email sent out by Sarah Jenkins and Tom 10 Duensing. [11] (Id. at 14). The August 15, 2020 email from Estrada to Plaintiff—forwarding the April [12] 2020 emails from Duensing and Jenkins—is the primary email at issue in this dispute. [13] Plaintiff alleges that, during his September 30, 2022 deposition, Defendants entered [14] into the record “Exhibit 17” (Id. at 10–11), which contained the August 15, 2020 email [15] from Estrada to Plaintiff. (Id. at 2). Plaintiff alleges that he was asked “a series of [16] questions” pertaining to the document which “supported [Defendants’] position regarding [17] time keeping procedures and changes that were allegedly sent to all employees.” (Id.). [18] Plaintiff alleges that three alterations had been made to the August 15, 2020 email. (Id.). [19] First, the header information above the Subject line—which included “(1) From; (2) Sent; [20] (3) To; and (4) CC headers that accompany forwarded emails”—was omitted. (Id.). [21] Second, the message from Estrada—provided above—was also omitted. (Id.). Third, the [22] “To:” header in Duensing’s email was changed from “To: COT – Timekeepers [23] <1c4c65@tempe.gov>” to “To: COT – All Employees.” (Id.). Plaintiff alleges that the [24] email was altered “with the intent of misleading [him] regarding the facts and [25] circumstances surrounding [his] case” and that sanctions are appropriate. (Id. at 3). [26] In their Response, Defendants make a series of arguments regarding Plaintiff’s [27] request for sanctions. First, Defendants argue that Plaintiff’s Motion raises a discovery [28] 1 dispute and that the Court should strike the Motion because Plaintiff did not comply with 2 the correct procedures for raising a discovery dispute. (Doc. 117 at 1–2). In the interest of 3 efficiency and given the unlikelihood that the parties will be able to resolve this dispute on 4 their own, the Court declines to strike the Motion for any procedural error that occurred 5 and will address the Motion on its merits. 6 Second, Defendants argue that Plaintiff’s Motion should be denied because Plaintiff 7 “provides no evidence that his deposition was impeded, frustrated or delayed by the City 8 or Ward” because of the alleged alterations. (Id. at 2). Although the Court tends to agree 9 that Plaintiff could have been more specific in this regard, the Court finds Plaintiff’s 10 accusation—that Defendants intentionally altered evidence presented at the deposition— 11 to be a serious allegation warranting the Court’s consideration. At least in the abstract, it 12 is more than reasonable for Plaintiff to suggest that the alteration or spoilation of evidence 13 used at his deposition at least impeded and frustrated “the fair examination” of Plaintiff. 14 Thus, the Court will not outright deny Plaintiff’s Motion merely because Plaintiff did not 15 fully explain how the fairness of his deposition was impeded or frustrated. 16 Third, Defendants assert that Plaintiff—when asked about Exhibit 17 at the 17 deposition—“testified that he did not recognize, and did not recall receiving it.” (Id.). To 18 support this, Defendants attach the relevant portion of the deposition transcript to their 19 Response. (Doc. 117-1 at 2–8). Given this testimony from Plaintiff, Defendants argue that 20 it is impossible to say that Plaintiff’s deposition was impeded, frustrated, or delayed by the 21 alleged alterations because Plaintiff did not remember the email anyway. (Doc. 117 at 2– 22 3). In his Reply, Plaintiff responds that Defendants “failed to provide the part of the 23 [deposition] where [he] identif[ied that he] recognize[d] the contents of the email . . . but 24 am confused because [he didn’t] recognize this email being sent to all City of Tempe (COT25 employees) employees.” (Doc. 121 at 1). Plaintiff cites Rule 32(a)(6) which states that “[i]f 26 a party offers in evidence only part of a deposition, an adverse party may require the offeror 27 to introduce other parts that in fairness should be considered with the part introduced, and 28 any party may itself introduce any other parts.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 32(a)(6). Plaintiff does not, 1 however, provide the Court with the “other parts” of the deposition where he alleges that 2 he recognized Exhibit 17. Nonetheless, the Court will take Plaintiff at his word and is 3 therefore unpersuaded by Defendants’ argument that Plaintiff’s request for sanctions is 4 rendered moot by the fact that Plaintiff did not initially recognize Exhibit 17 when he was 5 asked about it at the deposition. 6 Fourth, Defendants argue that Plaintiff is unable to show how the alleged alterations 7 were prejudicial to him or to his case. (Doc. 117 at 3). The Court agrees with Defendants, 8 but only to a certain extent. Plaintiff fails to clearly explain how the first or second 9 alterations—omitting the From/Sent/To/CC headers and the short message from Estrada— 10 meaningfully advanced Defendants’ case or harmed his own. Such alterations related only 11 to general heading information and did not change the substance of the email. The Court 12 finds that sanctions or other relief are not appropriate for such trivial alterations.7 13 As to the third alleged alteration, however, the Court is less certain. Defendants’ 14 apparent modification of the “To:” line in Duensing’s email relates to the seemingly 15 relevant fact of who received Duensing’s email in April 2020. As noted above, Duensing’s 16 email both forwarded Jenkins’ email concerning changes to the City’s leave and 17 telecommuting policies and provided supplemental information about those changes. If 18 Duensing only sent the email to “Timekeepers,” this supports Plaintiff’s contention that he 19 was unaware of the relevant policy changes. Conversely, if Duensing sent the email to “All 20 Employees,” this supports Defendants’ contention that Plaintiff was likely informed of the 21 relevant policy changes. Defendants argue that the only reason Plaintiff was asked about 22 the email at the deposition was to make “the point” that (i) the City’s policy was altered by 23 the FFCRA and new City policies and (ii) that Plaintiff “was informed” of the changed [24] 25 7 Defendants offer a somewhat plausible explanation for the “From/Sent/To/CC” header omissions—that the conversion of the email to a PDF caused the alteration. (Doc. [26] 117 at 3). To support this, Defendants cite to the Declaration of Defendant Ward (Doc. 27 117-2 at 2–3). However, the Declaration contains absolutely no reference to the email at issue or to any process by which she converted the email to a PDF. (See id.). Therefore, 28 the Court does not consider Defendants’ “PDF explanation” in its analysis. 1 policiy by virtue of the Jenkins and Duensing emails. (Doc. 117 at 3). This argument 2 appears to undermine Defendants’ entire position because whether Duensing sent the email 3 to “Timekeepers” or to “All Employees” would seem to directly relate to whether Plaintiff 4 “was informed” of the changed policies. Moreover, Defendants admit that Duensing did 5 not send the email to “All Employees.” (Id. (“[I]t appears after further investigation that 6 Mr. Duensing did not send this email language to “COT – All Employees” on April 9, 7 2020.”)). 8 Thus, it appears that the Deunsing email—at least the version shown to Plaintiff at 9 his deposition—was, at some point, altered to indicate that it was sent to “All Employees” 10 when it was in fact only sent to “Timekeepers.” However, this does not necessarily mean 11 that sanctions are the appropriate remedy. “A party seeking sanctions for spoliation of 12 evidence must prove the following elements: (1) the party having control over the evidence 13 had an obligation to preserve it when it was destroyed or altered; (2) the destruction or loss 14 was accompanied by a ‘culpable state of mind;’ and (3) the evidence that was destroyed or 15 altered was ‘relevant’ to the claims or defenses of the party that sought the discovery of the 16 spoliated evidence.” Surowiec v. Cap. Tit. Agency, Inc., 790 F. Supp. 2d 997, 1005 (D. 17 Ariz. 2011 ). Here, Plaintiff has likely satisfied the first and third elements. As to the first, 18 Plaintiff attaches a “Preservation Letter” that he sent to Defendants on March 15, 2021, 19 well before this action commenced. (Doc. 105 at 6–7). The Preservation Letter provides 20 evidence that Defendants had a duty to preserve evidence such as the email at issue. The 21 third element is also satisfied because, as discussed above, the email that was allegedly 22 altered is relevant in this action because it relates to whether Plaintiff was informed of the 23 policy changes. However, the Court finds that Plaintiff has not sufficiently proven that 24 Defendants altered the email with a culpable state of mind. Plaintiff asserts that Defendant 25 Ward “intentionally altered the email with the intent of misleading me regarding the facts 26 and circumstances surrounding my case.” (Doc. 105 at 3). This argument is entirely 27 conclusory, however, and does not sufficiently demonstrate that Defendants acted with the 28 requisite culpability. 1 The Court declines to issue sanctions against Defendants.8 Sanctions are a 2 particularly harsh remedy and Plaintiff has not adequately shown that Defendants acted 3 with the requisite degree of culpability to warrant such relief. Moreover, Defendants did 4 not, as Plaintiff claims, “create an email that never existed.” (Doc. 121 at 4). Rather, the 5 alleged alteration—changing the “To:” line of the email—was relatively minor and left the 6 substantive aspects of the email entirely intact. That said, the Court will address the issue 7 in other ways. Defendants will not be permitted to file Exhibit 17 to Plaintiff’s deposition 8 with the Court or otherwise use it to support their case. Defendants are also prohibited from 9 submitting any testimonial evidence that the April 9, 2020 Duensing email was sent to all 10 City employees. The Court finds that such restrictions adequately address the issue by 11 preventing any undue prejudice to Plaintiff’s case. The restrictions also do not overly or 12 unnecessarily burden Defendants’ case, as Defendants are not prohibited from using other 13 evidence to prove Plaintiff’s knowledge of the relevant policy changes. To the extent 14 Plaintiff requests adverse jury instructions, the Court finds that such relief would be better 15 addressed at a later point in this litigation. If the need for adverse jury instructions arises, 16 Plaintiff is permitted to make an appropriate request at that time. 17 Finally, to the extent that Defendants may have intentionally altered the email with 18 the intent of misleading Plaintiff, the Court strongly admonishes such reckless, deceitful, 19 and dishonorable behavior. Defendants are strongly advised that any such behavior in the 20 future will not be tolerated and will result in serious consequences. 21 IV. CONCLUSION 22 In conclusion, the Court finds that numerous genuine disputes of material fact exist 23 as to each of Plaintiff’s claims for which he seeks summary judgment. The parties simply 24 do not agree on numerous factual issues that are material to Plaintiff’s claims. Thus, [25] 8 The Court also declines to grant Plaintiff’s request for default judgment against [26] Defendant Ward. (Doc. 105 at 4). Such relief is very severe and not warranted under the 27 present circumstances. Conn. Gen. Life Ins. Co. v. New Images of Beverly Hills, 482 F.3d 1091, 1096 (9th Cir. 2007) (“A terminating sanction, whether default judgment against a 28 defendant or dismissal of a plaintiff’s action, is very severe.”). Plaintiff is not entitled to summary judgment and the Court denies his Motion. As to Plaintiff's Motion for Sanctions, the Court denies the Motion to the extent it seeks 3 | monetary sanctions against Defendants or default judgment against Defendant Ward. 4 Accordingly, 5 IT IS ORDERED that Plaintiff's Motion for Partial Summary Judgment (Doc. 53) 6 | is denied. Plaintiff's § 1981 claims are dismissed. 7 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Plaintiff's Motion for Sanctions (Doc. 105) is 8 | denied to the extent Plaintiff requests monetary sanctions against Defendant City of Tempe 9 | and Defendant Ward. The Court also denies Plaintiffs Motion for Sanctions to the extent Plaintiff requests default judgment against Defendant Ward. Defendants are not permitted 11 | to file Exhibit 17 to Plaintiff's Deposition with the Court or otherwise use it to support their case. Defendants are also prohibited from submitting any testimonial evidence that the 13 | April 9, 2020 email from Tom Duensing was sent to all City employees. 14 Dated this 17th day of February, 2023. [15] 7 United States District kadge