LeTip World Franchise LLC v. Long Island Social Media Group LLC

1 WO [5] 6 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 7 FOR THE DISTRICT OF ARIZONA [8] 9 LeTip World Franchise LLC, No. CV-24-00165-PHX-SMB 10 Plaintiff, ORDER 11 v. 12 Long Island Social Media Group LLC, et al., 13 Defendants. [14] Pending before the Court is Plaintiff’s request for a Preliminary Injunction (Doc. 7), [15] which follows the Court’s prior hearing and entry of a Temporary Restraining Order [16] (“TRO”). (Doc. 21.) After entry of the TRO, Defendant filed a response opposing the [17] Preliminary Injunction (Doc. 23), to which Plaintiffs replied (Doc. 24). On February 14, [18] 2024, the Court held a Preliminary Injunction hearing. Due to the length of testimony, the [19] Court allowed for additional time and completed the hearing on February 22, 2024. After [20] the hearing, the parties each submitted proposed findings of fact and conclusions of law. [21] (Doc. 47; Doc. 48.) The Court has now considered the pleadings, testimony, exhibits from [22] the hearing, relevant case law, and arguments of counsel and will grant the Preliminary [23] Injunction. [24] I. FACTS [25] LeTip is a privately-owned business leads organization. (Doc. 7 at 2.) The [26] organization is made up of thousands of members who engage in professional development [27] and networking with one another. (Id.) LeTip is divided into regional chapters. (Id.) [28] There are currently over 250 chapters throughout the United States and Canada. (Id.) 1 LeTip has developed proprietary system for the development and operation of these 2 chapters. (Id. at 3.) Through their franchising entity, LeTip World Franchise, LLC, LeTip 3 franchises this system. (Id.) Their franchisees establish and administer the system within 4 a defined territory. (Id.) The franchisees are then permitted to established chapters within 5 its assigned territory, sell memberships to those chapters, and host membership meetings. 6 (Id.) Summer Middleton is the current owner and president of LeTip. (Hearing Day 1 at 7 7:16–24.) 8 A. The Agreements 9 On April 10, 2020, LeTip and Long Island Social Media Group (“LISMG”) entered 10 into one of the aforementioned franchise agreements (the “Franchise Agreement”). (Id.) 11 Per this agreement, LISMG was granted the right to operate a LeTip business within 12 Suffolk County, New York for five years. (Id.) LISMG is comprised of Clifford Pfleger, 13 Heather Plfleger (the “Pfleger Defendants”), and Saranto Calamas. (Id. at 4.) Additionally, 14 LISMG is a limited liability company organized under the laws of the State of New York, 15 with its principal place of business also in New York. (Doc. 1 at 2.) 16 To identify the source, origin, and sponsorship of LeTip and distinguish its events, 17 LeTip and its franchisees use certain trademarks, service marks, trade names, logos, 18 emblems, and indicia or origin (the “LeTip Marks”). (Doc. 7 at 3.) LeTip retains the 19 exclusive right to use and license the LeTip Marks. (Id.) The Franchise Agreement grants 20 LISMG a limited, non-exclusive and revocable license to use the LeTip Marks. (Id. at 4.) 21 This license also extended to LeTip manuals, training, and other confidential and 22 proprietary information in connection with the operation of LISMG’s territory. (Id.) Use 23 of these marks is also governed by the LeTip Identity Guidelines. (See Ex. 27; Doc. 47-3 24 at 8–24). 25 Section 12 of the Franchise Agreement sets forth the operating standards for 26 franchisees such as LISMG. (Id.) This section requires franchisees and owners to operate 27 their LeTip business “in a manner that will promote the goodwill of the Marks” and remain 28 in compliance with all standards and terms of the “Agreement and the Manual.” (Doc. 11 1 at 11.) In full, Section 12.10 states: [3] Failure to Comply with Standards. You acknowledge the importance of 4 every one of our standards and operating procedures to the reputation and integrity of the System and the goodwill associated with the Marks. If we [5] notify you of a failure to comply with our standards or operating procedures 6 and you fail to correct the non-compliance within the period of time that we require, then, in addition to any other remedies available to us under this [7] Agreement, we may impose a fine of up to $500 per violation for every 30 8 days that the violation remains uncured. [9] (Id.) [10] The Franchise Agreement also includes a provision governing the ownership and [11] use of LeTip’s intellectual property, found at Section 19.1. This section provides: [13] Ownership and Use of Intellectual Property. You acknowledge that: (i) 14 we are the sole and exclusive owner of the Intellectual Property and the goodwill associated with the Marks; (ii) your right to use the Intellectual 15 Property is derived solely from this Agreement; and (iii) your right to use the 16 Intellectual Property is limited to a license granted by us to operate your Business during the Term pursuant to, and only in compliance with, this 17 Agreement, the Manual, and all applicable standards, specifications and operating procedures that we prescribe from time to time. You may not use [18] any of the Intellectual Property in connection with the sale of any 19 unauthorized product or service or in any other manner not expressly authorized by us. Any unauthorized use of the Intellectual Property [20] constitutes an infringement of our rights. You agree to comply with all 21 provisions of the Manual governing your use of the Intellectual Property. This Agreement does not confer to you any goodwill, title or interest in any [22] of the Intellectual Property. [23] 24 (Doc. 1-1 at 16.) 25 Section 19.3 also limited LISMG’s and the Pfleger Defendants’ use of the LeTip 26 Marks. It reads, in pertinent part: [27] Use of Marks. You agree to use the Marks as the sole identification of your 28 Business; provided, however that you must identify yourself as the independent owner of your Business in the manner that we prescribe. You 1 may not use any Marks in any modified form or as part of any corporate or trade name or with any prefix, suffix, or other modifying words, terms, [2] designs or symbols (other than logos licensed to you by this Agreement). 3 The Franchise Agreement also contains several non-compete provisions. [4] (Id.) [5] Relatedly, LeTip requires approval of franchisee advertising. Section 11.3(c) reads: [7] Approval of Advertising. Before you use them, we must approval all 8 advertising and promotional materials that we did not prepare or previously approve (including materials that we prepared or approved and you modify). [9] We will be deemed to have disapproved the materials if we fail to issue our 10 approval within two (2) business days after receipt. You may not use any advertising or promotional materials that we have disapproved (including [11] materials that we previously approved and later disapprove). You do not need 12 our pre-approval of your social media posts provided that they comply with our social media policy. However, you must immediately remove any posts 13 that we disapprove of. 14 (Id. at 10.) 15 Section 22.2 provides for termination of the Franchise Agreement of these grounds, 16 stating: [17] Termination By Us Without Cure Period. We may, in our sole discretion, [18] terminate this Agreement upon five (5) days’ written notice, without 19 opportunity to cure, for any of the following reasons, all of which constitute material events of default under this Agreement: [20] (viii) if you or an Owner commits an act that can reasonably be expected to 21 adversely affect the reputation of the System or the goodwill with the Marks; 22 (xiv) if you make an unauthorized use of the Intellectual Property 23 (Id. at 19–20.) 24 The Franchise Agreement also contains a provision that does not allow a franchisee 25 to operate a competitive business during or for a period of two years following termination 26 of the agreement. Section 16.4 states: [27] Unfair Competition After Term. During the Post-Term Restricted Period, 28 you and your Owners agree not to engage in any Prohibited Activities. 1 Notwithstanding the foregoing, you and your Owners may have an interest in a Competitive Business during the Post-Term Restricted Period as long as [2] the Competitive Business is not located within, and does not hold meetings 3 for members or business owners from any venue that is located within, the Restricted Territory. If you or an Owner engages in a Prohibited Activity [4] during the Post-Term Restricted Period (other than having an interest in a 5 Competitive Business that is permitted under this Section), then the PostTerm Restricted Period applicable to you or the non-compliant Owner, as [6] applicable, shall be extended by the period of time during which you or the 7 non-compliant Owner, as applicable, engaged in the Prohibited Activity. [8] (Id. at 13.) [9] Attachment A of the Franchise Agreement defines the terms relevant to reading [10] Section 16.4: [12] a. “Post-Term Restricted Period” means: “a period of two (2) years after 13 the termination, expiration or Transfer of this Agreement; provided, however, that if a court of competent jurisdiction determines that the two14 year Post-Term Restricted Period is too long to be enforceable, then the 15 “Post-Term Restricted Period” means, with respect to you, a period of one (1) year after the termination, expiration or Transfer of this 16 Agreement. “Post-Term Restricted Period” means, with respect to an 17 Owner, a period of two (2) years after the earlier to occur of (i) the termination, expiration or Transfer of this Agreement or (ii) the Owner’s 18 Transfer of his or her entire ownership interest in the franchise or the Entity that is the franchisee, as applicable; provided, however, that if a [19] court of competent jurisdiction determines that the two-year Post-Term 20 Restricted Period is too long to be enforceable, then the “Post-Term Restricted Period” means, with respect to an Owner, a period of one (1) [21] year after the earlier to occur of (i) the termination, expiration or Transfer 22 of this Agreement or (ii) the Owner’s Transfer of his or her entire ownership interest in the franchise or the Entity that is the franchisee, as [23] applicable. 24 b. “Competitive Business” means any business competitive with us (or competitive with any of our affiliates or our franchisees) that focuses on [25] the facilitiation of the exchange of business leads between members or 26 other participants. c. “Restricted Territory” means the geographic area within: (i) your 27 Territory; and (ii) any territory operated by us, an affiliate of ours, or 28 another franchisee as part of a LeTip business as of the Effective Date and that remains in operation or under construction during all or any part 1 of the Post-Term Restricted Period; provided, however, that if a court of 2 competent jurisdiction determines that the foregoing Restricted Territory is too broad to be enforceable, then the “Restricted Territory” means the 3 geographic area within your Territory. [4] 5 (Id. at 26-28.) 6 Per Section 16.4, LISMG specifically agreed to not “hold meetings for member or 7 business owners from any venue that is located within the Restricted Territory” and agreed g to the Restricted Territory pictured below: [9] RALIPEsre! 10 Bridgeport 11 Norwalk Sa as Gana jared acai Tren Stamford V2 ji aa E sees 14 ae Hampi ] ae Long tsland ; ° 9 Laws 1 6 ene | penn Sunt FET 17 Boe 18 . (Ud. at 29-30.) Concurrent with LeTip and LISMG’s signing of the Franchise Agreement, [19] Plaintiff, the Pfleger Defendants also executed a Franchise Owner Agreement. (Doc. 7 at [20] 7.) Plaintiff asserts that this agreement personally bound the Pfleger Defendants to the [21] Brand Protection Covenants in the Franchise Agreement, such as the post-termination [22] restrictive covenant of Section 16.4. [23] The Franchise Owner Agreement also contains substantially the same post24 termination restrictive covenant included in the Franchise Agreement. (/d.) The post25 termination restrictive covenant in the Franchise Owner Agreement reads: [26] 27 Unfair Competition After Relationship. You agree not to unfairly compete 28 with us during the Restricted Period by engaging in any Prohibited Activities; provided, however, that the Prohibited Activity relating to having an interest -6- 1 in a Competitive Business will only apply with respect to a Competitive Business that is located within, or holds meetings for members or business [2] owners from any venue that is located within, the Restricted Territory. If you 3 engage in any Prohibited Activities during the Restricted Period, then you agree that your Restricted Period will be extended by the period of time [4] during which you were engaging in the prohibited activity. [5] (Doc. 1-1 at 33.) The Franchise Owner Agreement defines “Restricted Period” as [6] follows: [7] “ . . . the two (2) year period after the earliest to occur of the following: (i) [8] the termination or expiration of the Franchise Agreement; (ii) the date on 9 which Franchisee assigns the Franchise Agreement to another person with respect to whom neither you nor your spouse holds any direct or indirect [10] ownership interest; or (iii) the date on which you cease to be an owner of 11 Franchisee or your spouse ceases to be an owner of Franchisee, as applicable; provided however, that if a court of competent jurisdiction determines that 12 this period of time is too long to be enforceable, then the “Restricted Period” 13 means the one (1) year period after the earliest to occur of the following: (i) the termination or expiration of the Franchise Agreement; (ii) the date on 14 which Franchisee assigns the Franchise Agreement to another person with 15 respect to whom neither you nor your spouse holds any direct or indirect ownership interest; or (iii) the date on which you cease to be an owner of 16 Franchisee or your spouse ceases to be an owner of Franchisee, as applicable. [17] (Id. at 32.) The Franchise Owner Agreement defines “Prohibited Activities” as follows: [19] (i) owning, operating or having any other interest (as an owner, partner, 20 director, officer, employee, manager, consultant, shareholder, creditor, representative, agent or in any similar capacity) in a Competitive Business [21] (other than owning an interest of five percent (5%) or less in a publicly traded 22 company that is a Competitive Business); (ii) diverting or attempting to divert any business from us (or one of our affiliates or franchisees); and/or [23] (iii) inducing any LeTip member of ours, our affiliate or of another franchisee 24 to transfer their business to you or to any other person that is not then a franchisee of ours. [25] (Id.) [26] Moreover, the Franchise Owner Agreement also defines a “Competitive Business” [27] as “any business competitive with us (or competitive with any of our affiliates or our [28] franchisees) that focuses on the facilitation of the exchange of business leads between 1 members or other participants.” (Id.) With respect to disputes, Section 24 of the Franchise 2 Agreement contains a forum selection clause, as follows: [3] The parties agree to submit any claim, dispute or disagreement, including 4 any matter pertaining to the validity, enforcement or interpretation of this Agreement or issues relating to the offer and sale of the franchise or the [5] relationship between the parties (a “Dispute”) to mediation before a 6 mutually- agreeable mediator prior to litigation, unless the Dispute involves an alleged breach of Section 16 or Section 19. Any mediation shall take place [7] in the county in which we maintain our principal place of business at the time 8 the mediation begins (currently, Maricopa County, Arizona). If the Dispute is not successfully resolved by mediation within 30 days after either party [9] makes a demand for mediation or the Dispute involves an alleged breach of 10 Section 16 or Section 19, either party may file a lawsuit in any state or federal court of general jurisdiction in the county in which we maintain our principal 11 place of business at the time the lawsuit is filed and we and you irrevocably 12 submit to the jurisdiction of such courts and waive any objection either of us may have to either the jurisdiction or venue of such courts. [13] 14 (Id. at 21.) Plaintiff states that they brought these claims in this Court in accordance with 15 this clause. (Doc. 1 at 2–3.) An amendment to the Franchise Agreement signed by LISMG 16 on April 10, 2020 also contains a clause limiting modification of the Franchise Agreement, 17 stating: [18] Modification. This Amendment and the Franchise Agreement when executed [19] constitute the entire agreement and understanding between the Parties with 20 respect to the subject matter contained herein and therein. Any and all prior agreements and understandings between the Parties and relating to the [21] subject matter contained in this Amendment and the Franchise Agreement, 22 whether written or verbal, other than as contained within the executed Amendment and Franchise Agreement, are void and have no force or effect. [23] In order to be binding between the Parties, any subsequent modifications 24 must be in writing signed by the Parties. [25] (Doc 1-1 at 48.) And lastly, the Franchise Agreement includes language regarding [26] any asserted waiver of rights available to LeTip: [27] 28 We and you shall not be deemed to have waived or impaired any right, power or option reserved by this Agreement (including the right to demand exact 1 compliance with every term, condition and covenant in this Agreement or to declare any breach of this Agreement to be a default and to terminate the [2] franchise before the expiration of its term) by virtue of: (i) any custom or 3 practice of the parties at variance with the terms of this Agreement; (ii) any failure, refusal or neglect of us or you to exercise any right under this [4] Agreement or to insist upon exact compliance by the other with its 5 obligations under this Agreement, including any mandatory specification, standard, or operating procedure; (iii) any waiver, forbearance, delay, failure [6] or omission by us to exercise any right, power or option, whether of the same, 7 similar or different nature, relating to other LeTip franchisees; or (iv) the acceptance by us of any payments due from you after breach of this [8] Agreement. 9 (Id. at 22–23.) All LeTip chapters were also bound to follow the LeTip Identity Guidelines. 10 (See Doc. 47-3 at 9–24.) These guidelines ask require chapters to “first submit any LeTip 11 branded artwork to LeTip International, Inc. for approval. This is to ensure and create a 12 consistent brand image and perception of LeTip no matter where the identity is seen.” (Ex. 13 27; Doc. 47-3 at 11.) The guidelines also provide specific guidance regarding unauthorized 14 use of the LeTip logos, stating that members “may not use an image showing an authentic 15 LeTip logo or other variation of the LeTip logo for any purpose.” (Id. at 22.) Lastly, the 16 guidelines prohibit the use of “identical or virtually identical LeTip trademark as a second 17 level domain name” and provides examples of prohibited domain names, such as 18 “LeTipNewsletters.com,” “LeTipNewYork.com,” and “NJLeTip.com.” (Id.) Pfleger 19 testified that he was aware of the post-termination restrictive covenants, and that he did not 20 recall ever reviewing the LeTip Identity Guidelines but did not have reason to dispute they 21 were made available to all LeTip Chapters. (See Hearing Day 1 at 14:22–25; Hearing Day 22 2 at 30:1–33:18.) 23 B. The Conduct 24 In April 2023, LeTip discovered that Clifford Pfleger had affixed a LeTip logo to 25 his boat. (Doc. 7 at 8.) However, he modified the mark by adding the word “just” directly 26 above LeTip. (Id.) Plaintiff alleges that this “resulted in a phrase deliberately infused with 27 vulgar and sexual innuendo.” (Id.) Pfleger also posted a picture of the boat with the 28 modified mark on social media. (Doc. 7-1 at 3–4 ¶ 17.) More importantly, Plaintiff alleges 1 || that this use of the LeTip Mark breached the Franchise Agreement, the license to use the || LeTip Marks, and the “LeTip Identity Guidelines” given to all franchisees and chapters. 3|| (Doc. 7 at 8.) Plaintiff contends that by modifying the LeTip Mark (the “modified logo”) □□ in this manner, Pfleger “negatively affected the goodwill associated with the marks.” (/d.) 5 || The boat can be seen in the image below: [6] 7 6d - Patchogue, NY + & g We're in! Let's Go!!!!! wai i a. i rl | oe oe im | 10 F ‘aad 7* Hf oa OP Ae 13 - et 4 □□ | pee □□ | 14 a —— : aa [16] 17 Pfleger testified that he purchased the boat in April 2020 and placed the modified logo on the boat in August 2021. (Hearing Day 1 at 104:9-22.) He also conceded that he did not seek formal approval of the modified logo before placing it on his boat. (Hearing || Day 2 at 83:1-15.) However, once placing the modified logo on the boat, Pfleger sent two pictures of the boat to John Pokorney, who at the time was the Chief Financial Officer 22 || (“CFO”) of LeTip. Ud. at 38:3-6.) These messages, found in Exhibit 51, read as follows: [23] Mr. Pokorney: Is that Real? Mr. Pfleger: Why? Do I need to exercise my 5th amendment right? Lol. 25 Mr. Pokorney: Why? You have a license to use the logo, although if I were 6 the IP police I’d have to say words aren’t suppose to go over the logo. Looks great. 27 Mr. Pfleger: Lol! Yes, it’s real and it gets a lot of attention. It’s a great 28 marketing tool for me!! Mr. Pokorney: Fun. -10- [1] 2 (See Ex. 51; Doc. 47-3 at 26–28.) In her testimony, Middleton asserted that 3 Pokorney was not authorized to grant Pfleger permission to use the modified LeTip logo 4 and did not own any rights to LeTip intellectual property. (Hearing Day 1 at 24:11–13; 66 5 18–25; 86:12–18.) Pfleger testified that he took these messages to mean that he had 6 permission to use the modified logo. (Hearing Day 2 at 38:3–6.) Additionally, Pfleger 7 testified that LISMG registered the domain name “justletip.com” although he pronounced 8 it by emphasizing the “justle” portion of the name. (Id. at 37:16–38:1.) For clarity, the 9 Court had Pfleger spell out the domain name on the record. (Id.) 10 Middleton testified that LeTip discovered the use of the modified logo on Pfleger’s 11 boat through a Facebook post by Pfleger. (Hearing Day 1 at 18:11–23.) Middleton and 12 Paul Della Valle, Vice President of LeTip, met with Pfleger and demanded that he remove 13 the modified logo from his boat and delete all images of the boat with the logo from his 14 social media pages. (Doc. 7 at 8.) Middleton also gave Pfleger a letter from LeTip’s 15 trademark counsel, which also demanded that he cease and desist publishing photographs 16 of the boat on social media. (Id. at 8–9; Doc. 1-2.) The letter also threatened legal action 17 and termination of the Franchise Agreement. (Doc. 7 at 8–9.) In short, Plaintiff contends 18 that the use of the modified logo breached the Franchise Agreement, the license to use the 19 LeTip marks, and certain “LeTip Identity Guidelines” given to all franchisees and chapters. 20 (Id. at 8.) 21 In response to the meeting and the letter, Pfleger verbally agreed to remove the 22 image from the boat. (Id. at 9.) However, Pfleger testified that Middleton orally informed 23 him that he had “30 business days” to remove the modified logo from his boat once he told 24 her that he would need time to remove it. (Hearing Day 2 at 45:17–46:3.) Middleton 25 disputed this in her testimony, stating that she never provided any time frame other than 26 what was outlined in the letter and told him to immediately remove the modified logo from 27 the boat and remove the images from his social media pages. (Hearing Day 1 at 23:1– 28 24:10.) 1 In response, Middleton testified that Pfleger removed pictures of the boat with the 2 modified logo from his social media pages that same day and sent text her text messages 3 confirming that he did so. However, Pfleger did not remove the modified logo from the 4 boat. (Id.) Middleton testified that they visited the marina where Pfleger’s boat was stored 5 on June 2, 2023 and saw the boat with the modified logo still on it. In a sworn declaration, 6 Della Valle stated that he visited the marina again on June 7, 2023 and again saw that the 7 modified logo was still on the boat. Pfleger testified that he had difficulties scheduling his 8 decal provider to come take the modified logo off the boat. (Hearing Day 2 at 51:25– 9 52:14.) LeTip’s counsel then sent LISMG a letter providing notice of their termination of 10 the Franchise Agreement pursuant to Section 22.2 without an opportunity to cure. (Doc. 11 1-3 at 1–5.) Upon receiving this notice, Pfleger called Middleton and said he would “scrape 12 [the logo] off with a razor,” which he did. (Hearing Day 2 at 51:16–52:14.) 13 Sometime in December 2023 or January 2024, Pfleger announced on LinkedIn that 14 he was starting a new position as a Regional Director at BxB Professionals LLC (“BxB”). 15 (Doc. 7 at 10.) BxB holds it itself out as business networking company that aims to 16 “connect like-minded business individuals with the purpose of sharing success, through 17 business leads and networking. Which will enable these individuals to grow personally, 18 professionally, and profitably.” (Id. at 11.) BxB’s registered corporate address is allegedly 19 the same address listed for LISMG and is also the address Defendant Calamas lists for his 20 CPA license. (Id.) Pfleger also testified that in or about mid-February 2024, BxB changed 21 its business address to a “home office” located inside a house in Nassau County, New York. 22 (Hearing Day 2 at 9:17–25, 54:11–24.) 23 Pfleger had planned to hold a “launch party” for BxB on February 1, 2024, at the 24 Sonoma Grill located in a Holiday Inn in Holtsville, New York. (Id.) This is the same 25 venue where LeTip’s Suffolk County chapters hold their monthly meetings on the first 26 Friday of every month. (Doc. 7-1 at 8; Hearing Day 1 at 96:20–22.) Upon entry of the 27 TRO, BxB canceled the launch party. (Hearing Day 1 at 56:13–15.) However, as shown 28 during the preliminary injunction hearing, the videos announcing Pfleger’s new role at BxB 1 and referencing the launch party remained “live” on social media after entry of the TRO. 2 (Id. at 56:19–23; Doc. 34.) 3 II. LEGAL STANDARD 4 Under Rule 65 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, a party may seek injunctive 5 relief if it believes it will suffer irreparable harm during the pendency of an action. Fed. 6 R. Civ. P. 65. The analysis for granting a TRO is “substantially identical” to that for a 7 preliminary injunction. Stuhlbarg Int’l Sales Co., Inc. v. John D. Brush & Co., Inc., 240 8 F.3d 832 , 839 n.7 (9th Cir. 2001); Cochran v. Rollins, No. CV 07-1714-PHX-MHM (JRI), [9] 2008 WL 3891578 , at *1 (D. Ariz. Aug. 20, 2008). “A preliminary injunction is ‘an 10 extraordinary and drastic remedy, one that should not be granted unless the movant, by a 11 clear showing, carries the burden of persuasion.’” Lopez v. Brewer, 680 F.3d 1068 , 1072 12 (9th Cir. 2012) (quoting Mazurek v. Armstrong, 520 U.S. 968, 972 (1997) (emphasis 13 omitted))); see also Winter v. Natural Res. Def. Council, Inc., 555 U.S. 7, 24 (2008) (“A 14 preliminary injunction is an extraordinary remedy never awarded as of right.”). 15 A plaintiff seeking a preliminary injunction must show that: (1) he is likely to 16 succeed on the merits; (2) he is likely to suffer irreparable harm without an injunction; (3) 17 the balance of equities tips in his favor; and (4) an injunction is in the public interest. 18 Winter, 555 U.S. at 20 . “But if a plaintiff can only show that there are ‘serious questions 19 going to the merits’—a lesser showing than likelihood of success on the merits—then a 20 preliminary injunction may still issue if the ‘balance of hardships tips sharply in the 21 plaintiff’s favor,’ and the other two Winter factors are satisfied.” Shell Offshore, Inc. v. 22 Greenpeace, Inc., 709 F.3d 1281, 1291 (9th Cir. 2013) (quoting All. for the Wild Rockies 23 v. Cottrell, 632 F.3d 1127, 1135 (9th Cir. 2011)). Under this “serious questions” variant 24 of the Winter test, “[t]he elements . . . must be balanced, so that a stronger showing of one 25 element may offset a weaker showing of another.” Lopez, 680 F.3d at 1072 . 26 III. DISCUSSION 27 A. Likelihood of Success on the Merits 28 In their briefing and through testimony at the preliminary injunction hearing, 1 Defendants assert that LeTip’s termination of the Franchise Agreement was improper, and 2 therefore Plaintiff cannot succeed on the merits. (See Doc. 23-1.) 3 First, Defendants argue that LeTip allegedly breached the Franchise Agreement by 4 “impermissibly competing with [LISMG] by taking LeTip members from Chapters in 5 [LISMG’s] franchise, transferring them to a chapter outside [LISMG’s] franchise, and 6 thereby depriving [LISMG] from the revenue of those members.” (Id. at 2.) Essentially, 7 Defendants argue that it was LeTip, not Defendants, that breached the Franchise 8 Agreement and is unfairly competing with Defendants. (Id. at 4–5.) 9 However, outside of Pfleger’s affidavit and minimal argumentation in the briefing, 10 Defendants have not provided any evidence to support their claim that LeTip 11 impermissibly competed with LISMG. Notably, Defendants did not even include the 12 LeTip bylaws they allege Plaintiff violated. Additionally, Defendants have not shown how 13 any of this alleged behavior would relieve them of their own contractual obligations with 14 LeTip. 15 Further, at the preliminary injunction hearing, Pfleger testified that Secure 16 Operations Monitoring Services, Inc. (“Secure Operations”), Pfleger’s alarm company, 17 was removed from its company seat in the LeTip Port Jefferson chapter, which deprived 18 the company of significant revenue in violation of LeTip bylaws. (Hearing Day 1 at 12:7– 19 13 19). Based on Defendants’ briefing, this appears to form the basis of Defendants’ 20 lawsuit against LeTip in the Eastern District of New York. (See Doc. 23-2.) Specifically, 21 that complaint alleges that LeTip “breached the Franchise Agreement with [LISMG] by, 22 among other things, starting a new chapter, formed with existing members of LeTip [] 23 Chapters in Suffolk County, which new Chapter was under LeTip[’s] ownership and 24 control, not under [LISMG]’s ownership and control, and LeTip [] did so on or about 25 January 2023.” (Doc. 23-2 at 16 ¶ 72.) However, these arguments regarding Secure 26 Operations are irrelevant. Secure Operations is not a party to this case and is not a signatory 27 to the Franchise Agreement. The Court focuses solely on the allegations and parties before 28 it. 1 Second, Defendants assert that LeTip, through Pokorney, granted LISMG 2 permission to alter the LeTip logo and place it on his boat and therefore Plaintiff had no 3 basis to terminate the Franchise Agreement. Plfeger testified regarding these text messages 4 and stated that he considered Pokorney’s responses to constitute permission. (Hearing Day 5 2 at 38:3–6.) The Court finds that Pokorney’s texts did not convey the requisite 6 authorization. At best, the texts merely indicate that he would turn a blind eye to the use 7 of modified logo. Moreover, the modified logo is directly violates the LeTip Identity 8 Guidelines. Although Pfleger testified that he did not recall reviewing these guidelines 9 (Hearing Day 2 at 32:18–33:23), they were published to all LeTip members as of June 10 2021, when he was a member. Most crucially, these texts did not constitute a writing 11 signed by both parties, as required by modification clause of the Franchise Agreement. 12 (Doc. 1-1 at 48.) Additionally, Defendants’ argument overlooks the fact that any alleged 13 permission to use a modified logo may be rescinded per the Franchise Agreement, and that 14 the modification of the logo and the registration of the domain name violated the LeTip 15 Identity Guidelines. (Doc. 1-1 at 10.) When Middleton became aware of the modified 16 logo and demanded it be removed, she was within her rights of the terms of the Franchise 17 Agreement. 18 Lastly, Defendants argue that termination of the Franchise Agreement was improper 19 because Pfleger immediately removed pictures of the boat from social media and removed 20 the modified logo from the boat within thirty business days. The term of “thirty business 21 days” was contested by the parties. As mentioned, Pfleger testified that Middleton told 22 him he could have thirty business days to remove the modified logo from his boat, while 23 Middleton testified that she demanded the modified logo’s immediate removal. (Hearing 24 Day 1 at 23:1–24:10.) The letter from LeTip’s counsel also demanded immediate removal. 25 (Doc. 1-2 at 2–3.) Defendants have not provided any documentary evidence supporting 26 the “thirty business days” removal period. Therefore, the Court finds that the letter’s 27 language controls and was an acceptable demand under the Franchise Agreement. 28 For these reasons, Plaintiff has shown likely success in claiming that they were 1 within their rights to terminate the Franchise Agreement. Having disposed of these 2 arguments, the Court turns to the post-termination covenants’ enforceability. Plaintiff 3 argues that these covenants are narrowly tailored and enforceable. (Doc. 7 at 13.) Plaintiff 4 further argues that these restrictive covenants were designed to prevent Defendants’ precise 5 behavior and are consistent with protecting the company’s legitimate interest in shielding 6 its customer base from unfair competition and protecting trade secrets and confidential 7 information. (Id.) 8 To be valid and enforceable under Arizona law, a post-termination restrictive 9 covenant must: (1) be reasonable as to time and territory limitations; (2) not exceed what 10 is reasonably necessary to protect the principal’s legitimate business interests; (3) not 11 unreasonably restrict the agent’s rights; and (4) not contravene public policy. Bed Mart, 12 Inc. v. Kelley, 45 P.3d 1219, 1221 (Ariz. Ct. App. 2002) (cleaned up); Snelling & Snelling, 13 Inc. v. Dupay Enters., Inc., 609 P.2d 1062 , 1064–65 (Ariz. Ct. App. 1980). Whether a 14 restrictive covenant is reasonable is a question of law. Valley Med. Specialists v. Farber, [15] 982 P.2d 1277 , 1280–81 (Ariz. 1999). “The burden is on the party wishing to enforce the 16 covenant to demonstrate that the restraint is no greater than necessary to protect the 17 employer’s legitimate interest.” Id. at 1286 . Moreover, territorial restrictions should be 18 limited to the territory in which the franchisor has established customer contacts and good 19 will. Snelling, 609 P.2d at 1064 . 20 Here, Plaintiff’s restrictive covenants provide both duration and geographic 21 limitations. (Doc. 1-1 at 13, 26–28.) Under the Franchise Agreement, Defendants are 22 restricted from operating a competitive business during or for a period of two years 23 following the agreement’s termination. (Id.) This restriction, at a minimum, extends to 24 Defendants’ LeTip territory, Suffolk County, New York, also referred to as “the Restricted 25 Territory.” (Id. at 29–30.) Arizona courts have addressed the reasonability of both types 26 of restrictions. For instance, in Snelling, an Arizona court upheld a covenant not to compete 27 within thirty-five miles of a designated franchise area for three years. 609 P.2d at 1064– 28 65. The court further found the restriction necessary to protect the goodwill of the 1 franchisor’s trademark within the franchise area. See id. The court, however, found that a 2 different restriction prohibiting a party from establishing a business within thirty-five miles 3 of any Snelling office was unreasonable. Id. at 1064 . 4 A court in this District reached a similar conclusion in Fitness Together Franchise 5 Corporation v. C.P. Body Design, Inc., No. CIV-09-02230-MHM, 2010 WL 11628010 (D. 6 Ariz. Feb. 24, 2010). There, the court upheld a one-year restriction within an eight-mile 7 area for a fitness franchisee. Id. at *8. The court reasoned that the restriction was narrowly 8 tailored and balanced the franchisor’s protectable interest in its customers and good will 9 within the restricted area. Id. Further, in First Ascent Ventures, Inc. v. DLC Dermacare, 10 LLC, No. CV-06-1794-PHX-JAT, 2006 WL 7285609 (D. Ariz. Oct. 25, 2006), the court 11 upheld a restrictive covenant that prohibited franchisees from having an interest in a 12 competitive business for three years after termination of the franchise agreement if the 13 business was located either within a franchise area or within 30 miles of another clinic 14 within the franchise. Id. at *6. The court based its decision on the loss of good will, 15 inability to establish a new franchise without competition from the new business, the loss 16 of customer base, and intangible damage to the franchise system. Id. 17 Applying these cases to the similar facts here, the Court finds the post-termination 18 restrictive covenants are reasonable. Both the time and geographic limitations fall within 19 the bounds of reasonability under Arizona law. First, two years is a sufficiently narrow 20 window of time to protect Plaintiff’s good will and customer relations within the Restricted 21 Territory without impermissibly restraining Defendants’ ability to pursue a new business 22 venture. The two-year temporal limitation is reasonable given that recruiting new members 23 to such networks can take weeks or months, and developing the networks of members can 24 take years. (Hearing Day 2 at 36:14–37:5.) Moreover, this restriction properly serves to 25 protect Plaintiff’s interest in retaining customers likely sought out by both parties— 26 business professionals who are interested in professional networking events. Moreover, 27 given Pfleger’s income from other sources, including Secure Operations and his minority 28 ownership in a gun shop, this temporal restriction does not unreasonably interfere with his 1 ability to earn a living. (Hearing Day 2 at 26:14–28:13; 28:15–29:24.) 2 The same analysis applies to the geographic restriction. Again, the geographic 3 restriction falls within the reasonability standards outlined in prior cases. Additionally, the 4 restriction plainly serves to protect Plaintiff’s established relationship with existing 5 customers within the Restricted Territory. Plaintiff has customer contacts and good will in 6 the Restricted Territory that it reasonably wishes to protect. Moreover, this covenant is 7 properly restricted to the Restricted Territory. The Restricted Territory is a sufficiently 8 small area that is directly tied to Defendants’ former (and potentially current) business 9 operations and, in turn, tied to Plaintiff’s business. However, like the court in Snelling, 10 this Court also finds that extending this restriction to any other territories would be 11 unreasonable. See Snelling, 609 P.2d at 1064 . However, at the TRO hearing, counsel for 12 both parties agreed that the covenant will apply only to the Restricted Territory. This is 13 also reflected in the current briefing. (See Doc. 47 at 22–23; Doc. 48 at 1–2.) Accordingly, 14 the Court finds both post-termination covenants reasonable. 15 In its Complaint, Plaintiff also alleges a claim for breach of contract and tortious 16 interference with contractual relations. Under Arizona law, a claim for breach of contract 17 has three elements: (1) the existence of a contract between the plaintiff and defendant; (2) 18 a breach of the contract by defendant; and (3) resulting damage to the plaintiff. Frank 19 Lloyd Wright Found. v. Kroeter, 697 F. Supp. 2d 1118, 1125 (D. Ariz. 2010). Here, 20 Plaintiff alleges that Defendants are breaching the Franchise Agreement and the Franchise 21 Owner Agreement by directly competing against LeTip. (Doc. 1 at 11.) On the current 22 record, Plaintiff has still established these elements to a degree to show likelihood of 23 success on the merits of the claim. In short, the Court’s analysis from the TRO applies to 24 this claim and is fully incorporated here. 25 The same is true for the tortious interference claim. To establish this tort, a claimant 26 must show: (1) a valid contract or business expectancy existed; (2) the interferer had 27 knowledge of such business contracts or expectancy; (3) there was intentional interference 28 causing a breach of the contract or business expectancy; and (4) resultant damages. 1 Neonatology Assocs. v. Phx. Perinatal Assocs. Inc., 164 P.3d 691, 693 (Ariz. Ct. App. 2 2007). This claim relates to Plaintiff’s allegation that Defendants BxB and Calamas “are 3 willfully and intentionally interfering with LeTip’s business expectancies by causing 4 LISMG and the Pfleger Defendants to breach the terms of the Franchise Agreement and 5 the Franchise Owner Agreement.” (Doc. 1 at 12.) Plaintiff also asserts that these 6 Defendants are acting in a “spiteful manner that is intended to harm LeTip’s reputation and 7 goodwill” resulting in irreparable injury and damage to its “business practices, reputation, 8 and relationships.” (Id.) Like the breach of contract claim, Plaintiff has also established 9 these elements at a level to show likelihood of success on the merits. Again, the Court’s 10 analysis from the TRO applies to this claim and is also fully incorporated here. 11 In sum, the Court finds that both post-termination restrictive covenants are 12 reasonable, and that Plaintiff has shown a likelihood of success on the merits on their 13 claims. The two-year period for the post-termination non-compete shall run from the date 14 the Franchise Agreement was terminated. 15 B. Irreparable Harm 16 Next, Plaintiff asserts that the alleged contractual breaches have caused, and will 17 continue to cause, irreparable harm to their business. (Doc. 7 at 15.) Plaintiff also indicates 18 that Section 16.8 of the Franchise Agreement that any violation of the terms of that Section 19 will entitle them to injunctive relief. (Id.) Defendants argue that money damages are 20 sufficient for this injury. (Doc. 48 at 4.) 21 Irreparable harm is harm for which there is no adequate remedy at law, such as 22 money damages. Ariz. Dream Act Coal. v. Brewer, 757 F.3d 1053, 1068 (9th Cir. 2014). 23 “The purpose of a preliminary injunction is not to remedy past harm but to protect plaintiffs 24 from irreparable injury that will surely result without their issuance. Demonstrating 25 irreparable harm is not an easy burden to fulfill.” DTC Energy Grp., Inc. v. Hirschfeld, [26] 912 F.3d 1263, 1270 (10th Cir. 2018) (cleaned up); see also Dalkita, Inc. v. Distilling Craft, 27 LLC, 356 F. Supp. 3d 1125, 1131 (D. Colo. 2018). However, “[e]vidence of threatened 28 loss of prospective customers or goodwill certainly supports a finding of the possibility of 1 irreparable harm.” Stuhlbarg Int’l Sales Co., 240 F.3d at 841. 2 Here, Defendants’ creation of a new business venture in the same geographic 3 territory seeking the same customers as Plaintiff caused irreparable harm. As Pfleger’s 4 testimony showed, Defendants started a business intended to directly compete with LeTip, 5 promoted the business, and scheduled a “launch party” to attract clients. Although Pfleger 6 moved the headquarters of the business to Nassau County, his intent remains to create 7 chapters “throughout the United States.” (Hearing Day 2 at 69:20-70:11.) These actions 8 are likely to cause Plaintiff to lose current and prospective customers and good will. 9 Defendants’ assertions that money damages can be calculated based on the number of 10 members ignores this reality. The Court here is examining the loss of prospective 11 customers or goodwill—elements that are difficult to quantify. 12 Additionally, in signing the Franchise Agreement, Defendants acknowledged that 13 any breach of the covenants would cause irreparable harm, for which there is no adequate 14 remedy at law. (See Doc. 1-1 at 14.) The only means of effectively enforcing the 15 provisions is injunctive relief. See Compass Bank v. Hartley, 430 F. Supp. 2d 973, 983 (D. 16 Ariz. 2006 ). However, given the analysis above, the Court reiterates that BxB may operate 17 in Nassau County because the restriction is limited only to Suffolk County. In sum, the 18 Court finds there is a likelihood of irreparable harm if a preliminary injunction is not issued. 19 C. Balance of Equities 20 Next, Plaintiff argues that the balance of equities tips in their favor due to the limited 21 harm Defendants would suffer if enjoined. (Doc. 7 at 16.) Defendants disagree and argue 22 the balance tips in their favor. (Doc. 48 at 7.) “In each case, a court must balance the 23 competing claims of injury and must consider the effect on each party of the granting or 24 withholding of the requested relief.” Amoco Prod. Co. v. Vill. of Gambell, 480 U.S. 531 , 25 542 (1987); see also Stormans, Inc. v. Selecky, 586 F.3d 1109, 1138 (9th Cir. 2009) (“In 26 assessing whether the plaintiffs have met this burden, the district court has a ‘duty . . . to 27 balance the interests of all parties and weigh the damage to each.’”) (quoting L.A. Mem’l 28 Coliseum Comm’n v. Nat’l Football League, 634 F.2d 1197 , 1203 (9th Cir.1980))). 1 The Court agrees with Plaintiff. Here, Defendants may lose BxB revenue if 2 enjoined. However, this revenue would likely stem from violating the valid restrictive 3 covenants. Conversely, if BxB operates as Defendants’ have planned, Plaintiff will suffer 4 harm to its business and good will in the Restricted Territory. Additionally, Defendants 5 are not prohibited from running their business anywhere outside of Suffolk County. 6 Accordingly, the balance of equities weigh in favor of Plaintiff, and thereby in favor of 7 granting the preliminary injunction. 8 D. Public Interest 9 “In exercising their sound discretion, courts of equity should pay particular regard 10 for the public consequences in employing the extraordinary remedy of injunction.” Winter, [11] 555 U.S. at 24 (quoting Weinberger v. Romero-Barcelo, 456 U.S. 305, 312 (1982)). 12 “Courts have held that the public interest is served by protecting a company’s right to 13 proprietary information, business operations, and contractual rights.” Compass Bank, 430 14 F. Supp. 2d at 983. Here, the public interest is served by enforcing the reasonable terms as 15 written and agreed to by the parties. Therefore, public policy also weighs in favor of 16 granting the preliminary injunction. 17 IV. CONCLUSION 18 For the reasons discussed above, 19 IT IS HEREBY ORDERED granting Plaintiff’s Motion for Preliminary 20 Injunction (Doc. 7). 21 IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that for the pendency of this case, Defendants, their 22 owners, employees, agents, and all those in active concert or participation with them, are 23 hereby restrained and enjoined, directly and indirectly, from engaging in any of the 24 following activities within the Restricted Territory: (i) owning, operating or having any 25 other interest (as an owner, partner, director, officer, employee, manager, consultant, 26 shareholder, creditor, representative, agent or in any similar capacity) in any business 27 defined as a “Competitive Business” in section 16.4 of the Franchise Agreement, (ii) 28 diverting or attempting to divert any business from LeTip (or one of its affiliates or || franchisees); and (111) inducing any LeTip member, affiliate or franchisee, to transfer their 2 || business to Defendants or to any other person or entity that is not a franchisee of LeTip, all || within Defendants’ former franchise territory, Suffolk County, New York. 4 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that any violation of this Preliminary Injunction shall be treated as a contempt of Court. 6 Dated this 26th day of March, 2024. 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