Aerojet Rocketdyne, Inc. v. Global Aerospace, Inc.

[7] 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA [10] 11 AEROJET ROCKETDYNE, INC., No. 2:17-cv-01515 KJM AC 12 Plaintiff, 13 v. ORDER 14 GLOBAL AEROSPACE, INC., et al., 15 Defendants. [16] 17 This discovery dispute is back before the undersigned following review by United States 18 District Judge Kimberly J. Mueller. ECF No. 233. Defendant Global’s motion to compel, ECF 19 No. 141, and plaintiff Aerojet’s motion to compel, ECF No. 151, were initially referred to the 20 undersigned magistrate judge pursuant to E.D. Cal. R. 302(c)(1). Both motions were taken under 21 submission without oral argument. ECF No. 180. An order resolving both motions was filed on 22 March 13, 2019, ECF No. 189, and defendant Global sought reconsideration by the District 23 Judge, ECF No. 197. On September 24, 2019, Judge Mueller referred a portion of Global’s 24 motion (ECF No. 141) back to the undersigned to consider new evidence in the first instance, and 25 referred a portion of Aerojet’s motion (ECF No. 151) for a more detailed explanation of the basis 26 for the original ruling. ECF No. 233 at 16. For the reasons stated below, the undersigned will 27 again DENY the referred portion of Global’s motion and again GRANT the referred portions of 28 Aerojet’s motion. 1 I. Background 2 This is a liability insurance coverage action between plaintiff Aerojet Rocketdyne, Inc. 3 (“Aerojet”) and multiple of its insurers (collectively, “Global”), arising out of a settlement 4 agreement between Aerojet and Orbital Sciences Corporation (“Orbital”), a third-party company. 5 ECF No. 95 at 8. As reviewed in numerous prior orders, this case stems from two 2014 incidents 6 in which engines Aerojet provided to third party Orbital failed, leading to a $50 million 7 settlement between Aerojet and Orbital for which Aerojet sought insurance coverage from 8 Global. See ECF No. 149, 154. 9 Since its inception, this case has involved numerous discovery disputes. See, ECF Nos. 10 61 (motion to compel by Aerojet); 108 (motion for additional depositions by Global); 130 11 (motion for protective order by Global); 141 (motion to compel by Global); 151 (motion to 12 compel by Aerojet); and 182 (motion for additional depositions by Global). On March 13, 2019, 13 the undersigned resolved ECF Nos. 141 and 151 by denying Global’s motion in full and granting 14 Aerojet’s motion in full. ECF No. 189. Global moved for reconsideration of this order on March 15 27, 2019. Fact discovery closed while the reconsideration motion was pending, on June 15, 2019. 16 ECF No. 185. On September 24, 2019, District Judge Mueller denied Global’s motion for 17 reconsideration in part, and referred portions of each underlying discovery motion back to the 18 undersigned for further review. ECF No. 233. 19 II. Global’s Motion to Compel, ECF No. 141 20 A. Overview 21 On January 30, 2019, Global moved to compel production of several documents, seeking 22 in camera review to determine whether Aerojet properly invoked the attorney client privilege and 23 work product doctrine. Global Mot. to Compel, ECF No. 141. Specifically, Global sought the 24 unredacted minutes of Aerojet’s Board of Directors and Authorization Committee meetings and 25 documents provided to those committees for their meetings, which Aerojet produced with 26 redactions asserting the attorney-client privilege. Acknowledging that portions of these 27 documents may be subject to a valid claim of privilege, Global requested in camera review of the 28 documents, arguing such review “is plainly available to federal courts sitting in diversity and 1 applying the substantive privilege law of California.” ECF No. 177 (Joint Statement) at 7−8 2 (footnote omitted), 18. 3 Aerojet argued the redactions were proper and that it was plain from the documents and 4 Aerojet’s privilege log that the privilege had been properly asserted. See, e.g., id. at 27 (“The 5 Agenda indicates this was not an ordinary board of directors meeting, but a special one called to 6 specifically discuss, seek legal advice, and develop a legal strategy related to settlement.”), 28 7 (arguing “[l]ess than one full paragraph in a 73 page package of board minutes” was redacted in 8 Exhibit L; two paragraphs redacted in Exhibits M and N; one paragraph redacted in Exhibit S; 9 with redactions applied only where Aerojet’s counsel “provided legal advice to the Board”); but 10 see id. at Ex. L (redacting one paragraph of 7 page, not 73-page, document). 11 Applying federal law, the undersigned determined that Aerojet had sufficiently 12 substantiated the privileged nature of the documents and that in camera review was not necessary. 13 The court specifically rejected Global’s contention that a single proffered instance of overzealous 14 redaction by Aerojet provided a reasonable basis to believe that in camera review would reveal 15 evidence of unprivileged information. In moving for reconsideration, Global argued in part that it 16 had become aware of “[a] more compelling example of the heavyhanded nature of Aerojet’s 17 redactions” on February 28, 2019, when Global re-deposed Aerojet’s witness Peter Cova. Id. at 18 23. Global indicated that Cova’s testimony had not yet taken place when the parties filed their 19 joint statement, but it did take place before the issuance of the undersigned’s order. ECF No. 197 20 at 23. Judge Mueller referred the matter back to the undersigned to consider in the first instance 21 whether Mr. Cova’s testimony requires a different result. ECF No. 233 at 6, 16. 22 B. Applicable Law 23 The application of federal law to the propriety of in camera review is not in dispute. 1 As 24 stated in the undersigned’s original order, determining the propriety of in camera review requires 25 a two-step process: [26] 27 1 As Judge Mueller noted, neither party objected at the reconsideration stage to the undersigned’s initial determination that federal law applied to the procedural issue of in camera review. ECF 28 No. 233 at 4 n. 3. Accordingly, the choice of law issue is settled as to this topic. 1 In United States v. Zolin, the Supreme Court held that a court may conduct an in camera review of privileged materials to determine 2 whether the crime-fraud exception applies, and established a twostep analysis for determining whether in camera review is 3 appropriate. First, the party seeking in camera review must make a minimal showing that the crime-fraud exception could apply to the 4 privileged materials. United States v. Zolin, 491 U.S. 554, 572 (1989). If this initial hurdle is overcome, then the district court has 5 the discretion to conduct an in camera review. Id. This discretionary decision turns on “the facts and circumstances of the particular case, 6 including, among other things, the volume of materials the district court has been asked to review, the relative importance to the case of 7 the alleged privileged information, and the likelihood that the evidence produced through in camera review, together with other 8 available evidence then before the court, will establish that the crimefraud exception does apply.” Id. In In re Grand Jury Investigation, 9 the Ninth Circuit held that the two-step Zolin process “applies equally well when a party seeks in camera review to contest 10 assertions of [ ] privilege.” In re Grand Jury Investigation, 974 F.2d 1068, 1074 (9th Cir. 1992). [11] 12 Fourth Age Ltd. v. Warner Bros. Digital Distribution, No. CV 12-09912 AB (SHX), 2014 WL 13 12584447, at *4 (C.D. Cal. Oct. 9, 2014). 14 C. Impact of Cova’s Testimony on Propriety of In Camera Review 15 The February 28, 2019 deposition testimony of Peter Cova does not alter the 16 undersigned’s conclusion that in camera review of Aerojet’s document redactions is unwarranted. 17 In his testimony, Mr. Cova specifically discussed a PowerPoint slide, Deposition Exhibit 88, 18 which is redacted except for the title (“AR Antares Counter Offer to Orbital (BAFO)”) and what 19 appears to be headings of a chart, labeled “Orbital Demand,” “AR Offer to Orbital (8/18/14),” 20 “Orbital Counter (8/20/14)”and “AR to Orbital Proposal.” ECF No. 197-3 at 4. At the 21 deposition, when asked about the source of the information under each heading, Mr. Cova stated 22 “I believe the reason why this chart and the next chart are redacted is this is attorney-client 23 privileged communication . . . It’s a work product.” ECF No. 197-4 at 4-5. After Mr. Cova’s 24 attorney directed him to answer as to the source only, Mr. Cova testified that he copied and pasted 25 information from “a set of Powerpoint charts that listed the items of – under dispute and their 26 position on those items.” Id. at 5. He then “in parallel listed Aerojet’s offer or counteroffer to 27 that position.” Id. at 5-6. Global counsel asked, “I just want to make sure I understand your 28 testimony with regard to the information that you pasted into the Orbital demand. Are you – was 1 the source a Powerpoint presentation prepared by Orbital that was communicated to you and 2 others at Aerojet?” Id. at 6. Cova replied, “To the best of my knowledge, yes.” Id. 3 Based on this testimony, Global argues that Cova’s “testimony leaves no room for doubt 4 that the PowerPoint portion of Deposition Exhibit 88 contains information that is not privileged, 5 but in fact includes information that was communicated between Aerojet and Orbital.” ECF No. 6 197 at 24. In a footnote, Global states that Deposition Exhibit 88 will be the subject of a follow7 up motion to compel (because it was not a part of the original motion to compel at issue here), 8 and that Aerojet has represented that it was conducting a search for the source document 9 identified by Mr. Cova and any similarly situated documents. Id. at n. 12. A review of the docket 10 indicates that no such motion was filed, and discovery has closed. 11 In any case, the court does not find that Mr. Cova’s testimony “support[s] a reasonable, 12 good faith belief that in camera inspection may reveal evidence that information in the materials 13 is not privileged.” See In re Grand Jury Investigation, 974 F.2d at 1075 . Cova’s testimony 14 indicates that one column of a chart characterized as attorney work product contained information 15 it received from Orbital. Even if some data in the chart came from unprivileged sources, Cova’s 16 testimony establishes that Exhibit 88 was a compilation of communications he assembled with the 17 help of Aerojet’s in-house counsel, Brian Sweeney, in order to communicate to the Aerojet 18 Board. ECF 197, p. 4 at 238:20-239:3 (“I was involved, along with Steve and, and Brian 19 Sweeney and others, as we prepared and communicated Aerojet offers, negotiated offers with 20 Orbital and so...we compiled sort of the evolution of, of the offer—counteroffer and put in on the 21 slides for the board to review.”). It is arguable that the chart as a whole was entitled to protection 22 even if every fact or number it contained was not independently privileged. Even if the court 23 were to conclude that Exhibit 88 contained some information that was improperly redacted, 24 however, that would not support an inference that Aerojet’s redaction practices are so universally 25 “heavyhanded” that the redactions at issue on Global’s motion to compel cannot be trusted. For 26 one thing, the document at Exhibit 88 was not at issue in the motion to compel. It has no direct 27 bearing, and little circumstantial relevance, to the redactions that are in issue. Moreover, like the 28 previously tendered example of inconsistent redaction, Cova’s testimony is simply not the 1 smoking gun Global makes it out to be. It is insufficient to support a reasonable belief that in 2 camera inspection of the documents at issue may reveal evidence that information in them is not 3 privileged. 4 Having considered the new evidence provided by Global, the court again concludes that in 5 camera review is not warranted. Global’s motion to compel (ECF No. 141), to the extent it was 6 referred back to the undersigned by the District Judge, is DENIED. 7 III. Aerojet’s Motion to Compel, ECF No. 151 8 A. Overview 9 The undersigned previously granted Aerojet’s motion to compel the production of several 10 categories of documents: (1) information concerning Global’s investigation of Aerojet’s claims 11 including allegedly privileged documents, (2) information related to other Global insureds, 12 including Orbital, (3) claims manual file documents, and (4) joint defense agreements between 13 the defendants. ECF No. 189 at 6-9. Judge Mueller referred the motion back to the undersigned 14 to “explain the law [] applied, the evidence [] considered and to more fully explain the reasoning 15 underlying [the] decision” as to each issue except Global’s communication with other insureds, 16 on which reconsideration was denied. ECF No. 233 at 11, 13. Judge Mueller also asked the 17 undersigned to specifically address Aerojet’s demand for Global’s draft documents, including 18 those underlying: (1) Global’s privilege log entries identifying thirteen draft market reports to the 19 insurer defendants, most of which were authored by Ahmed and two of which had no identified 20 author; (2) three entries identifying draft communications to Aerojet, for which no author was 21 identified; (3) three draft communications for which no further description or author was 22 provided; and (4) a draft request for documents and a draft reservation of rights letter. Id. at 11. 23 Finally, Judge Mueller asked the undersigned to clarify the prior order on Aerojet’s motion with 24 respect to Global’s communications with co-insurers. Id. at 12. 25 B. Aerojet is Entitled to Information Concerning Global’s Investigation 26 Aerojet seeks documents relating to Global’s initial claims investigation, including the 27 pre-denial investigation file of outside counsel Condon & Forsyth; Global claims that the files are 28 protected from discovery by attorney-client privileged and/or work product protection. ECF No. 1 178 at 11-17. For the reasons now explained, the court confirms its previous conclusion that 2 these documents are not privileged or protected, and that Aerojet is entitled to a full production. 3 1. Applicable Law on Attorney Client Privilege 4 At the outset, the court clarifies that it applies the law of New Jersey (as opposed to New 5 York or California) to communications with outside counsel and to Global’s internal investigative 6 communications. A federal district court sitting in diversity applies the conflict rules of the forum 7 state. Klaxon Co. v. Stentor Electric Mfg. Co., Inc., 313 U.S. 487, 497 (1941). California uses 8 the “governmental interest” approach, in which: “[T]he forum will apply its own rule of decision 9 unless a party litigant timely invokes the law of a foreign state. In such event he must 10 demonstrate that the latter rule of decision will further the interest of the foreign state and 11 therefore that it is an appropriate one for the forum to apply to the case before it.” Hurtado v. 12 Superior Court, 11 Cal.3d 574, 581 (1974). In making this determination, the court considers the 13 state of domicile of the corporation asserting the privilege and where the communications took 14 place. Connolly Data Sys., Inc. v. Victor Techs., Inc., 114 F.R.D. 89, 91-92 (S.D. Cal. 1987). 15 In this case, Global representatives working on Aerojet’s claim were located in New 16 Jersey and Condon & Forsyth attorneys working on Aerojet’s claim were located in New York, 17 New York. ECF No. 134 at 24, n. 11; ECF No. 178 at 12, n. 6. Global is a Delaware corporation 18 with its principal place of business in Parsippany, New Jersey. ECF No. 154 at 4. Because 19 Global is headquartered in New Jersey and much of the communication at issue took place at 20 least in part in New Jersey, the court finds New Jersey has the greatest interest in application of 21 its privilege laws to the privilege at issue in this motion. 2 Nonetheless, the court notes that the 22 parties did not appear to dispute the choice of law question, although Aerojet also cited California [23] 24 2 California privilege law was applied in an earlier order regarding a different discovery dispute. See ECF No. 100 at 3-4. The privilege at issue in that dispute was being asserted by Aerojet, an [25] Ohio corporation with its principal place of business in Rancho Cordova, California. See ECF 26 No. 149 at 4. California choice of law principles dictated the application of California privilege law to the documents at issue there, because California had the greatest governmental interest in 27 applying its privilege law to those claims. See Connolly Data Sys., 114 F.R.D. at 91-92 . Here, Global is asserting the privilege, and California choice of law dictates the application of New 28 Jersey law, as discussed above. 1 law in the joint statement; the parties agreed that there was no apparent conflict between the laws 2 of these states. ECF No. 178 at 12, n. 6 and 21, n. 22. Accordingly, although the court clarifies 3 that New Jersey provides the applicable law of privilege, it also notes that the choice of law is 4 immaterial to the outcome. 5 The party asserting attorney client privilege bears the burden to prove it applies to any 6 given communication. Horon Holding Corp. v. McKenzie, 341 N.J. Super. 117, 125 (App. Div. 7 2001). New Jersey has “repeatedly recognized that the [attorney-client] privilege is ‘limited to 8 communications made to the attorney in his professional capacity.’” United Jersey Bank v. 9 Wolosoff, 196 N.J. Super. 553, 562 (App. Div. 1984) (quoting Metalsalts Corp. v. Weiss, 76 10 N.J.Super. 291, 297 (Ch. Div. 1962)). “Where the attorney is not providing legal advice, but is 11 merely performing “nonlegal duties” such as conducting an investigation, the attorney-client 12 privilege otherwise available . . . will be deemed inapplicable.” Paff v. Div. of Law, 412 N.J. 13 Super. 140, 151–52 (App. Div. 2010) (emphasis added), see also ECF No. 137 at 5 (quoting 14 Payton v. New Jersey Tpk. Auth., 148 N.J. 524 , 550–51 (1997)). New Jersey courts emphasize 15 the importance of attorney-client privilege but also construe it strictly: “[s]ince the recognition of 16 the privileged communication between attorney and client rests in the suppression of the truth the 17 privilege should be strictly construed in accordance with its object. The privilege is an anomaly 18 and ought not to be extended. The rule of privilege, having a tendency to prevent the full 19 disclosure of the truth, ought to be construed strictly.” Paff, 412 N.J. Super. at 150–51 (internal 20 quotations and citations omitted). 21 2. Global’s Pre-Denial Coverage Investigation Documents are Not Privileged 22 The undersigned remains unpersuaded by Global’s attempt to turn its claim investigation 23 process into a coverage dispute to which privilege attaches on grounds that coverage for Aerojet 24 was immediately doubtful. See ECF No. 178 at 22. To support its contention regarding its in25 house counsel’s internal communications, Global submitted a declaration from Anthony Murphy, 26 Vice President for Global in its claims department, which states that from “the outset, Global 27 viewed Aerojet’s claim as a coverage case that required in-house coverage counsel” and because 28 Aerojet’s claim was “purely [a] coverage case, Global anticipated the potential for litigation 1 should it determine that there was no coverage.” ECF No. 178 at 42, Murphy Dep. 55:22-23. 2 Global also submitted the declaration of Global claims department attorney Tamar Ahmed, in 3 which Ahmed stated, “[a]t the conclusion of [Global’s August 24, 2015 call with Aerojet], it was 4 understood that Aerojet’s ‘claim’ presented significant coverage issues” and “did not require 5 normal claims handling (i.e., a claims representative or claims attorney to handle the defense of 6 the claim),” and Ahmed “became part of the Global coverage ‘team,’ the in-house counsel who 7 were involved in looking at the coverage issues presented,” ECF No. 178 at 46. 8 Global’s position is not persuasive. It is clearly established that an insurer’s claims 9 investigation constitutes a standard business activity to which no attorney-client privilege 10 attaches. Payton, 148 N.J. at 550–51. This is true even when coverage litigation ultimately 11 results from the claims handling work. Id. Global’s assertion that it was more skeptical than 12 usual about the existence of coverage does not negate the presumption that the investigation of 13 the claim prior to denial was in fact just that: an investigation, and not actual preparation for 14 litigation. Indeed, Global investigates every claim submitted by an insured, and Global’s claims 15 group (Ahmed’s group) conducts each investigation. ECF No. 178 at 13. The claims handling 16 group is specifically distinguished from Global’s legal group (coverage counsel), which is the in17 house department charged with providing legal advice. Id. Global’s claims manual, which 18 expressly applies to all claims of all insureds, including third third-party liability claims like the 19 one at issue here, explicitly draws the distinction between the types of attorney groups (claims 20 manual sections 4.3, 6.C, and 8.3 ). Id. Finally, aside from stating generally that Global “always” 21 anticipates litigation, Murphy (again, a member of Global’s in house claims group along with Mr. 22 Ahmed) testified that at least as of March 2016, prior to denial, Global had not made a 23 preliminary coverage determination and did not particularly anticipate litigation with Aerojet. 24 Murphy Dep., 237:8-238:17. This record does not support Global’s position. 25 Global has not meet its burden of establishing that attorney client privilege applies. Horon 26 Holding Corp., 341 N.J. Super. at 125 . Accordingly, Aerojet is entitled to pre-denial claim 27 investigation documents from Global. 28 //// 1 3. Condon & Forsyth’s Pre-Denial Claim Investigation is Not Privileged 2 The result is no different as to outside counsel, Condon & Forsyth. Global’s claims 3 manual permits Global’s claims handlers to hire outside attorneys to conduct claims 4 investigations. ECF 178 at 17 (claims manual at section 10.2.), and also to serve as coverage 5 counsel (claims manual at section 8.3). Consistent with that authority, Global’s claims 6 department engaged Condon & Forsyth on August 24, 2015 —one business day after Aerojet 7 tendered its claim to Global. Id. Once retained, Condon &Forsyth led Global’s investigation. 8 Murphy Dep. 55:22-23, 140:13-25. Global and Condon & Forsyth maintain that their work was 9 assessing coverage from the outset, but this contention is undermined by the facts that Global did 10 not secure a written engagement letter from Condon & Forsyth, and generally did not follow its 11 own requirements described in Section 8.3 of the claims manual governing when and how Global 12 engages outside counsel to provide a coverage analysis. Id. 13 For these reasons, Global has not met its burden as the party asserting privilege to shown 14 that attorney client privilege applies here. See Horon Holding Corp., 341 N.J. Super. at 125 . 15 Because the evidence suggests outside counsel was acting to investigate the claim in conjunction 16 with Global’s claims group, the rule articulated in Payton applies and Aerojet is entitled to 17 discovery. See Payton, 148 N.J. at 550–51. 18 C. Global’s Draft Documents 19 In the original order on Aerojet’s motion, the court did not specifically address Aerojet’s 20 requests for the documents underlying (1) Global’s privilege log entries identifying thirteen draft 21 market reports to the insurer defendants, most of which were authored by Ahmed and two of 22 which had no identified author; (2) three entries identifying draft communications to Aerojet, for 23 which no author was identified; (3) three draft communications for which no further description 24 or author was provided; and (4) a draft request for documents and a draft reservation of rights 25 letter. See ECF No. 178 at 14−15. To the extent attorney client privilege is claimed as to these 26 documents, because the documents were not expressly authored by attorneys (with the exception 27 of Ahmed acting as claims investigator, as discussed above), the analysis is the same as that 28 regarding the claim investigation materials. Market reports, communications to the insured, and 1 reservation of rights/requests for documents are all part of normal claims handling activities. 2 Murphy Dep. 181:23-183:14; claims manual at section 8.5. They should be treated no differently 3 in discovery than Global’s other pre-denial investigative communications. 4 Global’s work product protection argument also fails here. The work product rule “is not 5 a privilege but a qualified immunity protecting from discovery documents and tangible things 6 prepared by a party or his representative in anticipation of litigation.” Admiral Ins. Co. v. U.S. 7 District Court, 881 F.2d 1486, 1494 (9th Cir. 1989). Because it is not a privilege, it is not 8 governed by state law in federal diversity cases. See Fed. R. Evid. 501. “Unlike issues of 9 attorney-client privilege, issues concerning the work-product doctrine are procedural and thus 10 governed by Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26(b)(3).” Great Am. Assur. Co. v. Liberty Surplus 11 Ins. Corp., 669 F.Supp.2d 1084, 1090 (N.D. Cal. 2009). To qualify for protection under the rule, 12 documents must have two characteristics: (1) they must be prepared in anticipation of litigation or 13 for trial, and (2) they must be prepared by or for another party or by or for that other party’s 14 representative. In re California Pub. Utils. Comm’n, 892 F.2d 778 , 780–81 (9th Cir. 1989). 15 Global cannot meet the threshold requirement for work product protection because its own 16 testimony indicates that the documents were not prepared “in anticipation of litigation.” Murphy 17 Dep. 181:23-183:14. The court declines to take Mr. Murphy’s general statement that Global is 18 always anticipating litigation as evidence that actual, specific litigation was anticipated here 19 within the meaning of the rule. These documents are not protected from discovery by the work 20 product doctrine. 21 D. Communications with Global’s Co-Insurers 22 Aerojet seeks production of documents reflected in Global’s privilege log including 16 23 entries involving communications with 5 individuals who work for co-insurers. Murphy Dep. 24 99:19-105:5; 106:5-114:25. For many of the same reasons discussed above, Global and Condon 25 & Forsythe’s communications with Global’s Co-Insurers in the pre-denial period are not 26 privileged. Again, there is no engagement letter indicating that Condon & Forsyth had been 27 obtained as coverage counsel for the co-insurers at this point. Murphy Dep. 105:15-20, 145:4-23. 28 The court again rejects Global’s proffered position that it is “always” anticipating coverage 1 litigation as one that would generally create a situation where attorney-client privilege or work 2 product protection may be invoked. ECF No. 25; Murphy Dep. 238:5-6. Aerojet’s motion must 3 be granted as to these communications for the same reasons as those articulated above. 4 E. Aerojet is Entitled to Claims Manual Documents 5 Aerojet seeks to compel the remainder of claims manual documents, which have been 6 withheld on grounds of relevance. ECF No. 178 at 20. Aerojet argues these documents are 7 relevant because Global contends that Aerojet improperly submitted and modified its claims, 8 implicating themes of fraud, which implicate Global’s anti-fraud procedures. Id. Aerojet also 9 argues that it is entitled to portions of the manual regarding Claims Administration Fees, which 10 go to Global’s motive in failing to conduct a complete pre-denial investigation. Id. The 11 undersigned initially agreed with Aerojet. 12 Global’s only objection to this ruling is its argument that “normal claims handling 13 practices did not apply to Aerojet’s claims.” ECF 197 at 21-22. As discussed above, the 14 undersigned disagrees that the evidence demonstrates the accuracy of this statement. For the 15 reasons discussed above, the court again rules in favor of Aerojet on this point. 16 F. Aerojet is Entitled to Global’s Joint Defense Agreement 17 Aerojet seeks production of Global’s Joint Defense Agreement, which Global has refused 18 to provide on the basis that it is irrelevant. ECF No. 178 at 20. Aerojet argues the document “is 19 relevant to Global’s erroneous claims of privilege during the claim investigation phase in this 20 matter.” Id. at 20-21. Global argues again that it did not engage in the normal claim handling 21 process with respect to Aerojet’s claim, but instead immediately treated the claim as a potential 22 coverage action. ECF No. 178. As the court has explained above, the undersigned is not 23 persuaded that Global’s claim investigation process prior to denial was anything but that – a claim 24 investigation in the ordinary course of business. The evidence provided by Global does not 25 establish that upon tender of Aerojet’s claim the issue was immediately treated as a coverage 26 action, as discussed in detail above. Here, again, no privilege exists. 27 //// 28 //// 1 IV. Conclusion 2 For the reasons explained above, the outstanding portion of Global’s motion to compel 3 || (ECF No. 141) is DENIED. Aerojet’s motion to compel (ECF No. 151) is again GRANTED in 4 || its entirety. 5 IT IS SO ORDERED. 6 || DATED: October 7, 2019 ~ 7 Hthren— Llane ALLISON CLAIRE 8 UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE