Golden v. Home Depot U.S.A, Inc.

[7] 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA [10] CLYDE GOLDEN, individually and on No. 1:18-cv-00033-NONE-JLT 11 behalf of all others similarly situated, 12 Plaintiff, ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANT’S 13 v. MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT 14 HOME DEPOT U.S.A., INC., (Doc. No. 43) 15 Defendant. [17] 18 Plaintiff Golden initiated this action by filing his complaint on January 5, 2018. Therein, 19 based upon his allegation that defendant misrepresented to him that he was purchasing a piece of 20 mahogany when he was not, he asserted causes of action for: 1) declaratory relief ; 2) breach of 21 the duty of good faith and fair dealing; 3) violation of California’s Consumer Legal Remedies 22 Act, California Civil Code § 1750, et seq. (“CLRA”); 4) violations of California’s Unfair 23 Competition Law, California Business & Professions Code § 17200, et seq. (“UCL”); 5) 24 violations of California’s False Advertising Law, California Business & Professions Code § 25 17500, et seq. (“FAL”); 6) Negligent Misrepresentation; 7) Unjust Enrichment; and 8) Breach of 26 Express Warranty. (Doc. No. 1.) 27 On May 31, 2018, the then-assigned District Judge dismissed plaintiff’s claims for breach 28 of the duty of good faith and fair dealing, negligent misrepresentation, and unjust enrichment. 1 (Doc. No. 19 at 27–28.) On October 11, 2019, defendant Home Depot U.S.A., Inc. filed a motion 2 seeking summary judgment in its favor with respect to plaintiff’s remaining claims for declaratory 3 relief, violation of the CLRA, violations of the UCL, violations of the FAL, and breach of express 4 warranty. (Doc. No. 43.) Plaintiff Golden filed his opposition on October 31, 2019. (Doc. No. 5 44.) Defendant filed its reply on November 7, 2019. (Doc. No. 45.) 6 The court has determined the pending motion for summary judgment is suitable for 7 decision based on the papers under Local Rule 230(g) and, for the reasons explained below, will 8 grant defendant’s motion in its entirety. 9 BACKGROUND 10 The following facts are undisputed unless otherwise noted. Plaintiff visited a Home 11 Depot store in Bakersfield, CA on July 26, 2017. (Doc. No. 43-3 ¶ 32.) Plaintiff did not intend to 12 buy lumber when he went to the Home Depot, nor did he have a particular use for any lumber. 13 (Id. ¶¶ 38–39.) Nonetheless, plaintiff purchased a piece of 1x2 lumber during his visit to the store 14 that day. (Id. ¶ 32.) 15 Plaintiff is a carpenter by education, training, and experience. (Doc. No. 43-3 ¶ 14.) He 16 has worked as a carpenter for forty years and has been a member of the United Brotherhood of 17 Carpenters since 1978. (Id. ¶¶ 15, 18.) Plaintiff describes his own experience working with 18 wood as “fairly intimate” and reports having “skills and talents in dendrology,” the scientific 19 study of trees. (Id. ¶¶ 19, 26.) Plaintiff has experience in identifying wood types and testified at 20 his deposition that he “usually know[s] the type of wood when [he] see[s] it” based on its color, 21 grain, weight, general appearance, and, sometimes, price.” (Id. ¶ 27.) 22 Before plaintiff purchased any lumber on the date in question, he was aware that multiple 23 species of wood have “mahogany” as part of their common name. (Id. ¶ 33.) In his complaint, 24 plaintiff alleges that, “[a]uthentic mahogany and the only hardwoods that can [] truly be called 25 mahogany are from the Meliaceae family.”1 (Doc. No. 1 ¶ 33.) Before purchasing the wood 26 from the Home Depot store on the day in question, plaintiff determined that it did not appear to be [27] 1 The parties use two different spellings for the Melicaceae/Meliaceae family. For purposes of [28] 1 Honduras Mahogany.2 (Id. ¶ 35.) Rather, he believed that it bore a resemblance to Khaya, or 2 African Mahogany.3 (Id. ¶ 34.) There is no dispute that the lumber plaintiff actually purchased 3 from the Home Depot store was Khaya (African Mahogany) of the genus Khaya and family 4 Meliaceae.4 (Id. ¶ 49; Doc. No. 43-3 ¶¶ 2–3, 5.) There is also no dispute that Swietenia 5 (Honduras Mahogany) is also a genus of the Melicaceae family. (Id. ¶¶ 2–3, 6.) 6 Prior to making his purchase, plaintiff did not have any conversation with Home Depot 7 employees about the lumber. 5 (Id. ¶ 36.) Furthermore, before his purchase, plaintiff did not see 8 any advertisements about the lumber he bought. (Doc. No. 43-3 ¶ 37.) The price of the lumber 9 was $1.76 per linear foot. (Id. ¶ 43.) 10 Plaintiff admits that he bought the lumber to satisfy a curiosity he had as to whether he 11 could identify the wood type. (Id. ¶ 49.) Plaintiff testified at his deposition that he also bought 12 the wood because he “wanted to see how fraudulent Home Depot was.” (Doc. No. 43-4, Ex. B 13 (Golden Dep. 70:12–13).) In light of this purpose, according to plaintiff, he “found the smallest 14 quantity [he] could purchase.” (Doc. No. 43-4, Ex. B (Golden Dep. 76:20–23).) Plaintiff spent 15 $3.52 in total on the lumber. (Doc. No. 43-3 ¶ 43.) 16 2 Plaintiff’s theory appears to have changed from the time of the filing of his complaint to the 17 time of his filing of his opposition to defendant’s summary judgment motion. He now argues that “genuine Mahogany is from the Swietenia genus of the Meliaceae family, commonly known as 18 Honduras Mahogany.” (Doc. No. 44 at 7.) 19 3 Plaintiff also testified at his deposition that he had experience with Khaya in a professional capacity. (Doc. No. 43-4, Ex. B (Golden Dep. 69:3–5).) Plaintiff’s first experience working with [20] mahogany wood dates back to 1981. (Doc. No. 43-3 ¶ 28.) Additionally, he worked on a “very 21 high-end residence in Palos Verdes where the entire kitchen and much of the millwork in the rest of the house was Khaya.” (Doc. No. 43-4, Ex. B (Golden Dep. 68:24–69:2).) [22] 4 In his complaint, plaintiff has alleged that Home Depot marketed Eucalyptus labeled as Swamp 23 mahogany. (See Doc. No. 1 ¶¶ 39, 61.) Plaintiff also has alleged that he “tested the product he purchased and discovered that it was not, in fact, genuine mahogany, but actually Eucalyptus.” [24] (Id. ¶ 62.) However, the parties now agree that the lumber plaintiff purchased was not 25 Eucalyptus. (Doc. No. 43-3 ¶¶ 46–47.) Nonetheless, plaintiff never amended his complaint. 26 5 Plaintiff alleges in his complaint that “[a]t the time he purchased the packages [of 1x2 lumber], employees of Home Depot told Mr. Golden that the lumber products he was purchasing were 27 authentic, genuine mahogany.” (Doc. No. 1 ¶ 60.) However, plaintiff testified at his deposition that he did not talk to a Home Depot employee about the lumber at issue until “weeks or months” [28] 1 In his complaint, plaintiff has alleged that Home Depot advertised its wood as “authentic” 2 and “genuine.” (See, e.g., Doc. No. 1. ¶¶ 94, 107, 119, 160.) At his deposition, plaintiff testified: 3 Q: And when you saw the mahogany wood that Home Depot was advertising, it appeared to be to you Khaya? [4] A: Yes. [5] 6 (Doc. No. 43-4, Ex. B (Golden Dep. 69:6–11).) 7 Q: Did the sign that you saw in the store adjacent to the wood that you purchased from Home Depot in July 2017 describe the 8 mahogany as genuine? 9 A: No. 10 Q: Did the sign describe the mahogany as authentic? 11 A: No. 12 Q: Did the sign describe the mahogany as Swietenia? 13 A: No. 14 (Id. 75:12–22.) Plaintiff has submitted as exhibits Home Depot advertisements stating that the 15 lumber “[m]eets the highest grading standings for strength and appearance” and “[m]ahogany is 16 regarded as a unique wood for cabinets and furniture.” (Doc. No. 44-2, Exs. 1–2.) None of 17 plaintiff’s exhibits establish, however, that Home Depot used the words “authentic” or “genuine” 18 in describing the lumber in question. (See generally id.) 19 LEGAL STANDARD 20 Summary judgment is proper if the movant shows “there is no genuine dispute as to any 21 material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56. The 22 moving party bears the initial burden of “informing the district court of the basis for its motion, 23 and identifying those portions of the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and 24 admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, which it believes demonstrate the absence 25 of a genuine issue of material fact.” Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323 (1986) (internal 26 citation and quotation omitted). The moving party may accomplish this by “citing to particular 27 parts of materials in the record, including depositions, documents, electronically stored 28 information, affidavits or declarations, stipulations (including those made for purposes of the 1 motion only), admissions, interrogatory answers, or other materials” or by showing that such 2 materials “do not establish the absence or presence of a genuine dispute, or that an adverse party 3 cannot produce admissible evidence to support the fact.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)(1)(A), (B). A fact 4 is material if it could affect the outcome of the suit under the governing substantive law; 5 “irrelevant” or “unnecessary” factual disputes will not be counted. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, 6 Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986); ); see also T.W. Elec. Serv., Inc. v. Pac. Elec. Contractors Ass’n, [7] 809 F.2d 626 , 630 (9th Cir. 1987). 8 If the moving party would bear the burden of proof on an issue at trial, that party must 9 “affirmatively demonstrate that no reasonable trier of fact could find other than for the moving 10 party.” Soremekun v. Thrifty Payless, Inc., 509 F.3d 978, 984 (9th Cir. 2007). In contrast, if the 11 non-moving party bears the burden of proof on an issue, as plaintiff does here, the moving party 12 can prevail by “merely pointing out that there is an absence of evidence to support the non13 moving party’s case.” Id.; see also In re Oracle Corp. Sec. Litig., 627 F.3d 376 , 387 (9th Cir. 14 2010) (citing Celotex, 477 U.S. at 325 ); Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)(1)(B). Indeed, summary judgment 15 should be entered, after adequate time for discovery and upon motion, against a party who fails to 16 make a showing sufficient to establish the existence of an element essential to that party’s case, 17 and on which that party will bear the burden of proof at trial. See Celotex, 477 U.S. at 322 . “[A] 18 complete failure of proof concerning an essential element of the nonmoving party’s case 19 necessarily renders all other facts immaterial.” Id. at 322–23. In such a circumstance, summary 20 judgment should be granted, “so long as whatever is before the district court demonstrates that the 21 standard for the entry of summary judgment . . . is satisfied.” Id. at 323 . 22 When the moving party meets its burden, the non-moving party must demonstrate that 23 there are genuine disputes as to material facts by either: 24 (A) citing to particular parts of materials in the record, including depositions, documents, electronically stored information, 25 affidavits or declarations, stipulations (including those made for purposes of the motion only), admissions, interrogatory 26 answers, or other materials; or 27 (B) showing that the materials cited do not establish the absence or presence of a genuine dispute, or that an adverse party cannot 28 produce admissible evidence to support the fact. 1 Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c); see also Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574 , 2 586 (1986). In attempting to establish the existence of this factual dispute, the opposing party 3 may not rely upon the allegations or denials of its pleadings but is required to tender evidence of 4 specific facts in the form of affidavits or admissible discovery material in support of its 5 contention that the dispute exists. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)(1); Matsushita, 475 U.S. at 586 n.11;. 6 In ruling on a motion for summary judgment, a court does not make credibility 7 determinations or weigh evidence. See Anderson, 477 U.S. at 255 . Rather, “[t]he evidence of the 8 non-movant is to be believed, and all justifiable inferences are to be drawn in his favor.” Id. 9 Only admissible evidence may be considered in deciding a motion for summary judgment. Fed. 10 R. Civ. P. 56(c)(2); see also Orr v. Bank of Am., NT & SA, 285 F.3d 764, 773 (9th Cir. 2002). 11 “Conclusory, speculative testimony in affidavits and moving papers is insufficient to raise 12 genuine issues of fact and defeat summary judgment.” Soremekun, 509 F.3d at 984 ; see also 13 Anderson, 477 U.S. at 250; Wool v. Tandem Computs. Inc., 818 F.2d 1433, 1436 (9th Cir. 1987). 14 With these standards in mind, below the court will address defendant’s pending motion 15 with respect to each of plaintiff’s remaining causes of action. 16 ANALYSIS 17 A. Reliance 18 Plaintiff’s Unfair Competition Law (“UCL”), false advertising law (“FAL”), and 19 California Consumer Legal Remedies Act (“CLRA”) claims all require reliance. Beyer v. 20 Symantec, Corp., 333 F. Supp. 3d 966, 980 (N.D. Cal. 2018) (“Reliance is required to achieve 21 standing under the UCL, FAL, and CLRA.”); In re Ferrero Litig., 794 F. Supp. 2d 1107 , 1111 22 (S.D. Cal. 2011) (finding failure to state a claim under UCL, FAL, and CLRA claims where 23 plaintiffs alleged that they relied on Nutella’s representations on labels and television 24 advertisements, but admit they never personally visited Nutella website). “Reliance is proved by 25 showing that the defendant’s misrepresentation or nondisclosure was ‘an immediate cause’ of the 26 plaintiff’s injury-producing conduct,” which requires a showing that “in its absence the plaintiff 27 in all reasonable probability would not have engaged in the injury-producing conduct.” In re 28 Tobacco II Cases, 46 Cal. 4th 298, 326 (2009); see also Wilson v. Frito Lay N.A., Inc., 260 F. 1 Supp. 3d 1202, 1214 (N.D. Cal. 2017) (finding no genuine dispute regarding reliance where the 2 plaintiff affirmed at his deposition that it was “fair to say that the natural label isn’t the reason 3 that [he] bought them” and “things like taste and that it was a good snack were the reasons [he] 4 purchased them,” contrasted with plaintiff’s inconsistent pleadings alleging that the “all natural” 5 label misled him into thinking the purchased products were “made with all natural ingredients” or 6 “all natural”). 7 Here, there is no dispute with respect to whether plaintiff relied on defendant’s 8 representations regarding the wood he bought. Before plaintiff purchased the lumber in question, 9 he was aware that multiple species of wood have “mahogany” as part of their common name. 10 (Doc. No. 43-3 ¶ 33.) In his complaint, plaintiff alleges that, “[a]uthentic mahogany and the only 11 hardwoods that can [] truly be called mahogany are from the Meliaceae family.” (Doc. No. 1 ¶ 12 33.) Moreover, there is no dispute both that the lumber plaintiff purchased was of the Khaya 13 genus (Doc. No. 43-3 ¶ 49) and that Khaya (African Mahogany) is a genus of the Meliaceae 14 family. (Doc. No. 43-3 ¶¶ 2–3, 5.) 15 Before his purchase, plaintiff believed the lumber at Home Depot resembled African 16 Mahogany and did not appear to be Honduras Mahogany. (Id. ¶¶ 34, 35.) Before his purchase, 17 plaintiff did not have any conversations with Home Depot employees about the wood (id. ¶ 36), 18 nor did he see any advertisements about the lumber. (Id. ¶ 37.) This evidence before the court on 19 summary judgment, in the form of plaintiff’s own deposition testimony, flatly contradicts the 20 allegations of his complaint that “[a]t the time he purchased the packages, employees of Home 21 Depot told Mr. Golden that the lumber products he was purchasing were authentic, genuine 22 mahogany.” (Doc. No. 1 ¶ 60.) In fact, the evidence on summary judgment establishes that 23 plaintiff’s conversations with a Home Depot employee occurred “weeks” or “months” after he 24 purchased the lumber. (Doc. No. 43-4, Ex. B (Golden Dep. 83:2–4).) Those conversations are 25 thus irrelevant to the issue of whether plaintiff relied on Home Depot’s statements in making his 26 purchase. Instead, the Joint Statement of Undisputed Facts before the court on summary 27 judgment establishes that plaintiff purchased the lumber because he was pining to see whether he 28 could identify the wood type. (Doc. No. 43-3 ¶ 49.) As noted above, plaintiff also testified at his 1 deposition that he bought the wood because he “wanted to see how fraudulent Home Depot was.” 2 (Doc. No. 43-4, Ex. B (Golden Dep. 70:12–13).) Moreover, the uncontroverted evidence on 3 summary judgment shows that plaintiff “found the smallest quantity [he] could purchase” and 4 spent $3.52 total on the lumber. (Doc. No. 43-3 ¶ 43; Doc. No. 43-4, Ex. B (Golden Dep:76:20– 5 23).) 6 Plaintiff further testified at deposition that the sign adjacent to the lumber at the Home 7 Depot store in July 2017 never described the mahogany he purchased as “genuine,” “authentic,” 8 or “Swietenia,” which once again contradicts the allegations in his complaint that Home Depot 9 advertised its lumber as “authentic” and “genuine.” (Compare Doc. No. 43-4, Ex. B (Golden 10 Dep. 69:6–11), with Doc. No. 1 ¶¶ 94, 107, 119, 160.) Nor do the exhibits offered by plaintiff 11 show that Home Depot described its lumber as “authentic” or “genuine.” (See generally Doc. No. 12 44-2, Exs. 1–2.) As in Frito Lay, where the court held that there was no genuine dispute 13 regarding reliance where the plaintiff testified that he bought the snacks because of taste and 14 contradicted his allegations that the “all natural” label misled him, here, plaintiff testified that he 15 wanted to purchase the wood—the wood that he concedes he believed looked like African 16 Mahogany and did not appear to be Honduras Mahogany—to satisfy his curiosity and prove 17 Home Depot was fraudulent, which likewise contradicts the allegations of his complaint that 18 Home Depot misled him into buying what it falsely represented to be “genuine” mahogany. See 19 Frito Lay, 260 F. Supp. 3d at 1214. (Doc. No. 1 ¶¶ 39, 61–62; Doc. No. 43-3 ¶¶ 2–3, 34–35, 49; 20 Doc. No. 43-4, Ex. B (Golden Dep. 70:12–13).) 21 Based on the evidence before the court on summary judgment, there is no genuine issue of 22 material fact regarding whether plaintiff relied on any representations made by Home Depot when 23 purchasing the lumber. In short, the root of plaintiff’s problem with respect to this claim is that 24 the undisputed evidence establishes his lack of reliance. Accordingly, the court will grant 25 summary judgment in favor of defendant as to plaintiff’s FAL, UCL, and CLRA claims. 26 B. Express Warranty 27 To establish liability for breach of an express warranty under California law, a plaintiff 28 must show that a defendant made an “affirmation,” “promise,” “or description” about the product 1 purchased. See Cal. Com. Code § 2313 . Additionally, a plaintiff must demonstrate that the 2 affirmation or promise was breached. Sanders v. Apple Inc., 672 F. Supp. 2d 978, 988 (N.D. Cal. 3 2009) (“A claim for breach of an express warranty requires an actual breach.”) Here, there is no 4 genuine issue of material fact regarding whether Home Depot expressly warranted that its lumber 5 was “genuine” or “authentic” mahogany. 6 Plaintiff argues that Home Depot “expressly warrant[ed] that the goods are conforming to 7 genuine Mahogany, not a Mahogany substitute.” (Doc. No. 44 at 23.) In this regard, plaintiff is 8 simply barking up the wrong tree. As discussed above, none of the exhibits or other evidence that 9 plaintiff has come forward with on summary judgment show that Home Depot described its 10 lumber as “genuine” or “authentic” mahogany. (See generally Doc. No. 44-2, Exs. 1–2.) Indeed, 11 plaintiff testified at his deposition that on the day he purchased the lumber, the sign at the Home 12 Depot store adjacent to the wood did not say “genuine” or “authentic.” (Doc. No. 43-4, Ex. B 13 (Golden Dep. 75:12–22).) Based upon this evidence, no reasonable jury could find that Home 14 Depot expressly warranted that the mahogany in question was “genuine” or “authentic.” 15 Plaintiff contends that defendant would have the court believe “anything in the Meliaceae 16 family is Mahogany.” (Doc. No. 44 at 7.) Plaintiff, however, was the first to assert that authentic 17 mahogany sprouts from the Meliaceae family. (Doc. No. 1 ¶ 33 (“Authentic mahogany and the 18 only hardwoods that can [] truly be called mahogany are from the Meliaceae family.”).) 19 Apparently recognizing the need to spruce up his argument, plaintiff now elects to branch out and 20 argue that “African Mahogany is but a Mahogany substitute, while the Swietenia genus Honduras 21 Mahogany is genuine.” (Id.) However, by plaintiff’s own admission, the lumber he purchased 22 from defendant—Khaya or African Mahogany, which is undisputedly a genus of the Meliaceae 23 family—may be called mahogany. (Doc. No. 43-3 ¶¶ 2, 3, 5 49.) Moreover, plaintiff’s expert 24 testified at deposition that the Meliaceae family is sometimes referred to as the mahogany family. 25 (Doc. No. 43-4, Ex. A (Miller Dep. 59:16–60:2).) Defendant too has come forward with evidence 26 on summary judgment supporting the contention that the Meliaceae family is referred to as the 27 mahogany family of wood. (See, e.g., Doc. No. 43-4, Ex. J (“African Mahogany is just as much 28 part of the Meliaceae (mahogany) family as the Central and South American species.”).) WwAOe 4.40 MAAR VRP MVUUIITOCIN Yh FIR Vette PAY 4 UI ALY 1 Therefore, in light of the evidence before the court on summary judgment (supported in 2 | part by plaintiff's own admission embodied in the allegations of his complaint), there simply is no 3 | evidence from which a reasonable jury could find that defendant expressly warranted that its 4 | lumber was “genuine” or “authentic” mahogany. Similarly, there is no evidence that defendant 5 | breached any express warranty in selling the lumber to plaintiff. Rather, the uncontroverted 6 || evidence before the court on summary judgment establishes that plaintiff bought from defendant a 7 | type of mahogany, just not Honduras mahogany. 8 Accordingly, the court will also grant summary judgment in favor of defendant as to 9 | plaintiff's express warranty claim. With summary judgment being granted in defendant’s favor 10 | as to plaintiff's FAL, UCL, CLRA, and express warranty claims, the court also will grant 11 | defendant’s summary judgment motion on plaintiff's remaining claim for declaratory relief. 12 CONCLUSION 13 For the reasons explained above, the court GRANTS defendant’s motion for summary 14 || judgment (Doc. No. 43) in its entirety. The Clerk of Court is directed to CLOSE this case. 15 | IT IS SO ORDERED. me □ '© | Dated: _-May 20, 2020 Yel A Low 17 UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE