Cianchetta v. BMW of North America, LLC

[7] 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA [10] 11 PETER L. CIANCHETTA, and RUBINA No. 2:20-cv-00241-KJM-EFB T. CIANCHETTA, [12] Plaintiffs, 13 ORDER v. [14] BMW OF NORTH AMERICA, LLC; and 15 NIELLO BAVARIAN AUTOMOBILES, INC., [16] Defendants. [18] 19 Defendant BMW of North America, LLC (“BMW NA”) moves to stay this action 20 and compel arbitration. Mot., ECF No. 8. Plaintiffs Peter Cianchetta and Rubina Cianchetta 21 oppose. Opp’n, ECF No. 10. BMW NA replied. Reply, ECF No. 11. 22 The court heard oral argument on the motion on August 14, 2020 by video 23 teleconferencing. Rene Dupart appeared for plaintiffs; Mark Allen appeared for defendants. 24 Having considered the argument at hearing, the moving papers, and the applicable law, the court 25 DENIES the motion. 26 I. BACKGROUND 27 This case arises from plaintiffs’ purchase of a new 2015 BMW X5 35I (“the car” 28 or “the vehicle”) on October 18, 2014 from defendant Niello Bavarian Automobiles, Inc. 1 (“Niello”). Compl., ECF No. 1–1, ¶ 17. BMW NA provided a four year, 50,000 mile warranty 2 on the vehicle. Id. ¶ 18. Plaintiffs allege the car had extensive and ongoing mechanical problems 3 necessitating repeated attempts at repair. Id. ¶ 21. 4 On August 21, 2019, plaintiffs filed suit in Sacramento County Superior Court 5 against BMW NA and Niello for violations of the Song-Beverly Consumer Warranty Act, 6 California Civil Code section 1790 et seq., and the California Unfair Competition Law, California 7 Business & Professions Code section 17200 et seq. Id. On January 7, 2020, plaintiffs voluntarily 8 dismissed Niello, a California-based defendant. Not. Removal ¶ 15, ECF No. 1. With Niello 9 dismissed and complete diversity between the parties, BMW NA removed the action to this court. 10 See generally id. 11 In purchasing the car, plaintiffs executed a purchase agreement with Niello 12 containing an arbitration clause. Janet Welling Decl. Ex. A (“Purchase Agreement”), ECF No. 13 8–1. Plaintiffs and Niello were the signatories to the purchase agreement. Id. at 6.1 Niello 14 assigned its interest in the purchase agreement to BMW Finance of America. Id. at 9. BMW NA 15 has advanced no evidence it is an assignee and did not so contend at hearing. The arbitration 16 clause at issue reads: [17] 1. EITHER YOU OR WE MAY CHOOSE TO HAVE ANY 18 DISPUTE BETWEEN US DECIDED BY ARBITRATION AND NOT IN A COURT OR BY JURY TRIAL […] [19] 20 Any claim or dispute, whether in contract, tort, statute or otherwise (including the interpretation and scope of this Arbitration Provision, 21 and the arbitrability of the claim or dispute), between you and us or our employees, agents, successors or assigns, which arises out of or 22 relates to your credit application, purchase or condition of this vehicle, this contract or any resulting transaction or relationship 23 (including any such relationship with third parties who do not sign this contract) shall, at your or our election, be resolved by neutral, 24 binding arbitration and not by a court action. 25 Id. at 8–9. [26] 27 1 References to this document use the pagination assigned by the court’s electronic docketing system. The Purchase Agreement originally appeared on a single page but as filed was enlarged 28 and spread across several pages for better legibility. 1 II. LEGAL STANDARD 2 Under 9 U.S.C. § 3 , the court must stay an action on application of a party “upon 3 being satisfied that the issue involved in such suit or proceeding is referable to arbitration under” 4 a written agreement to arbitrate between the parties. 9 U.S.C. § 3 . A party “aggrieved by the 5 alleged failure, neglect, or refusal of another to arbitrate under a written agreement for 6 arbitration” may petition for an order compelling arbitration. 9 U.S.C. § 4 . If the district court is 7 satisfied the issue is referable to arbitration under a written arbitration agreement, it must compel 8 it. Dean Witter Reynolds, Inc. v. Byrd, 470 U.S. 213, 218 (1985) (holding “shall” in statute 9 makes arbitration mandatory on satisfaction of court). To determine the dispute is referable to 10 arbitration under the parties’ agreement, the court must determine “(1) whether a valid agreement 11 to arbitrate exists and, if it does, (2) whether the agreement encompasses the dispute at issue.” 12 Kilgore v. KeyBank Nat. Ass’n, 718 F.3d 1052, 1058 (9th Cir. 2013) (quoting Chiron Corp. v. 13 Ortho Diagnostic Sys. Inc., 207 F.3d 1126, 1130 (9th Cir. 2000)). 14 The FAA makes agreements to arbitrate valid and enforceable, “save upon such 15 grounds as exist at law or in equity for the revocation of any contract.” 9 U.S.C. § 3 . This 16 savings clause was intended to preserve generally applicable state law contract defenses such as 17 unconscionability. AT&T Mobility LLC v. Concepcion, 563 U.S. 333 , 339 (2011). State law 18 doctrines may not be applied in a way that disfavors or discriminates against arbitration 19 provisions. Id. at 341. The FAA evinces a “liberal federal policy favoring arbitration.” Id. at 20 339. 21 Because of the federal policy in favor of arbitration, there is a presumption of 22 arbitrability; “[a]n order to arbitrate the particular grievance should not be denied unless it may be 23 said with positive assurance that the arbitration is not susceptible of an interpretation that covers 24 the asserted dispute. Doubts should be resolved in favor of coverage.” AT&T Technologies, Inc. 25 v. Comms. Workers of America, 475 U.S. 643, 650 (1986) (quoting United Steelworkers of 26 America v. Warrior & Gulf Nav. Co., 363 U.S. 574 , 582–83 (1960)). 27 ///// 28 ///// 1 III. DISCUSSION 2 The parties do not dispute that the Purchase Agreement here contains an 3 arbitration clause. Nor do plaintiffs argue the clause is invalid. Rather, they dispute whether 4 BMW NA may invoke the clause as a non-signatory to the agreement, and whether it 5 encompasses the dispute at issue. The Supreme Court has held the question of whether non6 signatories to an arbitration agreement can invoke the agreement under the FAA is governed by 7 the relevant state contract law. Arthur Andersen LLP v. Carlisle, 556 U.S. 624, 632 (2009). The 8 court analyzes the question under California law; the parties agree California contract law applies. 9 a. Arbitrability 10 As a threshold matter, BMW NA asserts the question of arbitrability is for the 11 arbitrator under the arbitration clause. 12 Under the FAA, parties may agree that the threshold question of whether a given 13 dispute is arbitrable under a written arbitration clause will be resolved by an arbitrator, and not a 14 court. Henry Schein, Inc. v. Archer & White Sales, Inc., 139 S. Ct. 524, 527 (2019). The 15 question of whether the parties agreed to have an arbitrator decide whether a dispute is arbitrable 16 is one of contract. Id. (citations omitted). As a matter of contract, “a party cannot be required to 17 submit to arbitration any dispute which he has not agreed so to submit,” including the threshold 18 question of arbitrability. Howsam v. Dean Witter Reynolds, Inc., 537 U.S. 79, 84 (2002) (quoting 19 Warrior & Gulf, 363 U.S. at 582 ). Courts should not assume the parties agreed to arbitrate 20 arbitrability absent “clear and unmistakable evidence that they did so.” Momot v. Mastro, [21] 652 F.3d 982, 986 (9th Cir. 2011) (citing First Options of Chicago, Inc. v. Kaplan, 514 U.S. 938 , 22 944 (1995).). In determining whether there was an agreement to arbitrate arbitrability, “as with 23 any other contract, the parties’ intentions control.” Id. (quoting Mitsubishi Motors Corp. v. Soler 24 Chrysler–Plymouth, Inc., 473 U.S. 614, 626 (1985)) 25 Here, the arbitration clause contains a clear sign of the signatories’ intent to 26 arbitrate the threshold question of arbitrability as to some category of dispute: the clause covers 27 “the arbitrability of the claim or dispute[.]” Purchase Agreement at 8–9. However, it is not as 28 obvious plaintiffs agreed to arbitrate arbitrability with BMW NA. This question is inextricably 1 bound up with whether BMW NA can invoke the clause at all as a non-signatory. Thus, the court 2 must determine whether BMW NA can invoke the arbitration clause at all; if it can, arbitrability is 3 for the arbitrator. If not, the arbitration clause does not apply to either the substance of the 4 dispute or the threshold arbitrability question. 5 b. Third Party Beneficiary 6 A non-signatory may enforce an arbitration agreement as a third-party beneficiary 7 of the agreement if the third party can “show that the contract reflects the express or implied 8 intention of the parties to the contract to benefit the third party.” Comer v. Micor, Inc., 436 F.3d 9 1098, 1102 (9th Cir. 2006) (quoting Klamath Water Users Protective Ass’n v. Patterson, [10] 204 F.3d 1206, 1211 (9th Cir. 2000)). “Whether a party is an intended beneficiary or merely an 11 incidental beneficiary involves construction of the intention of the parties, gathered from reading 12 the contract as a whole in light of the circumstances under which it was entered.” Cione v. 13 Foresters Equity Servs., Inc., 58 Cal. App. 4th 625, 636 (1997). 14 Here, the clause provides an agreement to arbitrate between “you and us or our 15 employees, agents, successors or assigns[.]” Purchase Agreement at 8. The covered claims are 16 those which “arise out of . . . any resulting transaction or relationship (including any such 17 relationship with third parties who do not sign this contract)[.]” Id. It is notable that the contract 18 enumerates a list of persons able to invoke the clause but omits from that list the third parties 19 from whom otherwise arbitrable claims might arise. Under the rule of construction expressio 20 unius est exlusio alterius (literally, “the expression of one thing is the exclusion of another”), 21 mention of specific matters in a contract implies the intent to exclude related matters not listed. 22 Murphy v. DirecTV, Inc., 724 F.3d 1218, 1234 (9th Cir. 2013) (citing Steven v. Fid. & Cas. Co. of 23 New York, 58 Cal. 2d 862, 871 (1962)).2 Here, the list is clear as to the non-signatories who may 24 invoke the clause: employees, agents, successors or assigns. It does not list other third parties 25 from whom claims might arise. [26] 27 2 To the extent the court cites federal authority, it does so while recognizing principles of California contract law, which applies in diversity actions. Los Angeles Lakers, Inc. v. Fed. Ins. 28 Co., 869 F.3d 795, 800 (9th Cir. 2017) (citation omitted). 1 To characterize BMW NA as a third-party beneficiary, the court would need to 2 read the clause to mean that any third party from whom a dispute arises could compel arbitration. 3 “A court must interpret a contract to give effect to all of its terms and avoid an interpretation that 4 renders a term mere surplusage.” Advanced Network, Inc. v. Peerless Ins. Co., 190 Cal. App. 4th 5 1054 , 1063–64 (2010). The list of “employees, agents, successors or assigns” who have a 6 contractual right to compel arbitration would be meaningless if other unidentified third parties 7 could also compel arbitration. Under a proper reading of the clause, while claims arising from 8 third-party relationships and transactions may be arbitrable under the clause, they would only be 9 arbitrable by the enumerated parties. There is no evidence of the parties’ intent to allow non10 signatories not falling into the enumerated categories to invoke the clause as third-party 11 beneficiaries. Because BMW NA has advanced no evidence it is one of the enumerated 12 categories, it is not a third-party beneficiary to the contract. 13 c. Equitable Estoppel 14 BMW NA asserts equitable estoppel allows it to compel arbitration 15 notwithstanding that is not a signatory to the agreement. Equitable estoppel “precludes a party 16 from claiming the benefits of a contract while simultaneously attempting to avoid the burdens that 17 contract imposes.” Comer, 436 F.3d at 1101 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). A 18 non-signatory may compel a signatory to arbitrate a dispute under the principles of equitable 19 estoppel. Mundi v. Union Sec. Life Ins. Co., 555 F.3d 1042 , 1045–46 (9th Cir. 2009). 20 Where a nonsignatory seeks to enforce an arbitration clause, the doctrine of equitable estoppel applies in two circumstances; 21 (1) when a signatory must rely on the terms of the written agreement in asserting its claims against the nonsignatory or the claims are 22 intimately founded in and intertwined with the underlying contract, and (2) when the signatory alleges substantially interdependent and 23 concerted misconduct by the nonsignatory and another signatory and the allegations of interdependent misconduct are founded in or 24 intimately connected with the obligations of the underlying agreement. [25] 26 Kramer v. Toyota Motor Corp., 705 F.3d 1122 , 1128–29 (internal quotation marks omitted, citing 27 Goldman v. KPMG LLP, 173 Cal. App. 4th 209, 219, 221 (2009)). 28 //// 1 In Kramer, the plaintiffs sought “revocation of acceptance” of their vehicle 2 purchase contract and relied on the price term of the contract to support their prayer for damages 3 in a similar warranty action against Toyota. Id. at 1130. The Ninth Circuit held this was not 4 sufficiently “intertwined with” or “intimately connected” with the underlying agreement to estop 5 the plaintiffs and allow Toyota to compel arbitration. Id. at 1131. It also held any alleged pattern 6 of concealment or warranty denial between the signatory dealerships and Toyota was not 7 “inextricably bound up with the obligations imposed by the agreement containing the arbitration 8 clause.” Id. at 1133 (quoting Goldman, 173 Cal. App. 4th at 219 ). 9 So it is here. BMW NA argues that because the warranty arises from the sale 10 governed by the purchase agreement, it is intertwined with that agreement. Mot. at 10–11. BMW 11 NA also argues the express warranty and implied warranty of merchantability are terms of the 12 agreement, and thus the claims are “intimately founded in and intertwined with the instant 13 Purchase Agreement[.]” Mot. at 10. 14 “A warranty is as much one of the elements of sale and as much a part of the 15 contract of sale as any other portion of the contract and is not a mere collateral undertaking . . . 16 [T]o constitute an express warranty, the statement must be part of the contract.” A.A. Baxter 17 Corp. v. Colt Industries, Inc., 10 Cal. App. 3d 144, 153 (1970). BMW NA argues, correctly, that 18 the Song-Beverly Act “supplements, rather than supersedes, the provisions of the California 19 Uniform Commercial Code.” Mot. at 11 (citing Kreiger v. Nick Alexander Imports, Inc., [20] 234 Cal. App. 3d 205, 213 (1991)). The implied warranty of merchantability “accompanies every 21 retail sale of consumer goods in the state” under the Song-Beverly Act. Keegan v. Am. Honda 22 Motor Co., Inc., 838 F. Supp. 2d 929, 944 (C.D. Cal. 2012). However, while the express and 23 implied warranty may be part of the purchase agreement under California law, simply being part 24 of the contract is not the test. The purchase agreement must be more than a “but-for” cause of the 25 claims. The verbiage of these cases requires greater entanglement between the claims at issue 26 and the contract containing the arbitration clause, as is clear from the phrasing “intimately 27 founded in” and “intertwined.” Kramer, 705 F. 3d at 1129 (citations omitted). Here, plaintiffs’ 28 claims against the non-signatory defendant do not “rely on the terms” of the agreement containing 1 the clause. In re Henson, 869 F. 3d 1052, 1060 (9th Cir. 2017) (citing Kramer, 705 F.3d at 1124– 2 25) (“We expressly rejected Toyota’s argument that the plaintiffs’ claims were necessarily based 3 on the Purchase Agreements merely because the lawsuit was predicated on the bare fact that a 4 vehicle purchase occurred.”). Estoppel arises only when a claim requires the court to analyze the 5 obligations at issue in the purchase agreement, a task it need not perform here. The purchase 6 agreement disclaims warranties provided by the seller, but states “[t]his provision does not affect 7 any warranties covering the vehicle that the vehicle manufacturer may provide.” Purchase 8 Agreement at § 4.3 The court need not interpret the purchase agreement to determine the 9 obligations of BMW NA in a separate warranty. 10 Accordingly, the court heeds the Ninth Circuit’s narrow interpretation of the 11 principle of equitable estoppel in the context of non-signatories attempting to compel arbitration 12 as described in Mundi, 555 F. 3d at 1046 , and Kramer, 705 F.3d at 1129–30. BMW NA may not 13 compel arbitration as a non-signatory on a theory of equitable estoppel. 14 IV. CONCLUSION 15 For the foregoing reasons, BMW North America, LLC’s motion to compel 16 arbitration and stay the proceedings is DENIED. This order resolves ECF No. 8. The court sets 17 ///// 18 ///// 19 ///// 20 ///// [21] 3 The clause reads in full: [22] If you do not get a written warranty, and the Seller does not enter into 23 a service contract within 90 days from the date of this contract, the Seller makes no warranties, express or implied, on the vehicle, and 24 there will be no implied warranties of merchantability or of fitness for a particular purpose. 25 This provision does not affect any warranties covering the vehicle that the vehicle manufacturer may provide. If the Seller has sold you 26 a certified used vehicle, the warranty of merchantability is not disclaimed[.] [27] Purchase Agreement § 4. [28] 1 an initial scheduling conference for October 22, 2020 at 2:30 PM by Zoom teleconferencing. The 2 parties shall file a joint status report no later than fourteen days before the scheduling conference. 3 IT IS SO ORDERED. 4 DATED: September 17, 2020.