Landaker v. A.W. Chesterton Company

— 1 — — 2 — — 3 — — 4 — — 5 — — 6 — — 7 — 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA — 10 — 11 Cynthia Landaker, et al., No. 2:19-cv-00987-KJM-JDP 12 Plaintiffs, ORDER 13 Vv. 14 Eaton Corporation, et al., 15 Defendants. — 16 — 17 The matter is before the court on the defendants’ motions for summary judgment. ECF 18 | Nos. 96, 100. The court held a hearing by videoconference on November 6, 2020. Richard 19 | Brody and Ronald Shingler appeared for the plaintiff. Charles Park appeared for defendant Foster 20 | Wheeler, LLC. Jane Yee appeared for defendant Eaton Corporation. The motions are denied. 21 A court may grant summary judgment only if “no genuine dispute as to any material fact” 22 | remains unresolved and “the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23 | 56(a). The “threshold inquiry” is whether “there are any genuine factual issues that properly can 24 | be resolved only by a finder of fact because they may reasonably be resolved in favor of either 25 | party.” Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 250 (1986). Here, several genuine 26 | disputes of material fact remain unresolved. 27 First, it is disputed whether exposure to the defendants’ products was a “substantial factor 28 | in contributing to the aggregate dose of asbestos the . . . decedent inhaled or ingested.” 1 Rutherford v. Owens-Illinois, Inc., 16 Cal. 4th 953 , 976–77 (1997) (emphasis omitted). As to the 2 claims against Eaton, a reasonable fact-finder could conclude Mr. Landaker worked with Cutler3 Hammer motor controllers and circuit breakers and was exposed to asbestos in excess of ordinary 4 levels as a result. As to the claims against Foster Wheeler, the plaintiffs could not prevail with 5 evidence about the U.S.S. Halsey or U.S.S. John S. McCain alone. See Andrews v. Foster 6 Wheeler LLC, 138 Cal. App. 4th 96 , 108–12 (2006). But a reasonable fact-finder could conclude 7 that exposure to Foster Wheeler products abord the USS Henderson was a substantial factor in 8 contributing to Landaker’s asbestos-related cancer.1 9 Second, the record discloses factual disputes only a jury can resolve in determining 10 whether Foster Wheeler and Eaton are entitled to the affirmative “military contractor” defense 11 described in Boyle v. United Technologies Corp., 487 U.S. 500 (1988). These defendants have 12 not proven “no reasonable jury could fail to find that the defense had been established.” Snell v. 13 Bell Helicopter Textron, Inc., 107 F.3d 744, 746 (9th Cir. 1997). Among other things, they have 14 not established beyond controversy that “the United States approved reasonably precise 15 specifications” of the products at issue. Boyle, 487 U.S. at 512 ; see also Snell, 107 F.3d 16 at 747–48. 17 Third, it remains to be seen whether Foster Wheeler can prevail under the so-called “bare 18 metal” defense under federal maritime law, to the extent that law applies here. See Air & Liquid 19 Sys. Corp. v. DeVries, 139 S. Ct. 986, 991 (2019). It is disputed (1) whether Foster Wheeler’s 20 product required incorporation of a part, (2) whether Foster Wheeler knew or had reason to know 21 the integrated product was likely to be dangerous for its intended uses, and (3) whether Foster 22 Wheeler had no reason to believe the product’s users would realize that danger. See id. Nor can 23 Foster Wheeler prevail at this stage under the applicable California law. See O’Neil v. Crane Co., — 24 — 53 Cal. 4th 335, 342 (2012). The plaintiffs have cited testimony that, if credible and not 25 ///// 1 The court declines to exclude evidence about the U.S.S. Henderson as a sanction for nondisclosure under Rules 26 and 37. See Foster Wheeler Reply at 2–3, ECF No. 108. The record does not reveal any willfulness, fault or bad faith on the part of the plaintiff or her counsel. See R & R Sails, Inc. v. Ins. Co. of Penn., 673 F.3d 1240, 1247 (9th Cir. 2012). 1 excluded, would establish that asbestos was installed within Foster Wheeler boiler components, 2 including in the boilers of the USS Henderson. 3 Moreover, the defendants may not rely on the “sophisticated user” defense under Johnson 4 v. American Standard, Inc., 43 Cal. 4th 56 (2008), i.e., that they are not liable for giving 5 inadequate warnings about the dangers of asbestos because their customer, the Navy, knew more 6 about the dangers of asbestos than they did. The Navy is not the plaintiff here. Its former 7 employee is the plaintiff. And the California Court of Appeal has expressly declined to extend 8 Johnson to employees of sophisticated users. See Pfeifer v. John Crane, Inc., 220 Cal. App. 4th 9 1270, 1280 (2013) (“[T]he trial court correctly declined to give [the defendant’s] requested 10 instructions on its ‘sophisticated user’ defense, which stated that employees of a sophisticated 11 user are deemed to be sophisticated users.”). This court is bound to follow that decision absent 12 “convincing evidence” the California Supreme Court “likely would not follow it.” Ryman v. 13 Sears, Roebuck & Co., 505 F.3d 993, 994 (9th Cir. 2007). The defendants have not presented 14 such convincing evidence. 15 For these reasons, the motions for summary judgment are denied. 16 A status conference regarding trial setting is set for August 5, 2021 at 2:30 p.m. 17 Within fourteen days, the parties shall meet and confer and file a joint statement 18 informing the court (1) whether any party objects to referral to a settlement conference before the 19 assigned magistrate judge or another judge of this court; (2) whether the parties stipulate to 20 conducting a trial in this matter by remote means; and (3) if any party has demanded a jury trial, 21 whether the parties stipulate to withdrawing that demand and conducting a bench trial. 22 This order resolves ECF Nos. 96 and 100. 23 IT IS SO ORDERED. 24 DATED: February 10, 2021.