West Pacific Electric Company Corporation v. Dragados/Flatiron

Case 1:18-cv-00166-NONE-BAM Document 103 Filed 04/19/21 Page 1 of 61 — 1 — — 2 — — 3 — — 4 — — 5 — — 6 — — 7 — 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA — 10 — 11 WEST PACIFIC ELECTRIC COMPANY No. 1:18-cv-00166-NONE-BAM CORPORATION, 12 ORDER DENYING DEFENDANTS’ Plaintiff, MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT OR, 13 IN THE ALTERNATIVE FOR PARTIAL v. SUMMARY JUDGMENT — 14 — DRAGADOS/FLATIRON, et al., (Doc. No. 82) — 15 — Defendants. — 16 — 17 This action arises from a construction dispute over a segment of the California High 18 Speed Rail Project extending from Fresno to Bakersfield, also known as the Construction 19 Package 2-3 or CP 2-3 project. After the California High-Speed Rail Authority (“CHSRA”)1 20 contracted with defendant Dragados/Flatiron, a joint venture, (“DFJV”) to design and build the 21 CP 2-3 project, DFJV in turn subcontracted a portion of the project to plaintiff West Pacific 22 Electric Company Corporation (“WPEC”). The parties’ relationship subsequently turned sour. 23 Claiming that it was fraudulently induced into executing the subcontract, WPEC brought this 24 action against DFJV in January 2018 seeking over $1 million in damages. In response, DFJV 25 brought a counterclaim for disgorgement against WPEC seeking to recover $322,278.71 in 26 payments it had made to WPEC. Pending before the court is DFJV’s motion for summary — 27 — — 1 — CHSRA is a public agency and an arm of the State of California. (Doc. No. 82-3 ¶ 19); see Cal. 28 Bus. & Prof. Code §§ 7008, 7059. — 1 — Case 1:18-cv-00166-NONE-BAM Document 103 Filed 04/19/21 Page 2 of 61 1 judgment in its favor on all of the claims asserted in WPEC’s complaint and in DFJV’s cross2 complaint for disgorgement. (Doc. No. 82-1 at 8.) WPEC filed an opposition to the motion on 3 November 20, 2019, (Doc. No. 86), to which DFJV replied seven days later, (Doc. No. 98). 4 The motion was taken under submission for decision on the papers pursuant to Local Rule 5 230(g).2 Having considered the parties’ submissions, relevant law, and the evidence submitted to 6 the court on summary judgment, DFJV’s motion will be denied in its entirety for the reasons 7 explained below. 8 BACKGROUND 9 The following summary of facts is based on undisputed material facts provided in the 10 parties’ joint, additional3 responses to statements of undisputed material facts, as well as 11 genuinely disputed facts drawn therefrom and read in light most reasonably favorable to WPEC 12 for purposes of summary judgment. See Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242 , 255 13 (1986) (on summary judgment, “[t]he evidence of the non-movant is to be believed, and all 14 justifiable inferences are to be drawn in his favor.”) (citation omitted).4 15 WPEC initiated this action on January 30, 2018, (Doc. No. 1), even though DFJV did not 16 terminate WPEC from the subcontract until mid-March 2018, (Doc. No. 85 (WPEC’s Response 17 to DFJV’s Statement of Undisputed Material Facts) ¶ 45). WPEC’s complaint asserts eleven 18 causes of action under California law based on DFJV’s alleged misconduct relating to the — 19 — — 2 — The pending motion has been under submission for decision since November 27, 2019. The 20 long-standing lack of judicial resources in this district, which reached truly crisis proportion in February 2020, has been well chronicled. See http://www.caed.uscourts.gov/caednew/ 21 assets/File/DAD_Amended_Standing_Order_Judicial_Emergency_12_2_2020.pdf. Nonetheless, 22 the undersigned apologizes for the excessive delay in the issuance of this order. Unfortunately, the situation sometimes results in the court simply not being able to issue orders in submitted civil 23 matters in an acceptable period of time. This situation is frustrating to the court, which fully realizes how incredibly frustrating it is to the parties and their counsel. — 24 — — 3 — DFJV failed to respond to WPEC’s statement of additional material facts. (See Doc. Nos. 92, 25 98-99.) The court will liberally construe WPEC’s additional statement, since WPEC is the non26 moving party, and will accept for purposes of resolving this motion the facts therein as true to the extent they are supported by the evidence. — 27 — — 4 — The court will rely on the parties’ pleadings and briefs to capture their claims, theories of 28 liability, and filing dates—but not to resolve any genuine factual disputes. — 2 — Case 1:18-cv-00166-NONE-BAM Document 103 Filed 04/19/21 Page 3 of 61 1 subcontract: (1) rescission based on fraud, (2) rescission based on mistake of fact, (3) fraudulent 2 concealment, (4) violation of California Business & Professions Code § 17200, et seq., 3 (5) breach of contract, (6) “reasonable value for labor and materials furnished,” (7) open book 4 account, (8) account stated, (9) violation of California Business & Professions Code § 7108.5, 5 (10) “enforcement of payment bond,” and (11) “recovery on contractor’s license bond.” (Doc. 6 No. 1 ¶¶ 2–69.) At its core, WPEC’s theory of liability is that DFJV allegedly concealed material 7 information about the difficulties WPEC would encounter in performing the subcontract in a 8 timely manner, and but-for DFJV’s fraudulent concealment of that information, WPEC would not 9 have entered into the subcontract. (Id. ¶¶ 24–29, 35.) DFJV denies the allegation and counters 10 with a crossclaim for $322,278.71 in disgorgement of payments made to WPEC under the 11 subcontract. (Doc. Nos. 49; 72 at 8–9; 85 ¶ 44.) DFJV’s theory of liability is that WPEC was not 12 a duly licensed subcontractor as required by California law to perform the subcontract work and, 13 as a result, WPEC is obligated to disgorge the payments received. (Doc. No. 85 ¶¶ 6–22.) 14 A. The Subcontract and WPEC’s Fraudulent Concealment Claim 15 In June 2015, CHSRA entered into a prime contract5 with DFJV to design and construct a 16 60- or 65-mile high-speed rail system connecting Fresno and Bakersfield. (Doc. Nos. 82-3 (Joint 17 Statement of Undisputed Material Facts) ¶ 18; 85 ¶¶ 41, 78.) In August 2016, DFJV published an 18 invitation for bids to solicit potential subcontractors to excavate and install the CP 2-3 project’s 19 telecommunications utilities. (Doc. No. 82-3 ¶ 21; see also Doc. No. 82-1, Ex. Q.) WPEC 20 submitted a bid in September 2016, (Doc. No. 82-3 ¶ 24), and was later awarded the subcontract 21 by DFJV,6 (Doc. No. 85 ¶ 158). The subcontract was executed on November 14, 2016. (Doc. 22 No. 82-3 ¶ 28.) By its terms, the subcontract incorporates by reference the general provisions of — 23 — 24 5 Under California construction law, a “direct” or “prime contract” is a contract “that provides for all or part of a work of improvement” between an owner, which is CHSRA in this case, and a 25 direct contractor, which is DFJV. Cal. Civ. Code § 8016 . DFJV is considered a direct or prime 26 contractor because it “has a direct contractual relationship with an owner.” Cal. Civ. Code § 8018 . — 27 — — 6 — WPEC is considered a subcontractor under California law because it “does not have a direct 28 contractual relationship with an owner.” Cal. Civ. Code § 8046 . — 3 — Case 1:18-cv-00166-NONE-BAM Document 103 Filed 04/19/21 Page 4 of 61 1 the prime contract.7 (Doc. No. 85 ¶ 178; see also Doc. No. 93-2, Ex. J (Subcontract), Attach. C at 2 68–69 (listing documents that are incorporated by reference).) The five locations along the CP 23 3 project that WPEC was subcontracted to install the telecommunications are: (1) Peach Avenue, 4 (2) Cairo Avenue; (3) 9th Avenue; (4) Clovis Avenue; and (5) Elkhorn Avenue—the composite 5 plans of the locations were also incorporated by reference into the subcontract. (Doc. Nos. 82-3 6 ¶¶ 1, 21, 26; 85 ¶ 81). The subcontract emphasizes that “[t]ime is of the essence” and requires 7 WPEC to substantially complete work at the five locations by February 28, 2017, specifically 8 consisting of furnishing and installing underground conduit and barrel vaults together with 9 constructing underground infrastructure for the installation of the telecommunications. (Doc. No. 10 82-3 ¶¶ 1, 21, 29; 92 (WPEC’s Statement of Additional Undisputed Material Facts) ¶ 186.) At 11 the same time, the subcontract also provided for the possibility of revision and update to the 12 completion deadline. (Doc. No. 85 ¶¶ 80, 159.) 13 In addition, in a provision that is critical to the parties’ dispute in this case, the prime 14 contract prohibits DFJV from starting construction on the CP 2-3 project unless all the rights of 15 way (“ROWs”) necessary for the project have been acquired. (Doc. No. 82-1, Fegan Decl., Ex. A 16 (Prime Contract) ¶ 3.2(d).) CHSRA was responsible for acquiring all the ROWs—either by 17 purchasing them from property owners or through eminent domain proceedings—to the five 18 locations so WPEC could begin its work. (Doc. Nos. 82-3 ¶ 20; 85 ¶ 79.) CHSRA shared the 19 status of the ROW acquisition with DFJV through periodic reports. (Doc. Nos. 82-3 ¶ 25; 85 20 ¶ 106.) CHSRA had all the ROWs for the Peach Avenue, Cairo Avenue, 9th Avenue, and Clovis 21 Avenue locations, but never acquired the ROWs for the Elkhorn Avenue location. (Doc. No. 85 22 ¶¶ 82, 87–88.) Notwithstanding the failure to acquire those ROWs, as early as October 2016, 23 CHSRA permitted DFJV to begin work at the Elkhorn Avenue location before all ROWs at that 24 ///// 25 ///// 26 7 “Under California law, parties may validly incorporate by reference into their contract the terms 27 of another document.” Baker v. Aubry, 216 Cal. App. 3d 1259, 1264 (1989). The parties agree that the general provisions of the prime contract were incorporated into the subcontract. (Doc. 28 No. 85, WPEC’s RUMF ¶ 178.) — 4 — Case 1:18-cv-00166-NONE-BAM Document 103 Filed 04/19/21 Page 5 of 61 1 location had been acquired.8 (Id. ¶¶ 111–12.) DFJV never informed WPEC about the early work 2 permit granted by CHSRA or that the ROW prerequisite had been waived.9 (Doc. Nos. 85 ¶¶ 3 111–12; 92 ¶ 190.) 4 Thus, WPEC began its subcontract work under the assumption that all necessary ROWs 5 had been acquired. (Doc. Nos. 85 ¶¶ 82–87; 92 ¶¶ 190–91.) But, as indicated above, CHSRA 6 failed to acquire all the necessary ROWs for the Elkhorn Avenue location; the other locations— 7 Peach Avenue, Cairo Avenue, 9th Avenue, and Clovis Avenue—“were underneath county owned 8 streets that were in existing county right-of-way and were not impacted by ROW delay.” (Doc. 9 No. 85 ¶¶ 82, 88) (emphasis added). It is undisputed that WPEC could not start working on 10 parcels of land for which CHSRA had no ROWs, and because there was a delay acquiring ROW 11 related to at least some portions of the Elkhorn Avenue location, WPEC ultimately failed to 12 substantially complete all its work by February 28, 2017 as required by the subcontract. (Id. 13 ¶¶ 82–88, 111–12.) In the end, WPEC substantially completed work on the Peach Avenue 14 location by January 25, 2017, the Cairo Avenue location by February 24, 2017, and the 9th 15 Avenue location by August 1, 2017; but the work on the Clovis Avenue and Elkhorn Avenue 16 locations was not completed at the time DFJV terminated WPEC as a subcontractor in mid-March 17 2018. (Id. ¶¶ 45, 83–87, 167.) 18 WPEC’s fraudulent concealment claim is premised on DFJV’s failure to communicate to 19 WPEC—prior to the execution of the subcontract—that CHSRA had not acquired all the 20 necessary ROWs, even though DFJV had no reasonable belief that WPEC could substantially — 21 — — 22 — — 8 — DFJV and CHSRA had an understanding that “[i]f the work ran into parcels that had not yet been acquired, the [DFJV] could stop and come back later to complete the work when those 23 parcels were acquired,” and that “[a]ny extra costs associated with the remobilization and completion of work in these later acquired parcels would be charged to [CHSRA].” (Doc. No. 85 24 ¶ 112) (alteration in original). For example, there are nine parcels in the Elkhorn location for which CHSRA needed to acquire the ROWs. (Id. ¶ 89.) DFJV could start work on certain 25 parcels at the Elkhorn location in which CHSRA had the ROWs, then come back to work on the 26 other parcels once CHSRA has the ROWs for those parcels. (See id. ¶¶ 89, 112.) — 9 — 27 DFJV maintained a process by which bidders could request information about the project before submitting their bids; nevertheless, WPEC did not request any information about the 28 schedule of the project or the status of the ROWs. (Doc. No. 82-3 ¶¶ 30–33.) — 5 — Case 1:18-cv-00166-NONE-BAM Document 103 Filed 04/19/21 Page 6 of 61 1 complete all the work by February 28, 2017 without access to all the ROWs. (Doc. No. 92 2 ¶¶ 190, 192–93.) WPEC maintains that it would not have executed the subcontract had it known 3 of the concealed information and that DFJV knew this to be the case. (Doc. Nos. 85 ¶ 10; 92 4 ¶¶ 185, 187.) Approximately half of all issues presented in DFJV’s motion for summary 5 judgment are related to WPEC’s fraudulent concealment claim and the remedies sought with 6 respect to that claim. (See Doc. No. 82-1 at 30–42.) 7 B. The Parties’ Contractor’s Licenses 8 The other half of the issues presented by the pending motion turn on the California 9 Contractors’ State License Law (“CSLL”), codified in California Business & Professions Code § 10 7000 et seq. (Id. at 18–30.) As relevant here, the CSLL requires that a contractor10 must be “duly 11 licensed . . . at all times during the performance of that act or contract.” Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code § 12 7031 (emphasis added); see also MW Erectors, Inc. v. Niederhauser Ornamental & Metal Works 13 Co., 36 Cal. 4th 412, 428 (2005) (“The words ‘at all times’ convey the Legislature’s obvious 14 intent to impose a stiff all-or-nothing penalty for unlicensed work . . . .”). The type of license a 15 contractor is required to maintain depends on the task the contractor is performing under the 16 contract. See Phoenix Mech. Pipeline, Inc. v. Space Expl. Techs. Corp., 12 Cal. App. 5th 842 , 17 852 (2017). There are three kinds of contractor’s license: (1) general engineering contractor 18 holding a class “A” license; (2) general building contractor holding a class “B” license; and (3) 19 specialty contractor holding a class “C” license. See Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code § 7055 ; Cal. Code 20 Regs. tit. 16, §§ 830(a), 832, 834. 21 A corporation, like WPEC or DFJV, “qualifies for a contractor’s license by the 22 appearance of a responsible managing officer or responsible managing employee who is qualified 23 for the same license classification as the classification being applied for.” Jeff Tracy, Inc. v. City — 24 — — 10 — In California, a “contractor” is “a person or entity who (1) actually performs construction 25 services; (2) ‘supervise[s] the performance of construction services’; or (3) agrees by contract to 26 be ‘solely responsible’ for construction services. In the last two scenarios, a license is required even if the construction work is actually performed by someone else.” Siry Inv., L.P. v. 27 Farkhondehpour, 45 Cal. App. 5th 1098 , 1139–40 (2020). The use of the term, “contractor,” under the CSLL includes a “subcontractor.” Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code § 7026 . Accordingly, when 28 reading the CSLL, the term “contractor” connotes both DFJV and WPEC. — 6 — Case 1:18-cv-00166-NONE-BAM Document 103 Filed 04/19/21 Page 7 of 61 1 of Pico Rivera, 240 Cal. App. 4th 510 , 518–19 (2015) (emphasis added) (citing Cal. Bus. & Prof. 2 Code §§ 7065, 7068); (see also Doc. No. 82-3 ¶¶ 6, 40). In moving for summary judgment DFJV 3 cites no evidence to show what license its responsible managing officer or employee possessed at 4 all relevant times during the course of the subcontract. (Doc. No. 98 at 2–3.) The parties 5 disagree over whether the CSLL requires DFJV to maintain a contractor’s license as prerequisite 6 for bringing the instant motion for summary judgment and cross-complaint for disgorgement. 7 (See Doc. Nos. 86 at 10; 98 at 2.) By contrast, WPEC has submitted evidence to show that its 8 responsible managing officers (“RMOs”) were Lazaro Lee Villa (“Mr. Villa”), who is also its 9 chief financial officer, holding class A, B, and C-46 licenses, and Virginia Ann Villa (“Ms. 10 Villa”), its president, holding only a class C-10 license.11 (Doc. Nos. 82-3 ¶¶ 5, 7, 23, 36; 89 11 (Lazaro Villa Decl.) ¶ 1.) However, the parties dispute whether WPEC’s class A and C-10 12 licenses were valid under the CSLL. (See Doc. Nos. 82-1 at 19–20, 26–30; 86 at 11–16; 98 at 2– 13 3.) 14 Shortly before executing the subcontract, Ms. Villa informed WPEC’s licensing servicer, 15 Capitol Services, Inc. (“CSI”), that WPEC intended to take Mr. Villa “off the license completely” 16 because Mr. Villa planned to start a new company. (Doc. No. 85 ¶ 114.) In its “Application for 17 Replacing the Qualifying Individual” filed with the California Contractors’ State License Board 18 (“CSLB”),12 WPEC requested that Mr. Lee be removed as an RMO and be replaced with Sarah 19 Villa, his daughter. (Doc. Nos. 82-3 ¶ 8; 85 ¶ 115.) CSI twice warned WPEC that if Mr. Villa 20 was not replaced within 90 days from the date of his disassociation, WPEC would lose its class A 21 license. (Doc. Nos. 82-3 ¶ 9; 85 ¶ 117.) In the end, Mr. Villa was removed as WPEC’s RMO, 22 and, as a result, WPEC was without a class A license between February 22, 2017 and June 2, 23 ///// 24 ///// — 25 — — 11 — 26 Mr. Villa and Ms. Villa are husband and wife. (Doc. Nos. 85 ¶ 115; 89, L. Villa Decl. ¶ 4.) — 12 — 27 By law, the CSLB is an administrative body whose functions are to license, regulate, and discipline contractors doing business in California with the aim of protecting the public. See Cal. 28 Bus. & Prof. Code §§ 7000.6, 7008; (see also Doc. No. 82-3 ¶¶ 2–4, 39.) — 7 — Case 1:18-cv-00166-NONE-BAM Document 103 Filed 04/19/21 Page 8 of 61 1 2017, while still engaging in the subcontract work.13 (Doc. Nos. 82-3 ¶¶ 7, 13; 85 ¶¶ 83–87.) 2 Despite this, there is no dispute that WPEC possessed its class C-10 license at all times while 3 engaging in the subcontract work. (Doc. No. 92 ¶ 196.) The parties instead dispute over whether 4 WPEC substantially maintained its class A license, notwithstanding the gap period between 5 February and June 2017, and whether WPEC’s class C-10 license was sufficient to satisfy the 6 licensing requirements of the CSLL. (See Doc. Nos. 82-1 at 19–20, 26–30; 85 ¶¶ 49, 52, 61; 86 7 at 11–16.) 8 LEGAL STANDARD 9 Summary judgment is appropriate when the moving party has shown “that there is no 10 genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” 11 Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). The “purpose of summary judgment is to ‘pierce the pleadings and to 12 assess the proof in order to see whether there is a genuine need for trial.’” Matsushita Elec. 13 Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587 (1986) (citation omitted). In summary 14 judgment practice, the moving party “initially bears the burden of proving the absence of a 15 genuine issue of material fact.” In re Oracle Corp. Sec. Litig., 627 F.3d 376, 387 (9th Cir. 2010) 16 (citing Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323 (1986)). The moving party may accomplish 17 13 While DFJV argues that WPEC lost its class A license as early as December 30, 2016, WPEC argues it was licensed until February 22, 2017. (Doc. Nos. 82-1 at 20–21; 86 at 14.) The court — 18 — finds that DFJV has failed to create a genuine dispute of fact as to this issue. See S. Cal. Darts 19 Ass’n v. Zaffina, 762 F.3d 921, 925 (9th Cir. 2014) (“A dispute is ‘genuine’ if ‘a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party.’” (citation omitted)). The CSLB recorded WPEC 20 as having a class A license until February 22, 2017, (Doc. No. 93-3, Ex. N at 10), and DFJV’s argument otherwise is unpersuasive. Under California Business & Professions Code § 7068.2(a), 21 Mr. Villa must be removed as WPEC’s RMO “90 days after the date of [his] disassociation” if 22 there is no replacement. Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code § 7068.2 (a) (alteration in original). Based on this, DFJV argues because WPEC disassociated Mr. Villa as its RMO on October 1, 2016, WPEC 23 lost Mr. Villa’s class A license on December 30, 2016, or 90 days later, since there was no replacement. (Doc. No. 82-1 at 15, 23–24). But Section 7068.2(e)(1)(C) also authorizes the 24 CSLB to extend the initial 90-day deadline specified in Section 7068.2(a) for up to another 90day if certain requirements are met. See Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code § 7068.2 (e)(1)(C); (see also Doc. 25 No. 86 at 14). The CSLB’s record shows that the CSLB made an error in handling the 26 disassociation of Mr. Villa from WPEC and thus extended the validity of WPEC’s class A license until February 22, 2017, as permitted under Section 7068.2(e)(1)(C). (Doc. Nos. 82-2, Ex. B at 27 187–88; 85 ¶ 121; 93-3, Ex. N at 10.) Accordingly, the court finds that there is no genuine dispute of material fact that WPEC had its class A license until February 22, 2017 as the CSLB so 28 deemed. — 8 — Case 1:18-cv-00166-NONE-BAM Document 103 Filed 04/19/21 Page 9 of 61 1 this by “citing to particular parts of materials in the record, including depositions, documents, 2 electronically stored information, affidavits or declarations, stipulations (including those made for 3 purposes of the motion only), admissions, interrogatory answers, or other materials,” or by 4 showing that such materials “do not establish the absence or presence of a genuine dispute, or that 5 the adverse party cannot produce admissible evidence to support the fact.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 6 56(c)(1)(A), (B). “This burden is not a light one.” In re Oracle, 627 F.3d at 387 . Nonetheless, 7 “[w]here the record taken as a whole could not lead a rational trier of fact to find for the non8 moving party, there is no ‘genuine issue for trial.’” Matsushita, 475 U.S. at 587 (citation 9 omitted). 10 “Once the moving party has met its initial burden, Rule 56(e) requires the nonmoving 11 party to go beyond the pleadings and identify facts which show a genuine issue for trial.” 12 Fairbank v. Wunderman Cato Johnson, 212 F.3d 528, 531 (9th Cir. 2000) (citations omitted); see 13 also Matsushita, 475 U.S. at 586-87 (nonmoving party “must do more than simply show that 14 there is some metaphysical doubt as to the material facts.”). “To survive a motion for summary 15 judgment, a nonmoving party must present ‘evidence from which a reasonable jury could return a 16 verdict in its favor.’” Stephens v. Union Pac. R.R. Co., 935 F.3d 852, 854 (9th Cir. 2019) 17 (citations omitted). “The mere existence of a scintilla of evidence in support of the non-moving 18 party’s position is not sufficient.” Triton Energy Corp. v. Square D Co., 68 F.3d 1216, 1221 (9th 19 Cir. 1995) (citation omitted). “‘[T]he court’s ultimate inquiry is to determine whether the 20 ‘specific facts’ set forth by the nonmoving party, coupled with undisputed background or 21 contextual facts, are such that a rational or reasonable jury might return a verdict in its favor 22 based on that evidence.’” Arandell Corp. v. Centerpoint Energy Servs., Inc., 900 F.3d 623 , 628– 23 29 (9th Cir. 2018) (citation omitted). 24 Material facts “must be viewed in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party only if 25 there is a ‘genuine’ dispute as to those facts.” Scott v. Harris, 550 U.S. 372, 380 (2007) (citation 26 omitted). “Factual disputes that are irrelevant or unnecessary will not be counted.” Anderson v. 27 Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986) (citation omitted). “[A] ‘judge’s function’ at 28 summary judgment is not ‘to weigh the evidence and determine the truth of the matter but to — 9 — Case 1:18-cv-00166-NONE-BAM Document 103 Filed 04/19/21 Page 10 of 61 1 determine whether there is a genuine issue for trial.’” Tolan v. Cotton, 572 U.S. 650, 656 (2014) 2 (citation omitted). 3 ANALYSIS 4 The legal issues presented for decision here can be grouped into two categories. The first 5 category centers around whether the parties were duly licensed under the CSLL. DFJV contends 6 that WPEC was not duly licensed, as required by the CSLL, during the performance of the 7 subcontract and is thus barred from maintaining this action. (Doc. No. 82-1 at 19–20.) WPEC 8 counters that DFJV was also required by the CSLL to maintain a contractor’s license during the 9 performance of the subcontract, without which DFJV has no legal right to bring the instant 10 motion and the cross-complaint under the statute. (Doc. No. 86 at 9–10.) The second category of 11 issues turns on whether there is a genuine dispute that DFJV fraudulently induced WPEC into 12 executing the subcontract and, if so, what remedies WPEC is entitled to. (Id. at 30–43.) Before 13 turning to the merits of these issue, the court will first address the parties’ requests for judicial 14 notice and evidentiary objections. 15 A. The Parties’ Requests for Judicial Notice 16 DFJV asks the court to take judicial notice of WPEC’s licensing records, DFJV’s request 17 for record from the California Division of Labor Standards Enforcement and the response thereto, 18 and public land records available on a Fresno County’s website. (Doc. No. 82-2 ¶¶ 1–5.) WPEC 19 also asks the court to take judicial notice of the court records in this case and various California 20 statutes. (Doc. No. 90 ¶¶ 1–17.) Federal Rule of Evidence 201(b) permits a court to take judicial 21 notice of a fact not subject to reasonable dispute where it “(1) is generally known within the trial 22 court’s territorial jurisdiction; or (2) can be accurately and readily determined from sources whose 23 accuracy cannot reasonably be questioned.”14 Fed. R. Evid. 201(b). Accordingly, the court takes 24 judicial notice of the existence of the requested documents, but not as to the parties’ 25 14 Rule 201 “governs judicial notice of an adjudicative fact only, not a legislative fact” or law. 26 Fed. R. Evid. 201(a) (emphasis added). WPEC’s request for judicial notice of California statutes is improper and unnecessary under Rule 201. (See Doc. No. 90 ¶¶ 7–17.) The court must always 27 apply relevant state law. See Glendale Assocs., Ltd. v. N.L.R.B., 347 F.3d 1145 , 1154 (9th Cir. 2003) (“In analyzing questions of state law, we are bound by the decisions of the state’s highest 28 court.” (citation omitted)). — 10 — Case 1:18-cv-00166-NONE-BAM Document 103 Filed 04/19/21 Page 11 of 61 1 interpretations of those documents or to truth of the matters stated therein to the extent they are 2 reasonably disputed. See Tinoco v. San Diego Gas & Elec. Co., 327 F.R.D. 651 , 657 (S.D. Cal. 3 2018) (“‘While matters of public record are proper subjects of judicial notice, a court may take 4 notice only of the authenticity and existence of a particular [record], not the veracity or validity of 5 its contents.’” (citations omitted)); California Sportfishing Prot. All. v. Shiloh Grp., LLC, 268 F. 6 Supp. 3d 1029, 1038 (N.D. Cal. 2017) (“Courts cannot take judicial notice of the contents of 7 documents for the truth of the matters asserted therein when the facts are disputed, as they are 8 here for certain exhibits.” (citations omitted)); United States v. S. California Edison Co., 300 F. 9 Supp. 2d 964, 974 (E.D. Cal. 2004) (“A court may not take judicial notice of one party’s opinion 10 of how a matter of public record should be interpreted.”). 11 B. The Parties’ Objections 12 Both parties have objected to the evidence presented by the other side on summary 13 judgment, but neither party has responded to its opponent’s objections. (See Doc. Nos. 91, 99.) 14 “A trial court can only consider admissible evidence in ruling on a motion for summary 15 judgment.” Orr v. Bank of Am., NT & SA, 285 F.3d 764, 773 (9th Cir. 2002). Thus, “[a] party 16 may object that the material cited to support or dispute a fact cannot be presented in a form that 17 would be admissible in evidence.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)(2). The party seeking admission of 18 evidence “bears the burden of proof of admissibility.” Pfingston v. Ronan Eng’g Co., 284 F.3d 19 999, 1004 (9th Cir. 2002). Courts, however, “do not focus on the admissibility of the evidence’s 20 form” at summary judgment stage; rather, the court is to “focus on the admissibility of its 21 contents.” Fraser v. Goodale, 342 F.3d 1032, 1036 (9th Cir. 2003); see also C.C. v. Paradise 22 High Sch., No. 2:16-CV-02210 KJM DMC, 2019 WL 6130439 , at *1 (E.D. Cal. Nov. 19, 2019) 23 (“A court may evaluate evidence in an inadmissible form if the evidentiary objections could be 24 cured at trial.”). 25 Both parties’ objections to each other’s evidence rest heavily on irrelevancy and improper 26 legal conclusion, (see Doc. Nos. 91, 99), even though it has been recognized that “objections to 27 evidence on the ground that it is irrelevant, speculative, and/or argumentative, or that it 28 constitutes an improper legal conclusion are all duplicative of the summary judgment standard — 11 — Case 1:18-cv-00166-NONE-BAM Document 103 Filed 04/19/21 Page 12 of 61 1 itself.” Burch v. Regents of Univ. of Cal., 433 F. Supp. 2d 1110, 1119 (E.D. Cal. 2006); see also 2 Hanger Prosthetics & Orthotics, Inc. v. Capstone Orthopedic, Inc., 556 F. Supp. 2d 1122 , 1126 3 n.1 (E.D. Cal. 2008) (holding that objections on grounds that the evidence is conclusory, 4 argumentative, irrelevant “need not be ruled on”). Having reviewed the parties’ objections, the 5 court finds that they are almost entirely “boilerplate recitations of evidentiary principles or 6 blanket objections without analysis applied to specific items of evidence.” Stonefire Grill, Inc. v. 7 FGF Brands, Inc., 987 F. Supp. 2d 1023, 1033 (C.D. Cal. 2013) (quoting Doe v. Starbucks, Inc., 8 No. 08–0582, 2009 WL 5183773 , at *1 (C.D. Cal. Dec. 18, 2009)). The court therefore need “not 9 scrutinize each objection and give a full analysis of identical objections raised as to each fact.” — 10 — Id. All of the parties’ boilerplate and blanket objections are overruled. 11 C. Whether the Parties Were Properly Licensed Under the CSLL 12 The court now turns to the merits of DFJV’s motion for summary judgment, starting with 13 the licensing issues under the CSLL. “The CSLL provides a comprehensive scheme which 14 governs contractors doing business in California.” Judicial Council of California v. Jacobs 15 Facilities, Inc., 239 Cal. App. 4th 882, 894 (2015) (“JCC”) (quoting Asdourian v. Araj, 38 Cal. 16 3d 276, 282 (1985)). Its purpose is to protect “the public from incompetent or dishonest 17 providers of building and construction services.” Pac. Caisson & Shoring, Inc. v. Bernards Bros. 18 Inc., 198 Cal. App. 4th 681, 687 (2011) (“Pac. Caisson I”) (citations omitted). The CSLL 19 operates in large part through subdivisions (a) and (b) of California Business & Professions Code 20 § 7031, which are designed “to discourage persons who have failed to comply with the licensing 21 law from offering or providing their unlicensed services for pay.” JCC, 239 Cal. App. 4th at 895 22 (citation omitted). Subdivision (a)—also known as the “shield” of the CSLL, Loranger v. Jones, — 23 — 184 Cal. App. 4th 847, 854 (2010)—“operates to deny access to the courts to contractors who 24 were not licensed at all times during their performance.” Womack v. Lovell, 237 Cal. App. 4th 25 772, 780 (2015). Subdivision (b), complimentarily known as the “sword” of the CSLL, 26 “authorizes a person who utilizes the services of an unlicensed contractor to bring an action to 27 recover all compensation paid to the contractor for his/her work.” Loranger, 184 Cal. App. 4th at 28 854. At issue here are these two subdivisions of § 7031. — 12 — Case 1:18-cv-00166-NONE-BAM Document 103 Filed 04/19/21 Page 13 of 61 1 Relying on § 7031(a), DFJV moves for a summary judgment on the entirety of WPC’s 2 complaint, arguing that the CSLL bars WPEC from recovering on the subcontract because it 3 failed to maintain a valid contractor’s license during the entire performance of the subcontract. 4 (Doc. No. 82 at 2.) In addition, DFJV seeks judgment in its favor on its cross-claim against 5 WPEC for disgorgement under § 7031(b). (Id.) WPEC opposes the pending motion for summary 6 judgment, contending that DJFV, which has not shown that it was a duly licensed contractor 7 under the CSLL either, is barred by § 7031(a) from defending itself against WPEC’s claims and 8 even from bringing the cross-claim. (Doc. No. 86 at 10.) WPEC further disputes DFJV’s 9 contention that it was not a duly licensed contractor during the performance of the subcontract. 10 (Id. at 11–17.) 11 For reasons explained below, the court concludes that: (1) as a matter of law, DFJV need 12 not satisfy the licensing requirements of § 7031(a) in order to defend itself against WPEC’s 13 complaint; (2) there is a genuine dispute of material fact as to whether WPEC was duly licensed 14 during its performance of the subcontract; and (3) DFJV has failed to meet its burden of 15 establishing that it may bring its cross-claim for disgorgement without first demonstrating that it 16 was a duly licensed contractor during the performance of the subcontract. It follows that DFJV’s 17 motion for summary judgment as to the entire complaint and cross-complaint must be denied. 18 1. Whether DFJV Must be Duly Licensed Under Section 7031(a) to Defend Itself 19 The court first turns to the preliminary issue raised by WPEC: whether DFJV is 20 prohibited by § 7031(a) from bringing the instant motion for summary judgment. (Doc. No. 86 at 21 10.) According to WPEC’s reading, § 7031(a) precludes DFJV “from the relief sought in this 22 motion” because DFJV has never claimed—in its answer, cross-complaint, or summary judgment 23 motion—that it was a duly licensed contractor during the entire course of the subcontract. (Id.) 24 (emphasis added). In essence, WPEC wants to the court to decide this issue regarding the proper 25 construction of § 7031(a) before reaching the merits of DFJV’s motion for summary judgment. 26 Before delving into the analysis of § 7031(a), it is necessary to separate the issues raised 27 because WPEC appears to have conflated them. DFJV is seeking two distinct avenues of “relief” 28 by way of this pending motion for summary judgment. First, DFJV seeks summary judgment in — 13 — Case 1:18-cv-00166-NONE-BAM Document 103 Filed 04/19/21 Page 14 of 61 1 its favor based upon its affirmative defense that WPEC lacked an appropriate contractor’s license 2 during the performance of the subcontract, as required by § 7031(a). Second, DFJV brings a 3 cross-complaint under § 7031(b), seeking to disgorge payments made to WPEC pursuant to the 4 subcontract. (Doc. No. 82 at 2.) While the first issue deals with whether DFJV is required to be 5 duly licensed to defend itself against WPEC’s complaint, the second deals with whether such a 6 license is required for DFJV to bring its cross-claim. These are distinct issues that must be 7 addressed separately. The court will address the second issue later in Section C.3 of this order. 8 As to the first issue, and as with any statutory construction issue, the court must begin by 9 examining “the statutory language and give it a plain and commonsense meaning.” People v. 10 Ellis, 31 Cal. App. 5th 1090 (2019) (citation omitted); accord United States v. Williams, 659 F.3d 11 1223, 1225 (9th Cir. 2011) (“In statutory construction, our starting point is the plain language of 12 the statute.”). Section 7031(a) states in pertinent part: 13 [N]o person engaged in the business or acting in the capacity of a contractor, may bring or maintain any action, or recover in law or 14 equity in any action, in any court of this state for the collection of compensation for the performance of any act or contract where a 15 license is required by this chapter without alleging that he or she was a duly licensed contractor at all times during the performance of that 16 act or contract regardless of the merits of the cause of action brought by the person . . . . — 17 — — 18 — Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code § 7031 (a) (emphasis added). WPEC essentially reads § 7031(a)’s 19 requirement that only a licensed contractor may “bring or maintain any action, or recover in law 20 or equity in any action” to encompass a defendant defending itself in a legal action.15 (Doc. No. 21 86 at 10.) In this regard, WPEC’s reading relies exclusively on the decision in Ahdout v. 22 Hekmatjah, 213 Cal. App. 4th 21 (2013). (See id.) Ahdout, however, does not stand for the 23 proposition that a contractor must be duly licensed under § 7031(a) in order to defend itself in a 24 suit since that issue was not even before the court in that case.16 See Ahdout, 213 Cal. App. 4th at 25 — 15 — This issue could have been easily resolved had DFJV submitted evidence of its valid 26 contractor’s license, but it has not done so. (See Doc. No. 98 at 2.) 27 16 At issue in Ahdout was “whether the trial court properly deferred to the arbitrators’ determination that respondents did not perform unlicensed contracting work on the Project, such 28 that section 7031, subdivision (b) is inapplicable.” Ahdout, 213 Cal. App. 4th at 32 . — 14 — Case 1:18-cv-00166-NONE-BAM Document 103 Filed 04/19/21 Page 15 of 61 1 21, 32; see also Cal. Bldg. Indus. Ass’n v. State Water Res. Control Bd. (2018) 4 Cal. 5th 1032 , 2 1043 (“It is axiomatic that cases are not authority for propositions that are not considered.” 3 (citation omitted)). Rather, in Ahdout the court merely stated in passing that § 7031(a) “shields 4 parties who utilize the services of an unlicensed contractor from lawsuits by that contractor 5 seeking to collect payment for unlicensed work.” Ahdout, 213 Cal. App. 4th at 30 (emphasis 6 added) (citations omitted). Far from supporting DFJV’s argument here, Ahdout suggests that 7 DFJV may “shield” or defend itself against suits brought by an unlicensed contractor, such as 8 WPEC. 9 The California Supreme Court has not addressed the interpretation of § 7031(a) as 10 advanced by WPEC. See Glendale Assocs., Ltd. v. N.L.R.B., 347 F.3d 1145 , 1154 (9th Cir. 2003) 11 (“In analyzing questions of state law, we are bound by the decisions of the state’s highest court.”). 12 “In the absence of a controlling California Supreme Court decision, we must predict how the 13 California Supreme Court would decide the issue, using intermediate appellate court decisions, 14 statutes, and decisions from other jurisdictions as interpretive aids.” Gravquick A/S v. Trimble 15 Navigation Int’l Ltd., 323 F.3d 1219 , 1222 (9th Cir. 2003) (citations omitted). The California 16 Court of Appeal’s decision in Domach v. Spencer, 101 Cal. App. 3d 308 (1980) and California 17 rules of statutory construction provide guidance here. For the reasons set forth below, these 18 interpretative aids demonstrate that WPEC’s reading of § 7031(a) as requiring a defendant to be a 19 duly licensed contractor to defend itself in a suit to be without merit. 20 In Domach, the defendant—an unlicensed contractor—argued that because he was 21 unlicensed, § 7031(a) shielded him from suits from the plaintiffs, the property owners who hired 22 the defendant to build their home. See Domach, 101 Cal. App. 3d at 310–11. On appeal, the 23 court rejected the defendant’s argument and reasoned that § 7031(a) barred an unlicensed 24 contractor from bringing a suit, but “it [did] not shield such a person from a suit arising out of 25 such a contract.” Id. (alteration in original). Although not directly on point with respect to the 26 issue posed hereto, the decision in Domach supports the proposition that § 7031(a) does not apply 27 to shield an unlicensed defendant from suit. 28 ///// — 15 — Case 1:18-cv-00166-NONE-BAM Document 103 Filed 04/19/21 Page 16 of 61 1 More compelling, though, is the plain language of § 7031(a). Under California law, “[t]he 2 plain meaning controls if there is no ambiguity in the statutory language.” Poole v. Orange Cty. 3 Fire Auth., 61 Cal. 4th 1378, 1385 (2015). Here, the plain language of § 7031(a) is unambiguous. 4 The statute specifies that no person may “bring” or “maintain” an action, or “recover” in any 5 action; there is no reference to “defend” in an action. Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code § 7031 (a); see also 6 Alex R. v. Superior Court (2016) 248 Cal. App. 4th 1, 9 (“It is a ‘cardinal rule of statutory 7 construction’ that court must not ‘insert what has been omitted’ from a statute.” (citations 8 omitted)). The ordinary meaning of “to defend” is entirely different than “to bring,” “maintain,” 9 or “recover” in an action. See Bonnell v. Med. Bd., 31 Cal. 4th 1255, 1261 (2003) (“[W]e 10 presume the Legislature meant what it said and the plain meaning of the statute governs.”). 11 Compare Bring an Action, Maintain, Recover Definitions, Black’s Law Dictionary (11th ed. 12 2019), available at Westlaw (defining to “bring” an action as “[t]o sue”; to “maintain” as “to 13 continue”; to “recover” as “[t]o obtain (relief) by judgment or other legal process”) with Defend 14 Definition, Black’s Law Dictionary (11th ed. 2019), available at Westlaw (defining to “defend” 15 as “[t]o deny, contest, or oppose (an allegation or claim)”). Based on the plain reading and 16 unambiguous language of § 7031(a), § 7031(a) does not apply to a defendant in a suit. See MCI 17 Communications Services, Inc. v. California Dept. of Tax & Fee Administration (2018) 28 18 Cal.App.5th 635, 643 (“‘The statute’s words generally provide the most reliable indicator of 19 legislative intent; if they are clear and unambiguous, ‘[t]here is no need for judicial construction 20 and a court may not indulge in it.’” (citation omitted)). 21 Accordingly, DFJV may defend itself by seeking summary judgment in its favor as to the 22 claims asserted in WPEC’s complaint without proving that it was a duly licensed contractor under 23 § 7031(a). The court will therefore consider DFJV’s motion for summary judgment on its merits. 24 2. Whether WPEC was Duly Licensed as Required by Section 7031(a) 25 Under § 7031(a), if WPEC was “unlicensed for any period of time while delivering 26 construction services,” it “forfeits all compensation for the work, not merely compensation for the 27 period when [it] was unlicensed.” JCC, 239 Cal. App. 4th at 896 (alteration in original) (citation 28 omitted). This is known as “forfeiture.” Id. at 894 . “[A]n unlicensed contractor is subject to — 16 — Case 1:18-cv-00166-NONE-BAM Document 103 Filed 04/19/21 Page 17 of 61 1 forfeiture even if the other contracting party was aware of the contractor’s lack of a license, and 2 the other party’s bad faith or unjust enrichment cannot be asserted by the contractor as a defense 3 to forfeiture.” Id. at 897 . Section 7031(a) represents the California “legislative determination 4 that the importance of deterring unlicensed persons from engaging in the contracting business 5 outweighs any harshness between the parties, and that such deterrence can best be realized by 6 denying violators the right to maintain any action for compensation in the courts of this state.” 7 Hydrotech, 52 Cal. 3d at 995. “If proper licensure ‘is controverted,’ then the contractor must 8 prove licensure by producing a verified certificate of licensure from the Board establishing that 9 the contractor bringing the action was duly licensed in the proper classification at all times during 10 the performance of any relevant contract.” Pac. Caisson I, 198 Cal. App. 4th at 688 (emphasis 11 added) (citing Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code § 7031 (d)). 12 DFJV argues that because WPEC was not duly licensed at all times during the 13 performance of the subcontract, as required by § 7031(a), WPEC is barred from bringing this 14 action. (Doc. No. 82-1 at 18–19.) WPEC disputes that it was unlicensed. (Doc. No. 86 at 11– 15 16.) As noted above, relevant here are WPEC’s class A and C-10 licenses. (See supra 16 Background, Section B.) There is no genuine dispute that WPEC did not possess its class A 17 license from February 22 to June 2, 2017, but WPEC indisputably had a class C-10 license at all 18 times during the performance of the subcontract. (Doc. Nos. 82-3 ¶¶ 7, 13, 36; 92, WPEC’s 19 AUMF ¶ 196.) WPEC contends that it was a duly licensed class A or C-10 contractor at “all 20 times” during the performance of the subcontract as required by § 7031(a). (Doc. No. 86 at 12.) 21 WPEC alternatively argues that even if it was not licensed at all times during the performance of 22 the subcontract, it nonetheless substantially complied with the licensing requirements. (Id. at 16– 23 17.) For the reasons that follow, the court finds that there is a genuine dispute as to whether 24 WPEC’s class C-10 license adequately satisfies § 7031(a), but there is no genuine dispute that 25 WPEC did not possess a class A license at all times during the performance of the subcontract. 26 ///// 27 ///// 28 ///// — 17 — Case 1:18-cv-00166-NONE-BAM Document 103 Filed 04/19/21 Page 18 of 61 1 a. Whether WPEC Was Licensed at All Times During the Performance of the 2 Subcontract 3 With respect to WPEC’s class A license, there are two issues: (1) whether WPEC had its 4 class A license at all relevant times, and if not, (2) whether WPEC substantially complied with 5 the licensing requirements. As the moving party, DFJV bears the burden of establishing the first. 6 As the party asserting the substantial compliance exception, WPEC bears the burden as to the 7 second. 8 i. WPEC Did Not Possess a Class A License at All Times During the 9 Performance of the Subcontract 10 The court first turns to the question of whether WPEC was “a duly licensed contractor at 11 all times during the performance of that act or contract” with regard to its class A license, Cal. 12 Bus. & Prof. Code § 7031(a), even though WPEC was without that license from February 22 to 13 June 2, 2017. WPEC concedes that it began its preparatory work on the subcontract on 14 November 15, 2016, (Doc. No. 85, WPEC’s RUMF ¶¶ 83–85), and did not demobilize until 15 September 8, 2017, (Doc. No. 89 (L. Villa Decl.) ¶¶ 34, 38–41). Nonetheless, WPEC argues that 16 § 7031(a) only required it to possess its class A license until the “reasonably expected completion 17 date” of the subcontract, which was February 12, 2017 or 90 days after the execution of the 18 subcontract. (Doc. No. 86 at 14.) According to WPEC, the subcontract specifies that this is the 19 date WPEC was required to “substantially complete” its performance.17 (Id.) WPEC provides no 20 authority for this “reasonably expected completion date” standard, which is not grounded in the 21 text of § 7031(a). (See id.) 22 In effect, WPEC is construing “at all times during the performance of that act or contract” 23 under § 7031(a) to mean “until the parties reasonably expected to complete the contract work.” 24 This counterintuitive construction of § 7031(a) is contrary to the plain meaning of the words of — 25 — — 17 — 26 Notably, the evidence cited by WPEC does not establish that the subcontract mandated WPEC to substantially complete all its work by February 12, 2016. (Doc. Nos. 86 at 14 n. 3; 92 ¶¶ 186– 27 87; but see Doc. Nos. 82-3 ¶ 29 (WPEC conceding that the subcontract calls for the work to be substantially completed by February 28, 2017); 85 ¶ 110 (same)). The court nonetheless accepts 28 the February 12, 2016 date arguendo for purposes of the analysis in this subsection. — 18 — Case 1:18-cv-00166-NONE-BAM Document 103 Filed 04/19/21 Page 19 of 61 1 the statute and the court will not adopt it. See Kurtin v. Elieff, 215 Cal. App. 4th 455 , 471–72 2 (2013) (“[C]ourts prefer a more natural reading of text to a less natural one, whether that text be 3 found in a statute”); Holland, 58 Cal. 4th at 490 (“If the plain, commonsense meaning of a 4 statute’s words is unambiguous, the plain meaning controls.” (citation omitted)); accord King v. 5 Burwell, 576 U.S. 473, 486 (2015) (“If the statutory language is plain, we must enforce it 6 according to its terms.”). “The words ‘at all times’ convey the Legislature’s obvious intent to 7 impose a stiff all-or-nothing penalty for unlicensed work by specifying that a contractor is barred 8 from all recovery for such an ‘act or contract’ if unlicensed at any time while performing it.” MW 9 Erectors, 36 Cal. 4th at 426 . Although this “stiff all-or-nothing penalty” reading may seem 10 unduly harsh, the California Supreme Court has stressed: — 11 — Section 7031 represents a legislative determination that the 12 importance of deterring unlicensed persons from engaging in the contracting business outweighs any harshness between the parties, 13 and that such deterrence can best be realized by denying violators the right to maintain any action for compensation in the courts of this 14 state. 15 Hydrotech, 52 Cal. 3d at 995. 16 Furthermore, to read § 7031(a) as WPEC argues it should be read, would essentially 17 permit WPEC to work from February 13 to June 2, 2017 without a license. (See Doc. No. 85 18 ¶¶ 83–87.) This construction would undermine the purpose of the licensing requirements to 19 protect the public “against persons who are unqualified to perform the required work.” WSS 20 Indus. Constr., Inc. v. Great W. Contractors, Inc., 162 Cal. App. 4th 581, 593 (2008) (quoting 21 Currie v. Stolowitz, 169 Cal. App. 2d 810 , 814–815 (1959)); see also Kaufman v. Diskeeper 22 Corp. (2014) 229 Cal. App. 4th 1, 9 (courts must seek “‘a reasonable and commonsense 23 interpretation consistent with its apparent purpose, practical rather than technical in nature, which 24 upon application will result in wise policy rather than mischief or absurdity.’” (citation omitted)). 25 For these reasons, the court declines to adopt WPEC’s reading of § 7031(a). Because WPEC did 26 not possess its class A license between February 12 and June 2, 2017, the court finds that DFJV 27 has met its initial burden of showing that WPEC was not a duly licensed class A contractor “at all 28 times during the performance” of the subcontract as a matter of law. Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code — 19 — Case 1:18-cv-00166-NONE-BAM Document 103 Filed 04/19/21 Page 20 of 61 1 § 7031(a); see also MW Erectors, 36 Cal. 4th at 428 (a contractor is unlicensed if its “licensure 2 lapsed at any time during the work”). The burden therefore shifts WPEC to establish a genuine 3 dispute as to whether it substantially complied with the licensing requirements. 4 ii. Whether WPEC’s Maintenance of Class A License was in 5 Substantial Compliance with § 7031(a) 6 In opposition to DFJV’s motion for summary judgment, WPEC argues that even if it was 7 not licensed “at all times during the performance” of the subcontract, there is a genuine dispute of 8 material fact as to whether the substantial compliance exception of § 7031(e) applies. (Doc. No. 9 86 at 14–16.) “Section 7031, subdivision (e), provides the sole exception to the contractor’s 10 licensure requirements” of subdivision (a). WSS, 162 Cal. App. 4th at 588 . Under § 7031(e), 11 WPEC may avoid forfeiture by showing that it substantially complied with the licensure 12 requirements if it 13 (1) had been duly licensed as a contractor in this state prior to the performance of the act or contract, (2) acted reasonably and in good 14 faith to maintain proper licensure, and (3) acted promptly and in good faith to remedy the failure to comply with the licensure requirements 15 upon learning of the failure. 16 The substantial compliance doctrine applies only “if all three elements of subdivision (e) are 17 satisfied.” WSS, 162 Cal. App. 4th at 595 (citation omitted). WPEC bears the burden of showing 18 a genuine dispute as to all three elements. In applying § 7031(e), the court is mindful that this 19 “exception to the forfeiture rule is ‘extremely narrow’ and applies ‘only where a contractor was 20 without a license owing to circumstances truly beyond his control.’” Pac. Caisson & Shoring, 21 Inc. v. Bernards Bros. Inc., 236 Cal. App. 4th 1246, 1257 (2015) (“Pac. Caisson II”) (quoting 22 Construction Financial v. Perlite Plastering Co., 53 Cal. App. 4th 170, 182 (1997)). The court 23 need only address the second element of the exception, however, in finding that WPEC has failed 24 to meet its burden on summary judgment. 25 As noted above, the second element requires that WPEC “acted reasonably and in good 26 faith to maintain proper licensure,” notwithstanding the fact that it was without a class A license 27 between February 22 to June 2, 2017, (Doc. No. 82-3 ¶ 13). “The phrase ‘acted reasonably and in 28 good faith to maintain proper licensure’ pertains to conduct prior to suspension.” Pac. Caisson — 20 — Case 1:18-cv-00166-NONE-BAM Document 103 Filed 04/19/21 Page 21 of 61 1 II, 236 Cal. App. 4th at 1257 (emphasis added) (citation omitted). The word “maintain” means to 2 “continue,” to “hold or preserve,” to “keep in existence or continuance,” and to “keep in good 3 order.” Id. at 1257–58. Under California law, reasonableness is, as a general matter, an 4 “objective” test that asks whether a “party’s actions were fair, proper, and sensible in light of the 5 circumstances”—and not “a party’s intentions or the motives.” Saint Francis Mem’l Hosp. v. 6 State Dep’t of Pub. Health, 9 Cal. 5th 710 , 729 (2020) (citation omitted). “Good faith,” on the 7 other hand, is “a test ‘ordinarily used to describe that state of mind denoting honesty of purpose, 8 freedom from intention to defraud, and, generally speaking, being faithful to one’s duty or 9 obligation.’” Id. (brackets and citation omitted). 10 Here, even viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to WPEC, the court concludes 11 WPEC has failed to establish the existence of a genuine disputed issue of material fact as to the 12 second element of the substantial compliance exception. See Pac. Caisson II, 236 Cal. App. 4th 13 at 1257 (holding that the substantial compliance exception is to be applied in “extremely 14 narrowed” circumstances). WPEC concedes that shortly after the subcontract was executed, it 15 informed its license servicer, CSI, that it wanted its RMO Mr. Villa to be “off the license 16 completely” because he planned to start a new company. (Doc. No. 85 ¶ 114.) Thereafter, in 17 April 2016, WPEC submitted to the CSLB an application, requesting that its then-RMO Mr. Villa 18 be replaced with a new RMO, Ms. Villa. (Doc. No. 82-2, Ex. B at 112–115; see also Doc. No. 88 19 (Virginia Villa Decl.) ¶ 5 (WPEC admitting that it also attempted in August 2016 to replace Mr. 20 Villa’s licensing with a class B license of Sarah Balfanz).) Thus, WPEC had in fact requested 21 that Mr. Villa’s class A license be removed and replaced nearly 10 months before it was 22 ultimately removed in February 2017. To compound this, WPEC was twice reminded by CSI that 23 WPEC would lose its class A license because of Mr. Villa’s removal if there was no replacement 24 in place. (Doc. No. 85 ¶ 117.) Sometime in November 2016, Ms. Villa attempted to cancel the 25 request to remove Mr. Villa as WPEC’s RMO, but was told by CSLB’s staff that it “could not be 26 done.” (Doc. No. 88 (Virginia Villa Decl.) ¶ 8.) WPEC presents no evidence of what effort it 27 undertook thereafter to find a replacement for Mr. Villa (e.g., hire someone with a class A license 28 to replace Mr. Villa) and to avert losing its class A license prior to February 22, 2017. (Doc. — 21 — Case 1:18-cv-00166-NONE-BAM Document 103 Filed 04/19/21 Page 22 of 61 1 Nos. 82-4, Ex. 119 at 382:13–19; 88 ¶¶ 8–10). Consequently, the CSLB removed WPEC’s class 2 A license on February 22, 2017. (Doc. No. 82-3 ¶ 13.) Based on this evidence presented on 3 summary judgment, no reasonable juror could conclude that WPEC’s inaction from November 4 2016 onward was a “fair, proper, and sensible” way to act to avoid losing its class A license, or 5 that WPEC was faithfully discharging its obligation to maintain its class A license prior to 6 February 22, 2017.18 See, e.g., Twenty-Nine Palms Enterprises Corp. v. Bardos, 210 Cal. App. 7 4th 1435, 1438–39, 1453 (2012) (holding that the defendant was not acting reasonably and in 8 good faith because it waited until the last minute to apply for a contractor’s license and was 9 without a proper license near the end of its contract work). In other words, the loss of WPEC’s 10 class A license in this case was not “truly beyond [its] control.” Pac. Caisson II, 236 Cal. App. 11 4th at 1257 (alteration in original). 12 In its opposition, WPEC explains that the CSLB made a mistake in processing its 13 disassociation, but that CSLB corrected the mistake by extending the validity of WPEC’s class A 14 license from December 20, 2016 to February 22, 2017. (See Doc. No. 86 at 15–16; see also supra 15 note 13.) WPEC does not explain, however, how the CSLB’s extension of time to February 22, 16 2017 prevented WPEC from acting reasonably and in good faith to maintain its class A license 17 prior to the suspension of it on February 22, 2017. Rather, it seems CSLB’s extension afforded 18 WPEC even additional time to find a replacement for Mr. Villa. In any event, the court is not — 19 — 20 18 WPEC submits that on May 22, 2017, Ms. Villa “checked the CSLB website and became aware, for the first time, that WPEC’s A license had been removed.” (Doc. No. 88 ¶ 10.) This, 21 however, is immaterial because the undisputed evidence on summary judgment establish that Ms. 22 Villa knew its class A license would be suspended by December 20, 2016 if the RMO was not timely replaced, and, indeed, WPEC sought to extend the time for replacement, which extension 23 of time the CSLB granted until February 22, 2017. A necessary inference to be drawn from this evidence is that Ms. Villa knew when WPEC’s class A license would be suspended, or at least 24 should have known. See Hydrotech, 52 Cal. 3d at 999 (“[I]f unlicensed contractors were not held to knowledge of its requirements,” “protective purposes of the licensing law would be 25 nullified.”). Ms. Villa also states that after she learned about the suspension of WPEC’s class A 26 license in May 2017, she submitted a request to re-add Mr. Villa’s class A license as WPEC’s RMO on May 24, 2017. (Doc. No. 88 ¶¶ 9–12.) This effort to reinstate WPEC’s class A license 27 after the license was suspended is also not material to whether she acted “acted reasonably and in good faith to maintain proper licensure . . . prior to [the] suspension” of the license. Pac. 28 Caisson II, 236 Cal. App. 4th at 1257 (emphasis added) (citation omitted). — 22 — Case 1:18-cv-00166-NONE-BAM Document 103 Filed 04/19/21 Page 23 of 61 1 persuaded that this fact is material to the second element of the substantial compliance exception, 2 even when the evidence on summary judgment is viewed in light most favorable to WPEC. 3 WPEC also relies on three additional decisions to no avail. (Doc. No. 86 at 16.) The first 4 case, Slatkin v. White, 102 Cal. App. 4th 963 (2002), bears no semblance to the present case. At 5 issue on appeal in Slatkin was whether the denial of a motion for preliminary injunction should be 6 affirmed and the state appellate court made expressly clear that the substantial compliance 7 doctrine was not an issue before the court. See Slatkin, 102 Cal. App. 4th at 969, 972 . The 8 second case cited by WPEC, Pacific Caisson I, 198 Cal. App. 4th 681 , fares no better. There the 9 appellate state court simply instructed the trial court to consider substantial compliance on 10 remand because “the trial court never reached the doctrine of substantial compliance.” Pac. 11 Caisson I, 198 Cal. App. 4th at 696 . Both Slatkin and Pacific Caisson I are therefore inapposite. 12 Even less persuasive is the third decision relied upon by WPEC, Pacific Custom Pools, Inc. v. 13 Turner Construction Co., 79 Cal. App. 4th 1254, 1264 (2000). Indeed, a fair reading of that 14 decision reveals that it supports the conclusion reached by the court here. In Pacific Custom 15 Pools, Inc., the state appellate court found that the subcontractor “had notice of the suspension” 16 of its license, but nonetheless “failed to timely renew the license” and sent a check to cover the 17 license renewal that was later dishonored. Pac. Custom, 79 Cal. App. 4th at 1265 . Based on 18 these facts, the California Court of Appeal held that the subcontractor was acting unreasonably, in 19 bad faith, and was therefore not in substantial compliance. Id. The evidence before the court on 20 summary judgment can support only the same conclusion here. 21 By failing to establish the existence of a genuine dispute of an issue of material fact as to 22 the second element of substantial compliance, WPEC has failed to meet its burden in opposition 23 to summary judgment on this issue. The court therefore concludes that WPEC was not a duly 24 licensed subcontractor with respect to its class A license at all times during the performance of 25 the subcontract. 26 b. Whether WPEC’s Class C-10 License is Valid Under § 7031(a) 27 Even though the court has concluded that WPEC did not have a class A license at all times 28 during the performance of the subcontract, it is still undisputed that WPEC had its class C-10 — 23 — Case 1:18-cv-00166-NONE-BAM Document 103 Filed 04/19/21 Page 24 of 61 1 license at all relevant times through its RMO Ms. Villa. (Doc. No. 92 ¶ 196.) DFJV argues, 2 however, that holding a class C-10 license does not make WPEC a duly licensed subcontractor 3 within the meaning of § 7031(a). (Doc. Nos. 82-1 at 26–30; 85 ¶ 52.) WPEC disputes this. 4 (Doc. No. 86 at 12–13.) As the moving party, DFJV bears the initial burden of precluding any 5 genuine dispute of material fact that WPEC was an unlicensed subcontractor under § 7031(a) 6 even though WPEC held a class C-10 license. For the reasons explained below, the court 7 concludes that DFJV has failed to meet its burden in this regard. 8 As before, the court begins the analysis by focusing on the plain language of § 7031(a). 9 See Conservatorship of Whitley, 50 Cal. 4th 1206, 1214 (2010) (“We begin with the statutory 10 language because it is generally the most reliable indication of legislative intent.”). Under that 11 provision, WPEC may not bring this action “for the collection of compensation for the 12 performance of any act or contract where a license is required by this chapter without alleging 13 that he or she was a duly licensed contractor at all times during the performance of that act or 14 contract.” Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code § 7031 (a) (emphasis added). In moving for summary 15 judgment in its favor, DFJV appears to construe “where a license is required by this chapter” to 16 mean whatever the license that is specified in the subcontract; in other words, the terms of the 17 contract dictates the license required. (Doc. No. 82-1 at 26.) According to DFJV, the “plans and 18 specifications” in the bid documents, which is incorporated into the subcontract, required WPEC 19 to hold a class A license.19 (Doc. Nos. 82-4 ¶ 49; 85 ¶ 52; see also Doc. Nos. 82-1, Ex. O at 134; 20 93-2, Ex. J (Subcontract), Attach. C at 68.) Based on the contract terms, DFJV argues that 21 holding a class C-10 license does not make WPEC a duly licensed subcontractor within the 22 meaning of § 7031(a).20 (Doc. No. 82-1 at 26–30.) — 23 — 24 19 As WPEC correctly points out, however, DFJV’s invitation to bid (see Doc. No. 82-1, Ex. Q at 134) is not incorporated by reference into the subcontract. (Doc. No. 85 ¶¶ 49, 51, 69, 129; see 25 Doc. No. 93-2, Ex. J (Subcontract), Attach. C at 68–69 (listing documents that are incorporated 26 by reference to the exclusion of DFJV’s invitation to bid).) — 20 — 27 The court acknowledges that under contract law DFJV may enforce the licensing requirement against WPEC if such requirement is part of the subcontract. But DFJV is not asking the court to 28 consider WPEC’s breach-of-contract claim here. — 24 — Case 1:18-cv-00166-NONE-BAM Document 103 Filed 04/19/21 Page 25 of 61 1 DFJV relies on the decision in Jeff Tracy, 240 Cal. App. 4th 510 , to support its position. 2 (Doc. Nos. 82-1 at 26; 98 at 3.) In that case a city sued a general contractor for disgorgement, 3 claiming that the general contractor was not duly licensed under § 7031(a). Jeff Tracy, 240 Cal. 4 App. 4th at 519–20. The contract and the bid document between the parties required the general 5 contractor to possess a class A license, but on appeal, the general contractor argued that it “could 6 have properly performed [the contract work] using only its C-27 landscaping license.” Id. at 513 , 7 515 (alteration in original). The California Court of Appeal rejected that argument and held: 8 [S]ection 7031, subdivision (a) provides that a contractor must allege that “he or she was a duly licensed contractor at all times during the 9 performance of that act or contract.” And section 7031, subdivision (d) provides that the contractor must prove that it “was duly licensed 10 in the proper classification of contractors at all times during the performance of any act or contract covered by the action.” Here, [the 11 general contractor] was performing under a public works contract that specifically required the general contractor to have a valid class 12 A license at all times during the Project. We therefore hold that when a contractor does not have the specific license specified in the 13 contract under which the work is performed, the contractor is “unlicensed” for purposes of section 7031, subdivision (b). — 14 — — 15 — Id. at 520 (alteration in original) (emphasis added). Thus, the terms of the prime contract between 16 the city and general contractor were determinative of what license the general contractor was 17 required to possess in Jeff Tracy. 18 WPEC opposes this aspect of the pending motion, relying on the decision in Pacific 19 Caisson I, 198 Cal. App. 4th 681 . (Doc. No. 86 at 11–12.) There, a subcontractor sued its 20 general contractor to recover for work performed under the subcontract. Pac. Caisson I, 198 Cal. 21 App. 4th at 685. The subcontractor had a class A license but never had a class C-12 license. Id. 22 at 686. The prime contract between the general contractor and the county specified that a class C23 12 license was required to perform the subcontract work. Id. at 687, 690, 693. The class C-12 24 license requirement was incorporated by reference into the subcontract between the subcontract 25 and general contractor. Id. at 689 n.2, 693. Despite the express language of the prime contract 26 and subcontract, the subcontractor argued that its class A license was sufficient for purposes of 27 performing the subcontract work and “that the lesser or specialty license would have been 28 superfluous as it is fully encompassed within the Class A license requirements.” Id. at 690. Like — 25 — Case 1:18-cv-00166-NONE-BAM Document 103 Filed 04/19/21 Page 26 of 61 1 DFJV here, the general contractor in Pacific Caisson I argued because the subcontractor “did not 2 hold [a Class A license] the County had designated, it was not duly licensed as provided for by 3 the statute.” Id. at 692 (alteration in original). In contrast to Jeff Tracy where the terms of the 4 prime contract controlled what license was required, the court in Pacific Caisson held that the 5 terms of the prime contract between the general contractor and the county could not dictate what 6 license the subcontractor was required to possess. Id. at 693. The state appellate court reasoned 7 that “dealings” between the prime contractor and the county cannot bind “third parties,” such as 8 the subcontractor. Id. For this reason, the state appellate court disregarded the licensing 9 requirement of the prime contract and subcontract, and, instead, focused on comparing and 10 contrasting the scopes of work permitted under class A and C-12 licenses. Id. at 691–93. 11 Ultimately, the court concluded that “Class A licensees are permitted to engage in the same work 12 as the Class C-12 license.” Id. at 691. In analyzing the issue in this fashion, Pacific Caisson I 13 stands for the proposition that the nature of the subcontract work and the scope of the 14 subcontractor’s class A license was determinative as to what license was required by § 7031(a), at 15 least to some degree in apparent contradiction to the holding in Jeff Tracy. 16 But despite this seeming contradiction, the two cases can be reconciled by distinguishing 17 the nature of the different agreements at issue in Pacific Caisson I and Jeff Tracy, and by looking 18 at the distinct authority vested in California public entities under § 7059(b). (See Doc. No. 86 at 19 11–12.) Section 7059(b) provides that, in “public works contracts,”21 the public entity or “the 20 awarding authority shall determine the license classification necessary to bid and perform the 21 project.” (emphasis added); see also M & B Const. v. Yuba Cty. Water Agency, 68 Cal. App. 4th 22 1353, 1359 (1999) (holding that the word “determine” under § 7059(b) “is used in the sense of 23 selecting, i.e., exercising some judgment or discretion, or whether it simply means the ministerial 24 act of identifying or listing”). When § 7059(b) is read together with § 7031(a), the public entity’s 25 determination of what license a general contractor is required to hold under a prime contract is the — 26 — 27 21 See Cal. Pub. Cont. Code § 1101 (defining “public work contract” as “an agreement for the erection, construction, alteration, repair, or improvement of any public structure, building, road, 28 or other public improvement of any kind.”) — 26 — Case 1:18-cv-00166-NONE-BAM Document 103 Filed 04/19/21 Page 27 of 61 1 conclusive criterion for the type of license that prime contractor is required to hold under § 2 7031(a). This reasoning was implicit in Jeff Tracy where the court held that the terms of the 3 prime contract between the city and general contractor were determinative of what license the 4 general contractor must possess because of § 7059(b). 5 In contrast, Pacific Caisson I stands for the proposition that §§ 7059(b) and 7031(a) do 6 not apply the same way to a contract between private entities. In other words, if the public entity 7 is not a party to the contract in question, the terms of that contract are not dispositive of what type 8 of license the contractor is required to hold for purposes of § 7031(a). Rather, the analysis turns 9 into a fact-intensive inquiry as to what license the contractor is required to possess in order to 10 perform the particular work described in the contract. See Pac. Caisson I, 198 Cal. App. 4th at 11 691–92. Because DFJV is not a public entity, neither § 7059(b) nor Jeff Tracy apply here. 12 Rather, the fact-intensive inquiry adopted in Pacific Caisson I is controlling here. Consistent 13 with Pacific Caisson I’s guidance, the court will compare the nature of WPEC’s subcontract work 14 with the scope of class A and C-10 licenses. If the scope of C-10 work covers enough of the 15 work to be performed as described in the subcontract, then a jury must make the ultimate factual 16 determination as to whether WPEC’s class C-10 license is sufficient to satisfy § 7031(a). 17 i. Whether WPEC’s Class C-10 License Was Sufficient to Cover the 18 Work Required by the Subcontract 19 In light of the conclusions reached above, the court now turns to the question of whether 20 WPEC’s class C-10 license was sufficient under § 7031(a) for it to undertake the work required 21 by the subcontract and if that question is appropriately resolved on summary judgment. As the 22 moving party, DFJV bears the initial burden of establishing that there is no genuine dispute of 23 material fact as to that issue. The court begins by describing the respective scope of the two types 24 of licenses in question: class C-10 (a specialty electrical contractor license) and class A (a 25 general engineering contractor license). In general, a specialty subcontractor “is a contractor 26 whose operations involve the performance of construction work requiring special skill and whose 27 principal contracting business involves the use of specialized building trades or crafts.” Cal. Bus. 28 ///// — 27 — Case 1:18-cv-00166-NONE-BAM Document 103 Filed 04/19/21 Page 28 of 61 1 & Prof. Code § 7058(a) (emphasis added).22 A C-10 licensee is a specialist in placing, installing, 2 erecting or connecting “any electrical wires, fixtures, appliances, apparatus, raceways, conduits 3 . . . or any part thereof, which generate, transmit, transform or utilize electrical energy in any form 4 or for any purpose.” Cal. Code Regs. tit. 16, § 832.10 . A class A general engineering contractor, 5 by contrast, is 6 a contractor whose principal contracting business is in connection with fixed works requiring specialized engineering knowledge and 7 skill, including the following divisions or subjects: . . . tunnels . . . excavating, grading, trenching, paving and surfacing work and 8 cement and concrete works in connection with the above-mentioned fixed works. — 9 — — 10 — Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code § 7056 (emphasis added). 11 The subcontract describes the scope of work to include “trenching and excavating”; 12 “furnishing and installing” manholes; and “furnishing and installing” communication conduit 13 ductbank, conduit stubout at property line, barrel vaults, buried cable markers, PTS-3660 14 manhole, ground beds, steel casing, as well as providing tie-in support, at five different high15 speed rail intersections (namely Peach Avenue, Elkhorn Avenue, 9th Avenue, Cairo Avenue, and 16 Clovis Avenue). (Doc. Nos. 82-3 ¶¶ 1, 15; 82-1, Ex. C (Fegan Decl.), Ex. C (Subcontract), 17 Attach. C at 444.)23 Construing the description of the subcontract work in light most favorable to 18 WPEC, the described work fits within both the scope of work under a class C-10 license—which 19 involves placing, installing, erecting or connecting any fixtures, appliances, and conduit, which 20 transmit “electrical energy in any form or for any purpose”—and of work under a class A 21 license—which involves trenching and excavating in connection with tunnels.24 — 22 — — 23 — — 22 — “The California Code of Regulations further subdivides specialty contracting work into subclassifications.” Pac. Caisson I, 198 Cal. App. 4th at 689 (citing Cal. Code Regs., tit. 16, 24 §§ 832.02–832.61). 25 23 (See Doc. No. 93, Ex. S (Fegan Depo.) at 255:4–16 (DFJV’s PMK conceding that the 26 subcontract accurately describes the work WPEC was to perform).) 27 24 DFJV argues that WPEC was subcontracted to install “telecommunications infrastructure,” not electrical work, but WPEC counters that installing conduit in connection to the 28 telecommunications infrastructure is electrical work. (Doc. No. 85 ¶ 63.) — 28 — Case 1:18-cv-00166-NONE-BAM Document 103 Filed 04/19/21 Page 29 of 61 1 To attempt to satisfy its initial burden, DFJV has submitted the expert declaration of Cindi 2 Christenson, a former Chief Deputy Registrar of the CSLB and Executive Officer of the Board of 3 Professional Engineers and Land Surveyors, to show that WPEC’s C-10 license was inadequate 4 under § 7031(a). (Doc. Nos. 82-1 at 29; 82-4 ¶¶ 55, 170) (citing Doc. No. 82-1, Ex. A 5 (Christenson Decl.)). Ms. Christenson concludes, based on her review of the subcontract and the 6 bid documents,25 that the scope of work consisted of an “earthmoving project,” which would 7 require “excavating trenches and tunnels,” placing “heavy steel shoring plates in trenches,” 8 “laying out telecommunications appurtenances such as conduit and vaults,” backfilling and 9 compacting “the trenches using power compactors,” among other activities. (Doc. No. 82-1, 10 Christenson Decl. ¶ 1626.) Ms. Christenson then opines that each of the mentioned work items 11 requires a class A license to perform, so WPEC’s C-10 license was insufficient.27 (Id. ¶¶ 16–17.) — 12 — 13 25 (See Doc. Nos. 82-1, Ex. Q (DFJV’s Bid Advertisement and Invitation to Bid) at 134 (stating that the subcontract work consists of “furnishing and installing . . . the AT&T and Frontier — 14 — telecommunication infrastructure.”).) 15 26 DFJV seems to have double counted paragraph 16 of Christenson’s declaration and, therefore, 16 the court’s citation to paragraph 16 includes the doubled counted paragraph. 17 27 Ms. Christenson also suggests, without any apparent support, that WPEC was required to maintain a class A license to “oversee” the work specified in the subcontract, and that a “C-10 — 18 — contractor would not have sufficient knowledge to coordinate, direct, and supervise the multiple 19 disciplines covered by the Subcontract.” (Doc. No. 82-1, Christenson Decl. ¶ 16) (internal quotation marks omitted). Legal precedent, however, contradicts this assertion. The California 20 Court of Appeal and Ninth Circuit have faced similar issues in deciding whether a specialty license alone, in absence of a general license, was sufficient to satisfy CSLL’s licensing 21 requirements, but neither considered nor held that possessing a general license (i.e. a class A 22 license) was necessary to perform a specialty license work (i.e. a class C license work.). See MP Nexlevel of California, Inc v. CVIN, LLC, 740 F. App’x 881 (9th Cir. 2018); Pac. Caisson I, 198 23 Cal. App. 4th 681 . In any event, “an expert witness cannot give an opinion as to her legal conclusion, i.e., an opinion on an ultimate issue of law.” Nationwide Transp. Fin. v. Cass Info. 24 Sys., Inc., 523 F.3d 1051, 1058 (9th Cir. 2008). And to the extent Ms. Christenson is offering an opinion regarding an issue of fact, her declaration is not probative because she has laid no 25 evidentiary foundation to support her opinion regarding the factual matter and there is no such 26 evidence in the record. See United States v. $133,420.00 in U.S. Currency, 672 F.3d 629 , 638–39 (9th Cir. 2012) (“[A] conclusory, self-serving affidavit, lacking detailed facts and any supporting 27 evidence, is insufficient to create a genuine issue of material fact . . . .”); see also Keenan v. Allan, 91 F.3d 1275, 1279 (9th Cir. 1996) (It is not the task of “the district court, to scour the 28 record in search of a genuine issue of triable fact.”). — 29 — Case 1:18-cv-00166-NONE-BAM Document 103 Filed 04/19/21 Page 30 of 61 1 WPEC disputes Ms. Christenson’s assessment, though not in totality. WPEC contends 2 that although it was to perform certain tasks covered under a class A license, those tasks were 3 only “incidental and supplemental” to the C-10 license work it was to perform. (Doc. Nos. 86 at 4 12–13; 92 ¶ 188.) The “incidental and supplemental” argument is a legal exception codified in 5 § 7059(a). The statute permits WPEC to perform “trenching” and “excavation” in connection 6 with tunnels without holding a class A license if such performance “is incidental and 7 supplemental to the performance of the work in the craft for which the specialty contractor is 8 licensed,” i.e., its C-10 license. Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code § 7059 (a) (emphasis added). “Incidental 9 and supplemental” under § 7059(a) has been defined by the CSLB through regulation28 as work 10 that “is essential to accomplish the work in which the contractor is classified.” Cal. Code Regs. 11 tit. 16, § 831 (emphasis added). Relying on this regulatory definition, WPEC argues that the 12 trenching, excavation, and infrastructure placement aspects of its work are “essential” to 13 furnishing and installing the conduits, barrel vaults, and other objects that WPEC was to perform 14 under the subcontract. (Doc. No. 86 at 12–13.) Therefore, holding a C-10 license was sufficient, 15 and holding a class A license was unnecessary because class A license work was “incidental and 16 supplemental” to C-10 work. Id. 17 WPEC’s reasoning rests on the unpublished Ninth Circuit decision in MP Nexlevel of 18 California, Inc v. CVIN, LLC, 740 F. App’x 881 (9th Cir. 2018).29 In that case the appellant19 plaintiff was “contracted to excavate, trench, drill, and construct underground conduit to carry [ ] 20 fiberoptic cables.” MP Nexlevel, 740 F. App’x at 882. The Ninth Circuit took as a given the fact 21 that the excavation, trenching, drilling, and underground construction tasks did not fall directly 22 within the scope of MP Nexlevel’s C-7 license, a specialty license that allowed a contractor to — 23 — 24 28 The CSLB is tasked with the responsibility to “adopt reasonably necessary rules and regulations to effect the classification of contractors in a manner consistent with established usage 25 and procedure as found in the construction business,” Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code § 7059 (a), and to 26 “make such rules and regulations as are reasonably necessary to carry out the provisions” of the CSLL, Bus. & Prof. § 7008. — 27 — — 29 — Citation to this unpublished Ninth Circuit opinion is appropriate pursuant to Ninth Circuit Rule 28 36-3(b). — 30 — Case 1:18-cv-00166-NONE-BAM Document 103 Filed 04/19/21 Page 31 of 61 1 install, service, and maintain “all types of communication and low voltage systems.” Id. at 882– 2 83. Applying the interpretation of “incidental and supplemental” under California Code of 3 Regulations, title 16, section 831 as “essential,” the Ninth Circuit reasoned, “‘[c]ommunications 4 systems inherently and necessarily require some connection to other points of contact. Otherwise, 5 there is no ‘communication’ or ‘system.’ To facilitate that connection, some infrastructure is also 6 necessary.” Id. at 883. The Ninth Circuit therefore concluded that class A license’s infrastructure 7 work such as excavation, trenching, and drilling was “essential” to and therefore “incidental and 8 supplemental to the installation of the fiberoptic systems,” which work the appellant-plaintiff was 9 licensed to perform under a C-7 license. Id. at 882–83. WPEC argues that this court should 10 follow MP Nexlevel and use “essential” as the equivalent of “incidental and supplemental.” (Doc. 11 No. 86 at 13.) Applying that legal standard here, WPEC argues that since trenching, excavation, 12 and infrastructure placement under class A license was essential to the C-10 work of furnishing 13 and installation of fixtures, appliances, and conduits to transmit “electrical energy in any form or 14 for any purpose,” the former was incidental and supplemental to the latter. (Id.) 15 DFJV disagrees with this interpretation and attempts to distinguish MP Nexlevel by 16 arguing that “the contract at issue in [MP Nexlevel] did not contain an A General Engineering 17 License requirement,” so “the analysis in MP Nexlevel is not dispositive on the resolution of the 18 licensing issues in this case.” (Doc. No. 98 at 4.) The court finds DFJV’s argument in this regard 19 unpersuasive. The underlying issue in MP Nexlevel that is relevant here is whether “incidental 20 and supplemental” under § 7059(a) mean the same as “essential,” regardless of what license a 21 particular contract requires.30 For this reason, DFJV has failed to show that MP Nexlevel is 22 inapplicable in resolving the question before this court. 23 More importantly, DFJV has cited no authority defining the meaning of “incidental and 24 supplemental” under § 7059(a), notwithstanding MP Nexlevel’s reliance the CSLB’s regulatory 25 definition. (See Doc. No. 82-1 at 26–30.) Instead, DFJV argues, as a factual matter, that the — 26 — — 30 — 27 The court has also addressed above the legal implication of the subcontract requiring WPEC to possess a class A license and found that requirement not to be dispositive for purposes of 28 analyzing § 7031(a) compliance in this case. — 31 — Case 1:18-cv-00166-NONE-BAM Document 103 Filed 04/19/21 Page 32 of 61 1 subcontract work at issue here “consisted primarily of trenching and excavation to install 2 conduit,” which must be performed with a class A license, so that “West Pacific’s C-10 specialty 3 license was not adequate to allow it to perform the work required under the Subcontract.” (Id. at 4 26–27.) DFJV appears to simply assume “incidental and supplement” means “minor or 5 subordinate to something that is primary,” and since the WPEC’s class A work is the primary 6 work required by the subcontract, such work could not be “incidental or supplemental” to the C7 10 work.31 In support of this position, Ms. Christenson, DFJV’s expert, opines: 8 Based on my review of the content of the “A” examination as it relates to the skills needed to perform the Subcontract, it is my 9 opinion that the Project required 20 of the 28 skills tested by the “A” license exam. In contrast, the “C-10” examination tests very few of 10 the skills needed to perform the Subcontract. WPECC performed only 3 of the 26 skills listed in the C-10 license exam.32 — 11 — 12 (Id., Christenson Decl. ¶ 17.) “Because the nature of the work was heavily weighted to requiring 13 an ‘A’ license” based a comparison of the CSLB’s exam study guides for class A and C-10 14 licenses, Christenson concludes that the class A license work “could not be incidental and 15 supplemental to the ‘C-10’ covered work.” (Id.) But even if the court were to accept 16 Christenson’s declaration as true in this regard, it is immaterial to the determination of whether 17 WPEC’s class A work is “incidental and supplemental” to its C-10 work. Under MP Nexlevel, 18 the legal standard for “incidental and supplemental” is whether a particular work “essential to — 19 — 20 31 DFJV’s assumption is not entirely baseless. As a matter of ordinary meaning, Black’s Law Dictionary defines “incidental” as “[s]ubordinate to something of greater importance; having a 21 minor role.” Incidental Definition, Black’s Law Dictionary (11th ed. 2019), available at 22 Westlaw. Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines “incidental” as “subordinate, nonessential, or attendant in position or significance.” Incidental, Merriam-Webster Unabridged Dictionary, 23 https://unabridged.merriam-webster.com/unabridged/incidental. And the American Heritage Dictionary defines “incidental” as, “Of a minor, casual, or subordinate nature.” Incidental, 24 American Heritage Dictionary, https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=incidental; see also In re Rojas, 23 Cal. 3d 152, 155 (1979) (“In engaging in statutory interpretation we are to 25 accord words their usual, ordinary, and common sense meaning based on the language the 26 Legislature used and the evident purpose for which the statute was adopted.”). — 32 — 27 Christensen describes that she is looking at the license examinations to reach her conclusion, but the hyperlinks and evidence she references in the declaration are the CSLB’s study guides, 28 not the examinations. — 32 — Case 1:18-cv-00166-NONE-BAM Document 103 Filed 04/19/21 Page 33 of 61 1 accomplish the work in which the contractor is classified,” California Code of Regulations tit. 16, 2 § 831—not “minor to something else that is primary.” See MP Nexlevel, 740 F. App’x at 882–83. 3 Put in practical terms, even if the class A work of excavating and trenching constitutes a 4 significant portion of WPEC’s work, it could still be “essential” to the C-10 work of furnishing 5 and installing the conduits, barrel vaults, and other objects that WPEC was subcontracted to 6 perform. As WPEC argued, without first trenching and evacuating the areas, it could not have 7 furnished and installed conduits, barrel vaults, and other objects underground. (See Doc. No. 86 8 at 13; see also Doc. No. 82-1 at 26 (DFJV appearing to concede that WPEC had to “trench[] and 9 excavat[e] to install conduit[s].”).) For these reasons, the court finds that WPEC has 10 demonstrated the existence of a genuinely disputed issue of material fact as to whether its class A 11 work could be incidental and supplemental to its C-10 work. 12 But even if the court were to apply the legal standard of “incidental and supplemental” as 13 “minor to something else that is primary,” Christenson’s affidavit would still not be sufficiently 14 conclusive to provide a basis for the granting of summary judgment.33 According to Christenson, 15 33 While MP Nexlevel is persuasive authority and has interpreted “essential” as the equivalent of 16 “incidental and supplemental,” the California Court of Appeal has defined “incidental” to “obviously” mean “depending upon or appertaining to something else as primary; something 17 necessary, appertaining to, or depending upon another which is termed the principal, something incidental to the main purpose.” Currie v. Stolowitz, 169 Cal. App. 2d 810, 814 (1959); Kelly v. 18 Hill, 104 Cal. App. 2d 61, 65 (1951). Of course, “the federal court must follow the state 19 intermediate appellate court decision unless the federal court finds convincing evidence that the state’s supreme court likely would not follow it.” Ryman v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 505 F.3d 993 , 20 994 (9th Cir. 2007) (emphasis added). California appellate courts have focused not only on the idea that an “incidental and supplemental” activity must be “necessary”; it also must be truly 21 “incidental.” See supra note 31; see, e.g., District Council 50, of International Union of Painters 22 & Allied Trades v. Lopez, 129 Haw. 281, 286 , 291–92 (2013) (Hawaii Supreme Court rejecting the Hawaii Contractors License Board’s definition of “incidental and supplemental” as simply 23 “necessary” because it would create “a loophole for C–5 contractors to complete unlimited amounts of specialty work for which they do not hold the requisite specialty licenses,” and 24 instructing the Board to reconsider the case “in light of the cost and extent of work involved.”). There appears to be a conflict between the California appellate authorities and Ninth Circuit’s 25 decision in MP Nexlevel. If this case proceeds to trial, the court will likely be required to resolve 26 this conflict of authorities in order to properly instruct the finder of fact on the definition of “incidental and supplemental” under the law. However, the court declines to make that 27 determination at this stage of the proceedings for two reasons. First, as discussed in the body of this decision, DFJV has failed to argue and provide authority with respect to the legal standard in 28 defining “incidental and supplemental” that it wishes this court to adopt. Second, even if the — 33 — Case 1:18-cv-00166-NONE-BAM Document 103 Filed 04/19/21 Page 34 of 61 1 WPEC’s class A license work could not be incidental and supplemental to the C-10 work because 2 WPEC is required to use only three skills covered in the C-10 study guide, but also 20 skills 3 covered in the A license study guide. No authorities under California law have adopted 4 Christenson’s methodology of counting the number of skills in study guides to determine whether 5 a particular work specified in a contract is “incidental and supplemental,” nor has DFJV cited to 6 any. Invariably, California courts have simply compared the contract work, on one hand, with the 7 relevant statutes or regulations describing the works covered under the relevant licenses, on the 8 other hand, to make the determination as to the incidental-and-supplemental issue. See, e.g., MP 9 Nexlevel, 740 F. App’x 881 (comparing the description of contract work with the scope of C-7 10 license); Banis, 134 Cal. App. 4th at 1047 (“Plaintiff has offered no specifics to explain how any 11 portion of the contract is incidental to any other, or why any portion should be severed from any 12 other portion.”); Vallejo, 24 Cal. App. 4th at 944 (comparing the parties’ terms of contract with 13 the actual work performed); Roy Bros., 123 Cal. App. 3d at 184–85 (comparing the work 14 contracted to perform with the relevant statutes and regulations); Walker, 97 Cal. App. 3d at 847– 15 48 (comparing the work performed under the contract with the relevant statutes); Johnson v. 16 Mattox, 257 Cal. App. 2d 714 , 717–18 (1968) (same); Kelly, 104 Cal. App. 2d at 63–65 (same). 17 Setting aside Christenson’s novel methodology and considering her assertion on the 18 merits, the court cannot say that DFJV has established that WPEC’s class A work cannot be 19 incidental and supplemental to its C-10 work. The Christenson declaration fails in this regard for 20 several reasons. Most significantly, Christenson assumes without explanation or justification that 21 the number of skills used necessarily equates to the proportion of the C-10 and the A work that 22 WPEC had to perform under the subcontract. (See Doc. No. 82-1, Christenson Decl. ¶ 17.) The 23 Ninth Circuit has held that unsupported or unexplained assumption in an expert opinion may 24 render that opinion inadmissible for purposes of summary judgment. See, e.g., Alameda Books, 25 Inc. v. City of Los Angeles, 631 F.3d 1031, 1041 (9th Cir. 2011) (holding that “unsupported — 26 — 27 court were to adopt DFJV’s preferred standard or definition, as will be explained above, there would still be a genuine disputed issue of material fact precluding the granting of summary 28 judgment in this case. — 34 — Case 1:18-cv-00166-NONE-BAM Document 103 Filed 04/19/21 Page 35 of 61 1 assumption of a relationship between the current profitability of adult arcades and their viability 2 as free-standing units” renders the expert’s declaration inadmissible under Rule 702 on summary 3 judgment); United States v. Hermanek, 289 F.3d 1076, 1094 (9th Cir. 2002) (reversing the district 4 court decision to admit expert opinion evidence based solely on “general qualifications” without 5 requiring an explanation of the method used in reaching the conclusion);34 see also, e.g., United 6 States v. Cecil, 836 F.2d 1431 , 1440–41 (4th Cir. 1988) (holding that the failure to identify the 7 criteria of “narcissistic personality disorder” in the assessment of a witness’s mental health and 8 the unsupported assumptions made about the witness rendered the psychiatrist’s evaluation 9 inadmissible under Rule 702); Erhart v. BofI Holding, Inc., 445 F. Supp. 3d 831 , 842 (S.D. Cal. 10 2020) (denying the admission of an expert’s opinion under Rule 702 because the expert fails to 11 provide “sufficient information” to assess reliability). The unexplained and unsupported 12 assumption underlying Christenson’s opinion does not hold water here because WPEC may, for 13 instance, need only three skills covered under the C-10 license study guide to perform 70% of the 14 work specified in the subcontract. Moreover, Christenson relies on the number of skills listed in 15 the study guides, but fails to account for each skill’s relative weight vis-à-vis other skills. For 16 example, a single skill in the class A study guide represents 6% of the overall content, while four 17 other skills combined represent 5% of the overall content. (See Doc. No. 82-1, Christenson Decl. 18 ¶ 17, citing Ex. S.) While this “bean counting” approach may convince a jury, it cannot be found 19 to be dispositive for purposes of summary judgment, where DFJV must establish that no genuine 20 dispute of material fact exists and that it is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Viewing the 21 evidence in the light most favorable to WPEC, the court finds that the Christenson’s declaration is 22 insufficient to meet that standard. Accordingly, summary judgment on the issue of “incidental 23 and supplemental” against WPEC and in favor of DFJV will be denied. 24 3. Whether DFJV Must be Duly Licensed to Proceed on Its Cross-Complaint 25 In addition to seeking judgment in its favor as discussed above, DFJV also seeks summary 26 judgment on its cross-complaint for disgorgement under the CSLL. Section 7031(b) specifies, in — 27 — — 34 — See Ollier v. Sweetwater Union High Sch. Dist., 768 F.3d 843, 860 (9th Cir. 2014) (“It is well 28 settled that bare qualifications alone cannot establish the admissibility of . . . expert testimony.”). — 35 — Case 1:18-cv-00166-NONE-BAM Document 103 Filed 04/19/21 Page 36 of 61 1 relevant part, that “a person who utilizes the services of an unlicensed contractor may bring an 2 action . . . to recover all compensation paid to the unlicensed contractor for performance of any 3 act or contract.” This is known as disgorgement, see Twenty-Nine Palms Enterprises Corp. v. 4 Bardos, 210 Cal. App. 4th 1435, 1449 (2012), also described as “a ‘sword’ [that] consumers [may 5 use] against unlicensed contractors,” Jeff Tracy, 240 Cal. App. 4th at 521 (alteration in original). 6 Rather than disputing the merits of DFJV’s cross-claim under § 7031(b), WPEC argues, as a 7 preliminary matter, that DFJV must be duly licensed as required by § 7031(a) in order to bring 8 such cross-claim for disgorgement. (See Doc. No. 86 at 10.) DFJV counters that § 7031(a) is 9 applicable only to a plaintiff bringing a complaint, but not to a party bringing a cross-complaint. 10 (Doc. No. 98 at 2.) DFJV cites no authorities in support of its interpretation of § 7031(a). (Id.) 11 This is a preliminary issue of law that the court must decide before reaching the merits of DFJV’s 12 motion for summary judgment on the cross-complaint.35 13 To determine whether § 7031(a) requires DFJV to be a duly licensed contractor to bring 14 its cross-complaint, the court begins again with the plain language of the statute.36 15 Conservatorship of Whitley, 50 Cal. 4th 1206, 1214 (2010) (“We begin with the statutory 16 language because it is generally the most reliable indication of legislative intent.”). Section 17 7031(a) states in pertinent part, “no person engaged in the business or acting in the capacity of a 18 contractor . . . may bring or maintain any action . . . for the collection of compensation for the 19 performance of any act or contract where a license is required by this chapter.” (emphasis 20 added). DFJV argues that the term “action” is exclusive of a cross-complaint. (See Doc. No. 98 21 at 2.) But as a matter of California civil procedure, an “action” includes a “cross-complaint or 22 other pleading that asserts a cause of action or claim for relief.” Cal. Code Civ. Proc. 23 § 583.110(a); see also Cal. Code Civ. Proc. § 422.10 (defining “pleadings” in civil actions to 24 mean “complaints, demurrers, answers, and cross-complaints”). Because DFJV’s cross25 — 35 — 26 Had DFJV simply produced evidence of its licensure, the court could have avoided the issue. Because DFJV has not done so, the court must address this question of law. (See Doc. No. 98 at 27 2). 28 36 See also supra note 15. — 36 — Case 1:18-cv-00166-NONE-BAM Document 103 Filed 04/19/21 Page 37 of 61 1 complaint asserts a claim for disgorgement, it is an “action” for purposes of § 7031(a). 2 There is a split of authority among California appellate courts on this issue. Three 3 California appellate districts agree with this conclusion, and one appellate district reached the 4 opposite conclusion. The earliest published opinion addressing this issue was Holm v. Bramwell, — 5 — 20 Cal. App. 2d 332 (1937), where a general contractor sued an unlicensed subcontractor for 6 disgorgement of payment made. Holm, 20 Cal. App. 2d at 333–34. In that case, the appellate 7 court construed § 1237 of the CSLL, the predecessor of today’s § 7031(a), to apply “to a 8 subcontractor as well as to a contractor” seeking relief. Id. at 335. Relying on this reading of § 9 12, the court held that the “contract between the plaintiff and his subcontractor, who was not 10 licensed as required by law, was illegal and void,” so the general contractor was barred from 11 seeking disgorgement based on a void contract. Id. at 335, 338. The same conclusion was later 12 reached in Currie v. Stolowitz, 169 Cal. App. 2d 810, 812 (1959), though, on a different rationale 13 than that adopted in Holm. In Currie, an unlicensed general contractor contracted with a property 14 owner to renovate a building and later subcontracted plumbing work in connection with the 15 renovation. Currie, 169 Cal. App. 2d at 812–13. After the subcontractor allegedly failed to 16 complete the plumbing work, the unlicensed general contractor brought a breach-of-contract 17 action against the subcontractor. Id. at 812 . The court in Currie construed § 7031(a) to bar the 18 unlicensed contractor’s “suit for breach of contract as well as for the collection of compensation 19 for performance of any act” against the subcontractor. Id. at 813. 20 Finally, in Ranchwood Communities Limited Partnership v. Jim Beat Construction Co., — 21 — 49 Cal. App. 4th 1397 (1996), several unlicensed general contractors brought a cross-action 22 ///// 23 ///// 24 ///// 25 ///// 26 37 Section 12 stated, in substantial similar terms to today’s § 7031(a), as follows: “Any person 27 who acts in the capacity of a contractor within the meaning of this act without a license as herein provided, and any person who conspired with another person to violate any of the provisions of 28 this act, is guilty of a misdemeanor.” Holm, 20 Cal. App. 2d at 335 . — 37 — Case 1:18-cv-00166-NONE-BAM Document 103 Filed 04/19/21 Page 38 of 61 1 against the subcontractors for express indemnification.38 Ranchwood, 49 Cal. App. 4th at 1403– 2 05. The issue in that case, as relevant here, was “whether the licensing law, properly interpreted, 3 bars all the causes of action in the cross-complaints.” Id. at 1409. Homing in on the meaning of 4 “compensation” under § 7031(a), the state appellate court reasoned, “[e]xpress indemnity 5 payments are very similar to breach of contract damages in this context, and the contracts here 6 (construction subcontracts) are illegal due to the lack of a developer/general contractor license, so 7 they may not be enforced and no compensation can be sought under them.” Id. at 1418 (emphasis 8 added). In short, the appellate court found that “compensation” under § 7031 included not only 9 ordinary breach-of-contract damages, but also indemnity payments in a cross-action. Id. For this 10 reason the appellate court concluded that, “the contract-based causes of action of the cross11 complaint are inseparable from the construction subcontracts and recovery on those subcontracts 12 in the form of express indemnity cannot be sought by the unlicensed general contractors” under 13 § 7031(a). Id. (emphasis added). Altogether, the decisions in Holm, Currie, and Ranchwood lend 14 support to WPEC’s theory that if DFJV was unlicensed, it is barred from seeking disgorgement 15 by way of its cross-complaint. 16 Notwithstanding the foregoing, in Gaines v. Eastern Pacific, 136 Cal. App. 3d 679 17 (1982), the state appellate court construed § 7031(a) and reached the opposite conclusion from 18 that reached in Holm, Currie, and Ranchwood. The subcontractor in Gaines sued an unlicensed 19 contractor for breach of contract; in response, the unlicensed contractor counter sued for the 20 subcontractor’s defective work. Gaines, 136 Cal. App. 3d at 681–82. The appellate court 21 focused on the terms “compensation for the performance” under § 7031(a) and construed those 22 terms to exclude “the recovery on the cross-complaint” because the unlicensed contractor “was 23 not suing to recover compensation under the contract.” Id. at 683. On this basis, the court held 24 that the unlicensed contractor “was not barred from recovery” on its cross-complaint by § — 25 — — 38 — 26 The homeowners’ association also filed complaint against the general contractors for construction defect. Ranchwood, 49 Cal. App. 4th at 1403–05. The Fourth District recognized 27 that the general contractors had dual roles as contractors and developers, and those roles had different legal implications. Id. at 1404, 1409, 1413–14. These facts are not relevant here, 28 however, and need not be elaborated in detail. — 38 — Case 1:18-cv-00166-NONE-BAM Document 103 Filed 04/19/21 Page 39 of 61 1 7031(a).39 Id. Gaines stands as the only decision by a California appellate court supporting 2 DFJV’s position here. 3 In the end, the undersigned is not persuaded by Gaines and finds the weight of authority 4 as expressed in Holm, Currie, and Ranchwood to be more convincing. The court in Gaines 5 justified its conclusion by narrowly construing the terms “compensation for the performance” 6 under § 7031(a) to be exclusive of a cross-action. See Gaines, 136 Cal. App. 3d at 683 . This 7 reading does not appear to be consistent with California Code of Civil Procedure § 583.110(a), 8 which defines the term “action,” as that term appears in § 7031(a), to include a “cross-complaint 9 or other pleading that asserts a cause of action or claim for relief.” See also Cal. Code Civ. Proc. 10 § 422.10. 11 Moreover, “‘the [California] Legislature did not intend the term ‘compensation’ as used in 12 [§ 7031(a)] to be narrowly construed; rather, it ‘should be read in its usual and ordinary sense, 13 which imports payment or reward in any form.’” Ahdout, 213 Cal. App. 4th at 32 (alteration in 14 the original) (emphasis added). Another California Court of Appeal has also defined the term 15 “compensation” as used in § 7031(a) to “denote[] sums claimed as an agreed price, fee or 16 percentage earned by performance, and also sums claimed as the reasonable value of work done 17 under implied contract.’” UDC-Universal Dev., L.P. v. CH2M Hill, 181 Cal. App. 4th 10 , 26 18 (2010) (alteration in original) (citation omitted). The $322,278.71 in payments DFJV made to 19 WPEC is certainly a performance or payment contemplated by the subcontract, and that payment 20 constitutes the agreed price of the subcontract. Applying this ordinary reading of “compensation 21 for the performance,” the reading of those terms by the court in Gaines to exclude a cross22 complaint brought by DFJV to recover payment under a contract appears inconsistent with the 23 ///// 24 ///// 25 39 The court in Gaines also noted an independent reason in reaching its conclusion: that the 26 unlicensed contractor there substantially complied with the licensing requirements of § 7031(a). Gaines, 136 Cal. App. 3d at 682–83. But see Pac. Custom, 79 Cal. App. 4th at 1261–62 27 (disapproving the broad application of the substantial compliance doctrine adopted in Gaines and noting that legislative amendments to § 7031 in 1989 and 1994 had significantly narrowed the 28 application of that doctrine). This alternative reasoning is not relevant here. — 39 — Case 1:18-cv-00166-NONE-BAM Document 103 Filed 04/19/21 Page 40 of 61 1 statute’s text.40 See People v. Robinson, 47 Cal. 4th 1104, 1138 (2010) (holding that courts “must 2 look to the statute’s words and give them their usual and ordinary meaning.”); see also Kurtin, 3 215 Cal. App. 4th at 471–72 (“All else being equal, however, courts prefer a more natural reading 4 of text to a less natural one . . . .”). 5 For reasons stated above, the court construes § 7031(a) to require DFJV to prove that it 6 was a duly license contractor during the performance of the subcontract in order to recover on its 7 cross-complaint. Because DFJV has failed to present evidence on summary judgment 8 establishing that it was a duly licensed contractor, it is not entitled to summary judgment on its 9 cross-complaint.41 Accordingly, the court need not reach the merits of whether DFJV is entitled 10 to summary judgment on its cross-complaint for disgorgement. 11 D. WPEC’s First, Third, and Fourth Claims 12 Since the court has found that summary judgment on the entire complaint or cross13 complaint is inappropriate, DFJV alternatively asks the court for partial summary judgment in its 14 favor on WPEC’s first, third, and fourth claims for rescission by fraud, fraudulent concealment, 15 and violation of California Business & Professions Code § 17200, respectively. (Doc. No. 82-1 at 16 30.) For the reasons set forth below, the court will also deny this alternative request. 17 1. First and Third Claims Based on Fraudulent Concealment 18 WPEC labels its first claim as one for “rescission of contract based on fraud” and its third 19 claim as one for “fraud/concealment.” (Doc. No. 1 at 5, 7.) Although the two claims are pled — 20 — — 40 — The state appellate court’s reading of § 7031(a) in Gaines relied exclusively on American 21 Sheet Metal, Inc. v. EM-KAY Engineering Co., Inc., 478 F. Supp. 809 (E.D. Cal. 1979). See 22 Gaines, 136 Cal. App. 3d at 683 . But see Pac. Custom, 79 Cal. App. 4th at 1267 (declining to follow American Sheet Metal); Ranchwood, 49 Cal. App. 4th at 1411–12 (same). Notably, 23 neither the court in Gaines nor American Sheet Metal addressed the earlier, contrary decisions in Holm and Currie. See Gaines, 136 Cal. App. 3d at 683 ; Am. Sheet Metal, 478 F. Supp. at 813– 24 14. This is significant because in California, “[i]t is settled that if a decision departed from an established general rule without discussing the contrary authority, its weight as precedent is 25 diminished.” Riverisland Cold Storage, Inc. v. Fresno-Madera Prod. Credit Assn., 55 Cal. 4th 26 1169, 1180 (2013). — 41 — 27 DFJV may have proof that it was a duly licensed contractor during the performance of the subcontract and would be able establish that at trial. The court need not address that question 28 here, however. — 40 — Case 1:18-cv-00166-NONE-BAM Document 103 Filed 04/19/21 Page 41 of 61 1 separately, both are essentially the same claim for fraudulent concealment and will be analyzed 2 under the same theory. (See also Doc. Nos. 82-1 at 30–36 (DFJV arguing both claims under the 3 same theory of fraudulent concealment); 86 at 17–25 (WPEC arguing the same).) Fraudulent 4 concealment is one of four species of fraud in California. See Cal. Civ. Code § 1710 ; Finch 5 Aerospace Corp. v. City of San Diego, 8 Cal. App. 5th 1248 , 1252–1253 (2017) (the others are 6 negligent misrepresentation, intentional misrepresentation, and promissory fraud). By statute, 7 fraudulent concealment is “[t]he suppression of a fact, by one who is bound to disclose it, or who 8 gives information of other facts which are likely to mislead for want of communication of that 9 fact.” Cal. Civ. Code § 1710 (3). As the California Court of Appeal has explained, the gist of a 10 fraudulent concealment claim is the creation of 11 a false impression upon the mind of the other party; and, if this result is accomplished, it is unimportant whether the means of 12 accomplishing it are words or acts of the defendant, or his concealment or suppression of material facts not equal within the 13 knowledge or reach of the plaintiff. 14 Sime v. Malouf, 95 Cal. App. 2d 82, 100 (1949). 15 Critical to WPEC’s theory of claim in this regard, the California Supreme Court has held 16 that “by failing to impart its knowledge of difficulties to be encountered in a project, the 17 [contractor] will be liable for misrepresentation if the [subcontractor] is unable to perform 18 according to the contract provisions.” Warner Constr. Corp. v. City of Los Angeles, 2 Cal. 3d 19 285, 294 (1970) (alteration in original) (citations omitted). In this case, WPEC claims that DFJV 20 failed to impart knowledge of the difficulties WPEC would encounter in performing the 21 subcontract given the following contractual provisions: 22 [3.2] The Contractor shall not start construction (or recommence construction following any suspension) of any portion of the Project 23 until all the following events have been fully satisfied with respect to the Work proposed to be constructed: — 24 — *** — 25 — d. All necessary rights of access for such portion of the Project have 26 been obtained . . . .” 27 ///// 28 ///// — 41 — Case 1:18-cv-00166-NONE-BAM Document 103 Filed 04/19/21 Page 42 of 61 1 (Doc. Nos. 1 at ¶ 21; 82-1, Fegan Decl., Ex. A (Prime Contract) ¶ 3.2(d)) (emphasis added).42 2 Subcontractor must complete all work to achieve substantial completion . . . within 90 Calendar Days of Notice to Proceed 3 (Execution of Subcontract) . . . [or by] 02/28/2017. 4 (Doc. No. 93, Ex. J, Attach. C at 73) (emphasis added). 5 WPEC asserts that DFJV knew—at the time the subcontract was executed—that not all 6 necessary ROWs (rights of way) had been obtained, namely those at the Elkhorn Avenue 7 location, and, as a result, WPEC might encounter difficulties substantially completing the 8 subcontract work by February 28, 2017. (Doc. Nos. 1 ¶¶ 24–27; 85 ¶¶ 82, 87–88; 86 at 17–18.) 9 DFJV purportedly suppressed or concealed that information from WPEC so WPEC would be 10 fraudulently induced into signing the subcontract. (Doc. Nos. 1 ¶¶ 24–27; 85 ¶¶ 82, 87–88; 86 at 11 17–18.) Because of the concealment, WPEC mistakenly believed that all the necessary ROWs 12 had been acquired and that it would substantially complete the subcontract by February 28, 2019. 13 (Doc. No. 86 at 24) (citing Doc. Nos. 88 ¶ 4; 92 ¶ 185); (see also Doc. No. 89 ¶¶ 33–34). Due to 14 these mistaken beliefs, WPEC signed the subcontract.43 (Doc. Nos. 1 ¶ 28; 86 at 24) (citing Doc. 15 No. 88 ¶ 4); (see also Doc. No. 89 ¶¶ 33–34). 16 To establish its fraudulent concealment claim, WPEC must prove that 17 (1) the defendant concealed or suppressed a material fact; (2) the defendant was under a duty to disclose the fact to the plaintiff; (3) 18 the defendant intentionally concealed or suppressed the fact with the intent to defraud the plaintiff; (4) the plaintiff was unaware of the 19 fact and would not have acted as he did if he had known of the concealed or suppressed fact; and (5) as a result of the concealment 20 or suppression of the fact, the plaintiff sustained damage. — 21 — 22 42 The cited provision in the prime contract is incorporated by reference into the subcontract. — 23 — — 43 — WPEC argues that DFJV asserted two half-truths: “(a) that construction would not commence 24 on any portion of the Project until all necessary rights of way had been obtained (contained in the Prime Contract); and (b) that all of WPECC’s Subcontract work was to be substantially complete 25 within 90 calendar days from the date the Subcontract was executed (contained in the 26 Subcontract).” The focus of the court’s analysis above is on the alleged second half-truth. The court is not persuaded that the first “half-truth” is material, or even actionable. Practically 27 speaking, it is unclear how—even if WPEC started work on the project early because of DJFV’s concealment—the first “half-truth” caused WPEC to be “unable to perform according to the 28 contract provisions.” Warner Constr., 2 Cal. 3d at 294 . — 42 — Case 1:18-cv-00166-NONE-BAM Document 103 Filed 04/19/21 Page 43 of 61 1 Burch v. CertainTeed Corp., 34 Cal. App. 5th 341, 348 (2019).44 DFJV argues that there is no 2 genuine dispute of material fact as to the second, third, and fourth elements of duty, intent, and 3 reliance, so summary judgment should be granted in its favor as to WPEC’s fraudulent 4 concealment claim. (Doc. No. 82-1 at 30–36.) Because DFJV is a defendant, only one of the 5 three elements needs to be negated indisputably for DFJV to be entitled to summary judgment on 6 this claim brought by WPEC. The court has considered DFJV’s arguments with respect to all 7 three elements of WPEC’s fraudulent concealment claim and, for the reasons explained below, 8 finds that DFJV is not entitled to partial summary judgment as to that claim. 9 a. Duty 10 The court begins with duty. Where “material facts are known to one party and not to the 11 other, failure to disclose them is not actionable fraud unless there is some relationship between 12 the parties which gives rise to a duty to disclose such known facts.” Hoffman v. 162 N. Wolfe 13 LLC, 228 Cal. App. 4th 1178, 1187 (2014) (emphasis added); see also Thompson Pac. Constr., 14 Inc. v. City of Sunnyvale, 155 Cal. App. 4th 525, 552 (2007) (“[S]ilence alone is not actionable.”). 15 Thus, where “a sufficient relationship or transaction does not exist, no duty to disclose arises even 16 when the defendant speaks.” Bigler-Engler v. Breg, Inc., 7 Cal. App. 5th 276, 312 (2017) 17 (citation omitted). A sufficient relationship has been found “when the defendant is in a fiduciary 18 relationship with the plaintiff,” or when it is “a result of some sort of transaction between the 19 parties,” e.g., “between seller and buyer, employer and prospective employee, doctor and patient, 20 or parties entering into any kind of contractual agreement.” LiMandri v. Judkins, 52 Cal. App. 21 4th 326, 336–37 (1997) (emphasis added). There is no dispute here that the parties were in a 22 contractual or transactional relationship. (See Doc. No. 82-3 ¶¶ 21, 24, 28.) 23 ///// 24 ///// 25 44 Even though an affirmative misrepresentation is not an element of fraudulent concealment, 26 DFJV argues in reply that WPEC must establish an affirmative misrepresentation to succeed on its fraudulent concealment claim. (See Doc. No. 98 at 6–7.) This is the first time DFJV raises 27 this issue. (Compare Doc. No. 82-1 with Doc. No. 98 at 6–7.) “The district court need not consider arguments raised for the first time in a reply brief.” Zamani v. Carnes, 491 F.3d 990 , 28 997 (9th Cir. 2007) (citation omitted). Thus, DFJV’s argument fails on this basis alone. — 43 — Case 1:18-cv-00166-NONE-BAM Document 103 Filed 04/19/21 Page 44 of 61 1 When there is a contractual relationship between parties, a duty to disclose 2 may arise in at least three instances: (1) the defendant makes representations but does not disclose facts which materially qualify 3 the facts disclosed, or which render his disclosure likely to mislead; (2) the facts are known or accessible only to defendant, and 4 defendant knows they are not known to or reasonably discoverable by the plaintiff; (3) the defendant actively conceals discovery from 5 the plaintiff. 6 Bigler-Engler, 7 Cal. App. 5th at 311–312 (citations omitted). WPEC argues that there is a 7 genuine dispute of fact as to all three circumstances here thus precluding the granting of summary 8 judgment. (See Doc. No. 82-1 at 29–30.) To negate the element of duty, DFJV must show that 9 there is no genuine dispute of material fact as to all three circumstances. Since the court finds 10 that DFJV has failed satisfy its burden as to the first circumstance on summary judgment, the 11 court need not address the remaining circumstances. 12 A duty to disclose arises in the first circumstance when “the defendant makes 13 representations but fails to disclose additional facts which materially qualify the facts disclosed, 14 or which render the disclosure likely to mislead.”45 Roddenberry v. Roddenberry, 44 Cal. App. 15 4th 634, 666 (1996). “[T]he telling of a half-truth calculated to deceive is fraud.” Vega v. Jones, 16 Day, Reavis & Pogue, 121 Cal. App. 4th 282, 292 (2004). To avoid committing fraudulent 17 concealment, it is “necessary to clarify misleading ‘half-truths.’” Bigler-Engler, 7 Cal. App. 5th 18 at 312 . It is by making a half-truth representation that DFJV allegedly failed “to impart its 19 knowledge of difficulties” that WPEC would encounter in performing the subcontract work, so 20 DFJV may be liable for fraudulent concealment if WPEC was “unable to perform according to 21 the contract provisions.” Warner Constr., 2 Cal. 3d at 294 (citations omitted). 22 45 As the Supreme Court explains, — 23 — A classic example of an actionable half-truth in contract law is the 24 seller who reveals that there may be two new roads near a property he is selling, but fails to disclose that a third potential road might 25 bisect the property. The enumeration of two streets, described as unopened but projected, was a tacit representation that the land to be 26 conveyed was subject to no others, and certainly subject to no others materially affecting the value of the purchase. — 27 — Universal Health Servs., Inc. v. United States, 136 S. Ct. 1989, 2000 (2016) (quoting Junius 28 Constr. Co. v. Cohen, 257 N.Y. 393, 400 (1931) (Cardozo, J.)). — 44 — Case 1:18-cv-00166-NONE-BAM Document 103 Filed 04/19/21 Page 45 of 61 1 Here, DFJV supposedly made a half-truth representation to WPEC by requiring WPEC to 2 substantially complete its project by February 28, 2017, while concealing from WPEC facts in 3 DFJV’s possession suggesting it would be difficult or impossible to meet that deadline. 4 Specifically, it is asserted that DFJV failed to disclose to WPEC the fact that not all the ROWs at 5 the Elkhorn Avenue location had been acquired at the time the subcontract was executed.46 (Doc. 6 Nos. 1 at ¶¶ 21–22; 82-3 ¶¶ 28–29; 82-4, ¶ 110; 86 at 24.) Because of that alleged concealment, 7 WPEC mistakenly believed that it would be able to substantially complete the subcontract work 8 by February 28, 2017. (Doc. No. 86 at 24) (citing Doc. Nos. 88 ¶ 4; 92 ¶ 185); (see also Doc. No. 9 89 ¶¶ 33–34). DFJV concedes that CHSRA periodically communicated with DFJV about “the 10 status of parcel acquisition for ROW access,” that DFJV was in communication with the County 11 of Fresno about additional ROW access at the Elkhorn Avenue location, and that all of these 12 communications were made close to the time the subcontract was executed. (Doc. Nos. 82-1, 13 Fegan Decl. ¶¶ 21, 31–36; 82-4 ¶¶ 103–106.) These communications demonstrate that DFJV 14 knew but failed to apprise WPEC of the fact that not all the ROWs had been acquired before the 15 subcontract was executed. (Doc. Nos. 82-1, Fegan Decl. ¶ 21, 31–36; 82-4 ¶¶ 103–106; 92 16 ¶¶ 189–190.) 17 Concealment alone, however, is not sufficient to trigger a duty to disclose in the first 18 circumstance. The concealed information must be material or likely to mislead. Bigler-Engler, 7 19 Cal. App. 5th at 311–312 (A cause of action for non-disclosure of material facts may arise “the 20 defendant makes representations but does not disclose facts which materially qualify the facts 21 disclosed, or which render his disclosure likely to mislead.” (emphasis added) (citations 22 omitted)). Whether the concealed information was material or likely to mislead does not depend 23 on WPEC’s subjective state of mind; rather, it depends on whether “a reasonable man would — 24 — — 46 — Information contained in a contract, including incorporated documents such as a construction 25 plan, can serve as a basis for an actionable half-truth. See, e.g., Warner Constr., 2 Cal. 3d at 291 , 26 294–95 (holding that the “nondisclosure of the cave-ins and special drilling techniques used in drilling the test holes transformed” the logs contained in the plans and specifications of the 27 contract for construction into “misleading half-truths”); Welch v. State of California, 139 Cal. App. 3d 546, 550, 558 (1983) (holding that the failure to disclose qualifying information 28 “compounded the effect of misleading half-truths in the General Note” of the construction plan). — 45 — Case 1:18-cv-00166-NONE-BAM Document 103 Filed 04/19/21 Page 46 of 61 1 attach importance to its existence or nonexistence in determining his choice of action in the 2 transaction in question.” Engalla v. Permanente Med. Grp., Inc., 15 Cal. 4th 951, 977 (1997) 3 (emphasis added) (citation omitted). Resolution of this issue “is generally a question of fact 4 unless the ‘fact misrepresented is so obviously unimportant that the jury could not reasonably find 5 that a reasonable man would have been influenced by it.’” Id. (citation omitted). WPEC asserts 6 that DFJV’s nondisclosure was material or likely to mislead because a reasonable person would 7 attach importance to whether all ROWs had truly been acquired in deciding whether to execute 8 the subcontract. (Doc. Nos. 1 ¶¶ 21–22; 82-3 ¶¶ 28–29; 82-4 ¶ 110; 85 ¶¶ 95, 157; 92 ¶¶ 185, 9 90.) To negate the element of duty, DFJV must show indisputably that no reasonable juror could 10 attach any importance to whether all ROWs had been acquired in deciding whether to execute the 11 subcontract. DFJV’s analysis of this issue as set forth in the pending motion for summary 12 judgment overlooks and, therefore, fails to address this issue. (See Doc. No. 82-1 at 30–36; see 13 also Doc. No. 98.) For this reason, DFJV has failed to meet its burden of negating the element of 14 duty and therefore has failed to show it is entitled to summary judgment on the fraudulent 15 concealment claim. 16 b. Intent 17 Despite failing to negate the element of duty, DFJV may still succeed on summary 18 judgment if it shows that there is no genuine dispute of material fact as to the element of intent. 19 In this context the question as to intent is: “Did defendant conceal or suppress the truth about 20 negative [material information] with the intent to defraud the plaintiff?” Boschma v. Home Loan 21 Ctr., Inc., 198 Cal. App. 4th 230, 250 (2011) (alteration in original); see also Lovejoy v. AT&T 22 Corp., 92 Cal. App. 4th 85, 93 (2001) (Lovejoy I) (the only relevant intent is “the intent to induce 23 reliance”). It is “not unusual,” however, to establish intent by “circumstantial evidence,” but such 24 inference of intent must not be “based on speculation or conjecture.” RSB Vineyards, LLC v. 25 Orsi, 15 Cal. App. 5th 1089, 1097 (2017). Generally, “‘[f]raudulent intent is an issue for the trier 26 of fact to decide.’” Beckwith v. Dahl, 205 Cal. App. 4th 1039, 1061 (2012) (citation omitted). 27 DFJV argues that “[t]here is no evidence, circumstantial or otherwise, even remotely 28 suggesting DFJV intended to defraud” WPEC. (Doc. No. 98 at 9.) Patrick Fegan, DFJV’s utility — 46 — Case 1:18-cv-00166-NONE-BAM Document 103 Filed 04/19/21 Page 47 of 61 1 and segment manager and person designated as most knowledgeable for purposes of deposition, 2 testified that up to the execution of the subcontract, he believed CHSRA would deliver all the 3 ROW access to enable WPEC to substantially complete its work by February 28, 2017, and that 4 the need to acquire additional ROWs would have only a minor impact, if any, on the expected 5 completion date. (Doc. No. 82-1 at 34–35; 82-4 ¶¶ 109–10, 174) (citing Doc. No. 82-1, Fegan 6 Decl. ¶ 41). Put another way, DFJV believed that WPEC would be able to timely complete the 7 subcontract work and did not intend to defraud WPEC. 8 WPEC counters that any such belief on DFJV’s part was unreasonable. (Doc. Nos. 86 at 9 22–24; 92 ¶¶ 189, 193.) WPEC submits CHSRA’s periodical report of the ROW status, dated 10 October 5, 2016, that was given to DFJV before the subcontract was executed on November 14, 11 2016. (Doc. No. 86 at 22–23) (citing Doc. No. 93-2, Ex. G); (see also Doc. No. 93-3, Ex. R at 12 33:1–25 (DFJV’s witness, Doris Geitner, testifying that he and Patrick Fegan, DFJV’s PMK, had 13 weekly meetings with CHSRA’s staff to discuss reports on the acquisition of ROWs in October 14 2016)).47 The October 5, 2016 periodical report reflected that numerous ROW parcels were not 15 expected to be acquired until June or July 2017—far after the designated substantial completion 16 date of February 28, 2017. (Doc. No. 86 at 22–23) (citing Doc. No. 93-2, Exs. G–H). In a 17 CHSRA monthly update provided to DFJV, dated September 26, 2016, CHSRA warned DFJV 18 that there will be “significant delays” in the completion date of the CP2-3 project, foremost, 19 because of the slow acquisition of the ROWs. (Id.) (citing Doc. No. 93, Ex. F at 2–3, 5–6). The 20 circumstantial evidence presented by WPEC on summary judgment is more than sufficient to 21 raise a triable issue of material fact as to whether DFJV reasonably believed that WPEC could 22 substantially complete its work by February 28, 2017. A jury must weigh that evidence and 23 decide whether DFJV intended to fraudulently induce WPEC into signing the subcontract. 24 c. Reliance 25 The court now turns to the element of reliance. As the California Supreme Court has 26 stated, “[r]eliance exists when the misrepresentation or nondisclosure was an immediate cause of — 27 — — 47 — (See Doc. No. 82-1, Ex. C at 164, Fegan Decl. ¶ 1 (Fegan testifying that he “was a Utility 28 Manager and Segment Manager for DFJV.”).) — 47 — Case 1:18-cv-00166-NONE-BAM Document 103 Filed 04/19/21 Page 48 of 61 1 the plaintiff’s conduct which altered his or her legal relations, and when without such 2 misrepresentation or nondisclosure he or she would not, in all reasonable probability, have 3 entered into the contract or other transaction.” All. Mortg. Co. v. Rothwell, 10 Cal. 4th 1226 , 4 1239 (1995). Thus, reliance in fraudulent concealment case (as distinct from other species of 5 fraud) is established by showing that “had the omitted information been disclosed one would have 6 been aware of it and behaved differently.” Mirkin v. Wasserman, 5 Cal. 4th 1082, 1093 (1993). 7 It is not necessary to show reasonable reliance by “direct evidence”; evidence of the 8 “circumstances attending the transaction oftentimes affords much stronger and more satisfactory” 9 proof of reasonable reliance. Boeken v. Philip Morris, Inc., 127 Cal. App. 4th 1640, 1659 (2005) 10 (brackets omitted). It also is not necessary for one to show that nondisclosure was “the sole or 11 even the predominant or decisive factor in influencing his conduct”; it is enough that the 12 nondisclosure was “a substantial factor” influencing his decision.48 OCM Principal 13 Opportunities Fund, L.P. v. CIBC World Markets Corp., 157 Cal. App. 4th 835, 864 (2007). 14 Reliance must also be reasonable in “that (1) the matter was material in the sense that a 15 reasonable person would find it important in determining how he or she would act; and (2) it was 16 reasonable for the plaintiff to have relied on the misrepresentation.” Hoffman, 228 Cal. App. 4th 17 at 1194 (citations omitted). For instance, “a plaintiff’s negligence in failing to discover the falsity 18 of the statement or the suppressed information is not a defense to fraud,” but if a plaintiff’s 19 conduct “was manifestly unreasonable” in light of his particular knowledge and experience, “he 20 will be denied a recovery.” Id. “Generally, the question of whether reliance is justifiable is one 21 of fact. But the issue ‘may be decided as a matter of law if reasonable minds can come to only 22 48 WPEC concedes that even if CHSRA “had delivered all of the ROW necessary for the 23 performance of work at Elkhorn Avenue by January 16, 2017, the work still could not have been completed by February 13, 2017 because the Issued for Construction Drawings for Elkhorn 24 Avenue weren’t even issued until March 21, 2017.” (Doc. No. 85 ¶ 109.) Thus, WPEC’s position seems to be that there were at least two events that adversely impacted its ability to 25 substantially complete the subcontract in the time provided: (1) the delay in the issuance of the 26 drawings for the Elkhorn location; (2) and the delay in acquiring all the necessary ROWs for the Elkhorn location. Since WPEC’s fraudulent concealment claim is predicated on the concealment 27 of the second event, WPEC will be required to prove at trial that the second event was the “substantial factor”—notwithstanding other factors—influencing its decision as to whether to 28 sign the subcontract—if not, the required element of reliance will not be established. — 48 — Case 1:18-cv-00166-NONE-BAM Document 103 Filed 04/19/21 Page 49 of 61 1 one conclusion based on the facts.’” Id. 2 DJFV contends that WPEC could not have reasonably relied on the nondisclosure because 3 Ms. Villa admits she did not read the prime contract. (Doc. No. 82-1 at 34.) In advancing this 4 argument, however, DFJV overlooks the fact that Mr. Villa reviewed the prime contract and Ms. 5 Villa reviewed the subcontract. Id. (citing Doc. No. 82-4 ¶ 96); (Doc. Nos. 88, V. Villa Decl. ¶ 4; 6 92 ¶ 182). In any event, reliance is not predicated simply on whether WPEC had read the prime 7 contract. The key issue is this: if DFJV had disclosed what it purportedly knew about the delays 8 in ROW acquisition, would WPEC have “behaved differently”? Mirkin, 5 Cal. 4th at 1093 ; see 9 also id. (holding that “it is not logically impossible to prove reliance on an omission”). Here, 10 DFJV has failed to establish that WPEC would not have behaved differently had DFJV fully 11 disclosed to WPEC the status of the ROW acquisition for the Elkhorn Avenue location. 12 Relatedly, DFJV also argues that WPEC’s reliance on the supposed fraudulent 13 concealment (i.e., the nondisclosure of ROW delays) was unreasonable because WPEC failed to 14 carefully review the invitation for bids’ drawings49 of the Elkhorn Avenue location, which 15 indicated that the design had not yet been finalized. (Doc. Nos. 82-1 at 31–32) (citing Doc. No. 16 85 ¶¶ 91, 100). Specifically, DFJV points to the fine print in the drawings stating that the 17 drawings were “subject to change pending ongoing negotiations and service connection 18 relocations.” (Doc. Nos. 82-1 at 31–32; 82-1, Fegan Decl. ¶¶ 24, 26–27.) DFJV also cites the 19 composite plans for the five work locations to show that the drawings were only 60% complete at 20 the time DFJV published its invitation for bids. (Doc. No. 85 ¶ 97.) 21 WPEC counters that the “obscure note” in the Elkhorn Avenue drawings “cannot be 22 reasonably interpreted to communicate to WPEC” that all ROWs had not been acquired or would 23 not be timely acquired to enable WPEC to substantially complete its work by February 28, 2017. 24 (Doc. No. 86 at 18.) WPEC’s argument is well-taken. Construing the evidence in light most 25 favorable to WPEC, and given how complex and voluminous invitation-for-bids packet and 26 subcontract are (totaling hundreds of pages), the court cannot say, as a matter of law, that — 27 — — 49 — When WPEC submitted its bid to DFJV, it certified that it had “examined all bid documents, 28 subcontract agreements, and other related documents.” (Doc. No. 85 ¶ 51.) — 49 — Case 1:18-cv-00166-NONE-BAM Document 103 Filed 04/19/21 Page 50 of 61 1 WPEC’s failure to take note of these minute details in the Elkhorn Avenue drawings was 2 “manifestly unreasonable in the light of his own intelligence or information,” “preposterous,” or 3 “so patently and obviously false that he must have closed his eyes to avoid discovery of the 4 truth.” OCM, 157 Cal. App. 4th at 865 . Moreover, even if WPEC had read the fine print, a 5 reasonable juror could find that the tentativeness of the drawings and composite plans reflected 6 the tentativeness of the design—not the status of the ROWs, and that it was reasonable for WPEC 7 to rely on DFJV’s half-truth about the acquisition of the ROWs. 8 DFJV further argues that WPEC’s reliance was unreasonable for another reason—because 9 the status of the ROW acquisition was publicly available, and that WPEC could have easily 10 inquired of AT&T or the CHSRA about the status of the ROW acquisition. (Doc. No. 82-1 at 32– 11 33.) DFJV submits pages from the Fresno County’s public website, currently showing the status 12 of the ROWs in the county area.50 (Id.) (citing id., Ex. B (Smiley Decl.)). WPEC, however, 13 persuasively disputes the relevancy of CHSRA’s and AT&T’s knowledge of the ROW 14 acquisition. (Doc. No. 85 ¶ 108.) Even assuming DFJV’s position is accurate, “[t]he mere fact 15 that [the undisclosed] information exists somewhere in the public domain is by no means 16 conclusive” that reliance on fraudulent concealment was unreasonable. Vega, 121 Cal. App. 4th 17 at 295 ; see also Terstate Restoration, LLC v. Seaman, No. SACV 13-00706 DOC (RNBx), 2014 18 WL 12569347 , at *8 (C.D. Cal. July 9, 2014) (“California law appears unwilling, even in the case 19 of more sophisticated parties, to find public dissemination alone enough to defeat a claim of 20 fraudulent concealment.” (citation omitted)). Accordingly, DFJV has failed to meet its burden 21 on summary judgment with regard to this element of WPEC’s fraudulent concealment claim. 22 Because of DFJV’s failure to establish a lack of genuine dispute of material fact as to any 23 of the three elements (duty, intent, or reliance) of WPEC’s first and third claims based on 24 fraudulent concealment, summary judgment as to those claims must be denied. 25 ///// — 26 — 27 50 WPEC counters that DFJV’s evidence is insufficient to show that the information on the Fresno County’s public website was available to the public at the time WPEC signed the 28 subcontract. (Doc. No. 85 ¶ 108.) — 50 — Case 1:18-cv-00166-NONE-BAM Document 103 Filed 04/19/21 Page 51 of 61 1 2. Fourth Claim Based on the Unfair Competition Law 2 The California Unfair Competition Law (“UCL”) prohibits “any unlawful, unfair or 3 fraudulent business act or practice and unfair, deceptive, untrue or misleading advertising,” and 4 makes fraudulent concealment actionable under the statute. Daniel v. Ford Motor Co., 806 F.3d 5 1217, 1225 (9th Cir. 2015) (quoting Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code § 17200 ). DFJV does not argue why 6 summary judgment should be entered in its favor on WPEC’s fourth claim under the UCL; it 7 seems DFJV presumes that plaintiff’s UCL claim would be dismissed if it prevailed on summary 8 judgment as to plaintiff’s first and third claims. (See Doc. No. 82-1 at 30–36.) Because the court 9 has identified genuinely disputed issues of material fact as to WPEC’s first and third claims, the 10 court also finds that the granting of summary judgment in favor of DFJV as to WPEC’s UCL 11 claim is not warranted. 12 E. WPEC’s Remedies 13 Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56(g), “[i]f the court does not grant all the relief 14 requested by the motion, it may enter an order stating any material fact—including an item of 15 damages or other relief—that is not genuinely in dispute and treating the fact as established in the 16 case.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(g) (emphasis added). Accordingly, DFJV next argues that WPEC 17 cannot recover lost profits, home overhead, and penalties and interests as damages in this action 18 and seeks partial summary judgment in its favor as to those aspects of the claim for damages. 19 (Doc. Nos. 82-1 at 36–43; 98 10–11.) The court ultimately finds DFJV’s arguments in this regard 20 to be unpersuasive. WPEC is entitled to seek those items of damages either as tort damages 21 under its fraudulent concealment claim or as contract damages pursuant to its breach-of-contract 22 claim. To provide the necessary context, the court will briefly outline the basic principles of 23 contract and tort damages at issue below. 24 Because fraudulent concealment is a tort claim, WPEC is entitled to compensation “for all 25 the detriment proximately caused thereby, whether it could have been anticipated or not.” Cal. 26 Civ. Code § 3333 (emphasis added). “Detriment is a loss or harm suffered in person or property.” — 27 — Cal. Civ. Code § 3282 . “There is no fixed rule for the measure of tort damages under Civil Code 28 section 3333. The measure that most appropriately compensates the injured party for the loss — 51 — Case 1:18-cv-00166-NONE-BAM Document 103 Filed 04/19/21 Page 52 of 61 1 sustained should be adopted.” Santa Barbara Pistachio Ranch v. Chowchilla Water Dist., 88 Cal. 2 App. 4th 439, 446–47 (2001) (citation omitted). This broad measure of tort damages is consistent 3 with the object of tort law “to compensate the victim for injury suffered” and “to vindicate social 4 policy.” Applied Equip., 7 Cal. 4th at 514, 516. 5 By contrast, “[c]ontract damages, unlike damages in tort (California Civil Code § 3333), 6 do not permit recovery for unanticipated injury.” Lewis Jorge Constr. Mgmt., Inc. v. Pomona 7 Unified Sch. Dist., 34 Cal. 4th 960, 969 (2004) (emphasis added). Contract damages are limited 8 to “the amount which will compensate the party aggrieved for all the detriment proximately 9 caused [by the breach of an obligation arising from contract], or which, in the ordinary course of 10 things, would be likely to result therefrom.” Cal. Civ. Code § 3300 (alteration in original). This 11 amount cannot be greater than the amount “he could have gained by the full performance [of 12 contract] thereof on both sides.” Cal. Civ. Code § 3358 (alteration in original). Thus, the 13 maximum contract damages WPEC may recover from DFJV’s alleged breach of contract is 14 capped by the benefit of the “contractual bargain.” Lewis Jorge, 34 Cal. 4th at 968 . 15 Certainly, WPEC is not entitled to double recovery (i.e., tort damages plus contract 16 damages) for the same injury by pleading both tort and breach-of-contract contract claims. See 17 DuBarry Internat., Inc. v. Sw. Forest Indus., Inc., 231 Cal. App. 3d 552, 564 (1991) (“[I]t would 18 seem plain that recovery could not be twice had simply because the facts would support recovery 19 upon either [tort or contract] theory.”). If WPEC prevails on both its fraudulent concealment and 20 breach-of-contract claims at trial in this case, it may elect to receive either tort or contract 21 damages, but not both for the same injury. See Denevi v. LGCC, LLC, 121 Cal. App. 4th 1211 , 22 1218 (2004) (“Broadly speaking, an election of remedies is the choice by a plaintiff to an action 23 of one of two or more coexisting remedial rights, where several such rights arise out of the same 24 facts, but the term has been generally limited to a choice by a party between inconsistent remedial 25 rights, the assertion of one being necessarily repugnant to or a repudiation of the other.”); see, 26 e.g., Waffer Internat. Corp. v. Khorsandi, 69 Cal. App. 4th 1261 , 1280–81 (1999) (reversing the 27 trial court’s grant of summary judgment “on election of remedies grounds” because the tort and 28 breach-of-contract claims must be decided on their merits first). — 52 — Case 1:18-cv-00166-NONE-BAM Document 103 Filed 04/19/21 Page 53 of 61 1 1. Whether the Economic Loss Rule Bars WPEC’s Recovery of Lost Profits 2 DFJV argues that California’s “economic loss rule” bars WPEC from recovering lost 3 profits, a type of economic loss, on WPEC’s fraudulent concealment claim. (Doc. No. 82-1 at 4 40.) According to DFJV, the California economic loss rule requires WPEC to recover lost profits 5 “on a contract theory and cannot avail itself of tort claims.” (Id.) However, the court finds this to 6 be an overgeneralized characterization of the California’s economic loss rule that is not applicable 7 here. 8 California’s “economic loss rule requires a [plaintiff] to recover in contract for purely 9 economic loss due to disappointed expectations, unless he can demonstrate harm above and 10 beyond a broken contractual promise.” Robinson Helicopter Co. v. Dana Corp., 34 Cal. 4th 979 , 11 988 (2004) (emphasis added) (citation omitted). Economic loss is the “damages for inadequate 12 value, costs of repair and replacement of the defective product or consequent loss of profits— 13 without any claim of personal injury or damages to other property . . . .” Id. at 988 (emphasis 14 added) (quoting Jimenez v. Superior Court, 29 Cal. 4th 473, 482 (2002)). “Physical damage to 15 property and personal injury, however, are not considered to be economic loss.”51 Stearman v. 16 Centex Homes, 78 Cal. App. 4th 611, 617 (2000) (citation omitted). As relevant here, “[t]he 17 economic loss rule has been applied to bar a plaintiff’s tort recovery of economic damages unless 18 such damages are accompanied by some form of physical harm (i.e., personal injury or property 19 damage).” N. Am. Chem. Co. v. Superior Court, 59 Cal. App. 4th 764, 777 (1997) (emphasis 20 added). The rule is designed to “prevent the law of contract and the law of tort from dissolving 21 one into the other.” Robinson Helicopter, 34 Cal. 4th at 989 . 22 DFJV reads the decision in Robinson Helicopter as barring WPEC from seeking to 23 recover lost profits (i.e., economic loss) as a tort damages, and requiring WPEC to instead recover 24 lost profits as contract damages. (Doc. No. 82-1 at 40–41.) This reading of Robinson Helicopter 25 51 In the seminal case, Seely v. White Motor Co., 63 Cal. 2d 9 (1965), the California Supreme 26 Court constructed a “distinction between ‘tort recovery for physical injuries and warranty recovery for economic loss.’” Stearman v. Centex Homes, 78 Cal. App. 4th 611, 617 (2000) 27 (citing Seely, 63 Cal. 2d 9 at 18 ). It is from this legal distinction that the economic loss rule first emerged. See id. at 616 (noting that Seely is “widely recognized as the progenitor of the 28 economic loss rule”). — 53 — Case 1:18-cv-00166-NONE-BAM Document 103 Filed 04/19/21 Page 54 of 61 1 is misguided. In Robinson Helicopter, the California Supreme Court recognized from its long 2 line of precedents establishing that economic loss may be received as tort damages, even in 3 breach-of-contract cases, in several instances 4 where a breach of duty directly causes physical injury; for breach of the covenant of good faith and fair dealing in insurance contracts; for 5 wrongful discharge in violation of fundamental public policy; or where the contract was fraudulently induced. “[I]n each of these 6 cases, the duty that gives rise to tort liability is either completely independent of the contract or arises from conduct which is both 7 intentional and intended to harm.” 8 Robinson Helicopter, 34 Cal. 4th at 989–90 (emphasis added) (citations omitted). Applying its 9 precedents, the California Supreme Court reasoned that it had “held that a party’s contractual 10 obligation may create a legal duty and that a breach of that duty may support a tort action.” Id. at 11 993 (emphasis added). On this basis, the state high court held that “the economic loss rule does 12 not bar Robinson’s fraud and intentional misrepresentation claims because they were independent 13 of Dana’s breach of contract.” Id. at 991. The long-standing precedents re-affirmed in Robinson 14 Helicopter apply here. Of the multiple exceptions recognized in Robinson Helicopter, fraudulent 15 inducement of contract is the relevant exception here because WPEC claims that it was 16 “fraudulently induced” into signing the subcontract as a result of DFJV’s concealment. Given 17 WPEC’s theory of liability, WPEC may obtain lost profits in the form of tort damages, and such 18 damages are not barred by the economic loss rule under the holding in Robinson Helicopter. See 19 id. at 989–90. It follows that partial summary judgment in favor of DFJV on WPEC’s claim for 20 lost profits damages based on the economic loss rule is not warranted. 21 2. Whether WPEC’s Lost Profits May be Recoverable Based on the Evidence 22 As a matter of general principle, “damages for the loss of prospective profits are 23 recoverable where the evidence makes reasonably certain their occurrence and extent.” Grupe v. 24 Glick, 26 Cal. 2d 680, 693 (1945); see also Estate of Kampen, 201 Cal. App. 4th 971 , 991–92 25 (2011) (“‘It is fundamental that ‘damages which are speculative, remote, imaginary, contingent, 26 or merely possible cannot serve as a legal basis for recovery.’” (brackets and citation omitted)). 27 WPEC seeks to recover $636,000 in net lost profits. (Doc. No. 85 ¶ 176; see also Doc. No. 1 28 ¶ 28.) DFJV contends that such damages are, as a matter of law, categorically too speculative and — 54 — Case 1:18-cv-00166-NONE-BAM Document 103 Filed 04/19/21 Page 55 of 61 1 uncertain to be recoverable in this case. (Doc. Nos. 82-1 at 36, 38–41; 98 at 10–11.) The court is 2 unpersuaded by this argument. Lost profit damages are not categorically prohibited here. See S. 3 C. Anderson, Inc. v. Bank of Am., 24 Cal. App. 4th 529, 533 (1994) (acknowledging that the 4 California Supreme Court has recognized lost profits as ground for recovery in construction 5 cases. (citing Warner Constr., 2 Cal. 3d 285, 303 )). 6 In California, a plaintiff’s recovery “may include loss of anticipated profits” if its 7 “established business has been injured.” Fibreboard Paper Prod. Corp. v. E. Bay Union of 8 Machinists, Local 1304, United Steelworkers of Am., AFL-CIO, 227 Cal. App. 2d 675 , 702 9 (1964). Such “damages are based on net profits, as opposed to gross revenue.” Meister v. 10 Mensinger, 230 Cal. App. 4th 381, 397 (2014) (citation omitted). “‘Net profits are the gains 11 made from sales ‘after deducting the value of the labor, materials, rents, and all expenses, 12 together with the interest of the capital employed.’” Parlour Enterprises, 152 Cal. App. 4th at 13 287 (citations omitted). The net lost profits of “an established business may be recovered if their 14 extent and occurrence can be ascertained with reasonable certainty; once their existence has been 15 so established, recovery will not be denied because the amount cannot be shown with 16 mathematical precision.” Orozco v. WPV San Jose, LLC, 36 Cal. App. 5th 375, 398 (2019) 17 (emphasis added) (quoting Sargon Enterprises, Inc. v. Univ. of S. California, 55 Cal. 4th 747 , 774 18 (2012)). Expert testimony supported by tangible evidence; historical data of past business 19 volumes; data of the profits lost by comparable businesses operating under similar conditions 20 may, independently or in combination, may be relied upon to reasonably ascertain the amount of 21 net lost profits. See id. (citations omitted); Parlour Enterprises, 152 Cal. App. 4th at 288 22 (citation omitted). Thus, lost profits are recoverable as a matter of law if there is sufficient 23 evidence presented supporting the award of such damages. 24 Nonetheless, DFJV contends that WPEC indisputably cannot establish its lost profit 25 damages at trial with any reasonable certainty. (Doc. Nos. 82-1 at 38–41; 98 at 10–11.) The 26 argument is uncompelling. Summary judgment on lost profits based on the insufficiency of 27 evidence is appropriate only if the “uncontradicted evidence demonstrates that the award is 28 insufficient as a matter of law.” IIG Wireless, Inc. v. Yi, 22 Cal. App. 5th 630, 649 (2018). If — 55 — Case 1:18-cv-00166-NONE-BAM Document 103 Filed 04/19/21 Page 56 of 61 1 there is a dispute over the amount of net lost profits, that “is a question of fact” for the jury to 2 decide. Orozco, 36 Cal. App. 5th at 400 . Here, there are conflicting expert opinions before the 3 court on summary judgment as to the reasonable certainty and amount of WPEC’s purported net 4 lost profits. 5 WPEC has submitted the report compiled by Terry Lloyd, a certified public accountant 6 and financial analyst, to prove WPEC’s loss of net profits. (Doc. No. 93, Ex. T at 101, 103–05, 7 116–22, 124.) Therein, Lloyd uses two different methods of calculation to arrive at two 8 estimations of net profit damages between February 2017 and May 2018: “$625,929 for the 9 extended field overhead costs” and, alternatively, “$599,193 for extended home office costs.”52 10 (Id.) Lloyd’s estimates are based on his expertise and historical data of WPEC’s past earnings, 11 expenses, loans, and equipment contracts from 2015 to 2018. (Id.) California courts have 12 accepted Lloyd’s methodology and use of historical data as reliable in ascertaining the reasonable 13 amount of net lost profits. See Kids’ Universe v. In2Labs, 95 Cal. App. 4th 870, 883 (2002) 14 (“[E]xpert testimony alone is a sufficient basis for an award of lost profits in the new business 15 context when the expert opinion is supported by tangible evidence with a ‘substantial and 16 sufficient factual basis’ rather than by mere ‘speculation and hypothetical situations.’” (citation 17 omitted)); Shade Foods, Inc. v. Innovative Prod. Sales & Mktg., Inc., 78 Cal. App. 4th 847 , 890 18 (2000) (“The extent of such [net lost profit] damages may be measured by ‘the past volume of 19 business and other provable data relevant to the probable future sales.’” (alteration in original)); 20 Guntert v. City of Stockton, 55 Cal. App. 3d 131, 143 (1976) (“Historical data supply an 21 acceptable basis for ascertaining lost or diminished benefits suffered by an established 22 business.”); cf. Schroeder v. Auto Driveaway Co., 11 Cal. 3d 908, 921 (1974) (“The opinion of an — 23 — 24 52 Lloyd uses the May 2018 date in the calculation because he believes that is the date DFJV terminated the subcontract. (See Doc. No. 93-3, Ex. T at 103.) DFJV disagrees and asserts that 25 the date of termination was March 13, 2018. (Doc. No. 82-4 ¶ 45.) Having reviewed the 26 evidence cited by WPEC to support the assertion that May 2018 was termination date, the court finds that the evidence is not corroborative. (See Doc. No. 85 ¶ 45) (citing Doc. No. 82-4, Exs. 27 45, 71). This factual error, however, is not fatal to WPEC’s opposition to summary judgment as a trier of fact can weigh the evidence and decide on a lower amount of lost net profits using a 28 different date. — 56 — Case 1:18-cv-00166-NONE-BAM Document 103 Filed 04/19/21 Page 57 of 61 1 owner of personal property is in itself competent evidence of the value of that property, and 2 sufficient to support a judgment based on that value.”). Thus, construing this evidence in light 3 most favorable to WPEC, the court cannot say that the evidence WPEC has presented on 4 summary judgment with respect to its lost profit damages is insufficient as a matter of law. 5 In an attempt to overcome WPEC’s evidence in the form of the Lloyd report, DFJV 6 submits the declaration of Michelle Mangan, a certified expert in public accounting and financial 7 forensics. (Doc. No. 82-1 at 40) (citing Ex. D at 502–11).53 Mangan opines, among other things, 8 that Lloyd’s calculation is inconsistent in several respects, and that it fails to account for WPEC’s 9 limited bonding capacity and the negative impact of $400,000 in equipment acquisitions. (Id., 10 Ex. D at 501–02, Mangan Decl. ¶¶ 10, 11, 15, 17, 19); but see Schroeder v. Auto Driveaway Co., — 11 — 11 Cal. 3d 908, 920 (1974) (“The absence of a complete and fully accurate list of damages does 12 not bar plaintiffs’ recovery” of net lost profits.). Mangan also contests Lloyd’s account of 13 WPEC’s past profitability and opines that WPEC’s lost profits cannot be reasonably ascertained. 14 (Doc. No. 82-1, Ex. D at 501–02, Mangan Decl. ¶ 19.) Even so, Mangan’s declaration only 15 disputes the calculations made and conclusions reached in the Lloyd report and, in doing so, 16 merely establishes a genuine dispute of material fact. See also Anderson, 477 U.S. at 255 (“The 17 evidence of the non-movant is to be believed, and all justifiable inferences are to be drawn in his 18 favor.”). Whether Lloyd report is to be believed in light of Mangan’s declaration, or whether a 19 reasonably certain amount in lost profits can be inferred therefrom, is a “question of fact”—and 20 “it is for the jury to fix the amount of damages.” IIG Wireless, 22 Cal. App. 5th at 648 ; see also 21 Smith v. Coleman, 46 Cal. App. 2d 507, 514 (1941) (“The determination of the amount of general 22 damages which will compensate an injured party for injuries suffered involves the exercise of a 23 broad discretion by the trier of facts.”). Clearly it is not appropriate for the court to weigh the 24 conflicting expert opinions and decide the facts with respect to lost profit damages on summary 25 judgment. 26 ///// — 27 — — 53 — DFJV mistakenly cites the Mangan declaration as Exhibit “C,” but it is actually Exhibit “D.” 28 (See Doc. No. 82-1 at 40, Ex. D at 501–02, Mangan Decl.) — 57 — Case 1:18-cv-00166-NONE-BAM Document 103 Filed 04/19/21 Page 58 of 61 1 DFJV also argues that under two California court decisions WPEC cannot recover lost 2 profit damages as a matter of law. (Doc. Nos. 82-1 at 38–42; 98 at 10–11.) This argument fails, 3 however. DFJV first argues that in S. C. Anderson, 24 Cal. App. 4th 529 , the Court of Appeal 4 purportedly “curtailed the outer limit of proximate cause to stop short of reaching lost profits in 5 construction contracts.” (Doc. No. 82-1 at 40–42.) In S. C. Anderson, the plaintiff, a general 6 contractor, appealed the trial court’s decision granting a motion for nonsuit brought by the 7 defendant, a bank. S. C. Anderson, 24 Cal. App. 4th at 533, 535 . In reaching its decision, the 8 trial court determined that, as a matter of law, “the evidence presented by the plaintiff [was] 9 insufficient to permit a jury to find in his or her favor.” Id. at 534 (alteration in original). The 10 California Court of Appeal affirmed the ruling and found that the plaintiff’s “testimony that [it] 11 was an excellent company, as well as argument regarding its profitability,” was insufficient to 12 establish lost profit damages. Id. at 536–37. Here, WPEC has certainly come forward on 13 summary judgment with specific evidence much more compelling than mere “testimony that it is 14 an excellent company” and arguments regarding its profitability. As determined above, Lloyd’s 15 estimate of WPEC’s lost profits based on his expertise and historical data have been found to be 16 reliable and acceptable as a matter of law by California courts. For these reasons, the court finds 17 the decision in S. C. Anderson to be distinguishable from the present case. 18 The court also finds DFJV’s reliance on the decision in Lewis Jorge, 34 Cal. 4th 960 , to 19 be misplaced. (Doc. No. 82-1 at 38–40.) In Lewis Jorge, the plaintiff, a contractor, sued the 20 defendant, a school district, for breach of contract on a school construction project and sought to 21 recover $3 million in lost profits. Lewis Jorge, 34 Cal. 4th at 965 . The issue on appeal was 22 whether the lost profit damages were anticipated or a “probable result of the defendant’s breach” 23 under California Civil Code § 3300. Id. at 968, 970–71. The California Supreme Court 24 concluded that while the “termination of the school construction contract was the first event in a 25 series of misfortunes that culminated in [the plaintiff’s] closing down its construction business,” 26 “[s]uch disastrous consequences, however, are not the natural and necessary result of the breach 27 of every construction contract involving bonding.” Id. at 977. The reasoning in Lewis Jorge does 28 not extend to the situation presented here because WPEC is entitled to seek lost profits as tort — 58 — Case 1:18-cv-00166-NONE-BAM Document 103 Filed 04/19/21 Page 59 of 61 1 damages under California Civil Code § 3333 and, thus, would be not limited by the doctrine of 2 foreseeability54 under contract law as the plaintiff in Lewis Jorge was. See id. at 968–69 3 (stressing that “[c]ontract damages, unlike damages in tort, do not permit recovery for 4 unanticipated injury” under California Civil Code § 3300); Miles v. Deutsche Bank Nat’l Tr. Co., — 5 — 236 Cal. App. 4th 394, 409 (2015) (“It would be strange, however, to apply a contract measure of 6 damages to a tort.”). 7 For all of the foregoing reasons, the court concludes that DFJV has failed to meet its 8 burden on summary judgment. Thus, there remains a genuine disputed issue of material fact as to 9 if and how much WPEC is entitled to lost profit damages. 10 3. WPEC’s Tax Penalties and Interests 11 In addition to lost profits, WPEC also seeks $35,506.51 in consequential damages for 12 penalties, fees, and interest paid to the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) as a result of DFJV’s 13 alleged fraudulent concealment. (Doc. Nos. 1 at 14; 85 ¶ 180.) In its motion for summary 14 judgment, DFJV argues that this type of damages is always unforeseeable and impossible to 15 approximate as a matter law. (Doc. No. 82-1 at 42–43); but see Eckert Cold Storage, Inc. v. Behl, — 16 — 943 F. Supp. 1230, 1234 (E.D. Cal. 1996) (holding that under § 3333, the plaintiffs were entitled 17 to tort damages “due to the tax liability, if they can prove that this liability was caused by 18 [defendant’s] negligent or fraudulent advice and would not otherwise have been incurred.”). To 19 support its position, DFJV relies on three decisions—DCD Programs, Ltd. v. Leighton, 90 F.3d 20 1442 (9th Cir. 1996), Freschi v. Grand Coal Venture, 767 F.2d 1041 (2d Cir. 1985); Depalma v. 21 Westland Software House, 225 Cal. App. 3d 1534 (1990)—all of which the court finds to be 22 disguisable from this case for the reasons explained below. 23 In Freschi, a securities fraud case, the issue was whether “compensation for hoped-for tax 24 savings” was an “impermissible award of damages arising from an expectation interest” under the 25 Securities and Exchange Commission’s Rule 10b-5, 17 C.F.R. § 240 .10b–5. Freschi, 767 F.2d at 26 27 54 See Lewis Jorge, 34 Cal. 4th at 977 (“[T]he breaching party ‘is not required to compensate the injured party for injuries that it had no reason to foresee as the probable result of its breach when 28 it made the contract.’” (citations omitted)). — 59 — Case 1:18-cv-00166-NONE-BAM Document 103 Filed 04/19/21 Page 60 of 61 1 1043, 1051. The Second Circuit affirmed the district court’s ruling that such compensation was 2 not permitted under the SEC’s rule. Id. at 1051 . The case before this court is not one involving 3 alleged securities fraud; WPEC is not seeking damages under an SEC’s rule; and DFJV cites no 4 authority suggesting that the court must draw a parallel between Freschi and this case where none 5 is apparent. The second case relied upon by DFJV, DCD Programs, is another securities fraud 6 case, where the Ninth Circuit held that back taxes and interest paid to the IRS were not 7 recoverable under federal law. DCD Programs, 90 F.3d at 1451–52. That decision does not 8 guide the court here because, just as is the case with Freschi, federal law simply does not govern 9 WPEC’s consequential damages claim here. 10 The third case relied upon by DFJV, Depalma, is equally inapposite. At issue in that case 11 was the trial court’s decision to not admit evidence at trial to show whether IRS tax benefits were 12 proximately caused by, or likely to result from, a breach of contract claim brought under 13 California Civil Code § 3300.55 Depalma, 225 Cal. App. 3d at 1539–45. On appeal, the state 14 appellate court affirmed the trial court’s decision because the evidence was too “complicated, 15 time consuming and confusing” for the jury to rely upon at trial compared to its probative value 16 under California Evidence Code § 352. Id. at 1544–45. An evidentiary ruling in a different case 17 on a different record is clearly not pertinent to this case. Moreover, while the plaintiff’s contract 18 damages in Depalma were limited by the parties’ expectations at the time of contract under 19 § 3300, in this case WPEC is not bound by the same limitation. As discussed above, WPEC is 20 entitled to seek tort damages under California Civil Code § 3333 for the tax penalties and 21 interests without the limitation of foreseeability under contract law. See Miles, 236 Cal. App. 4th 22 at 409 (“It would be strange, however, to apply a contract measure of damages to a tort.”). 23 Accordingly, the decision in Depalma is not pertinent to the court’s resolution of the pending 24 motion for summary judgment. 25 ///// 26 55 “Contract damages are generally limited to those within the contemplation of the parties when 27 the contract was entered into or at least reasonably foreseeable by them at that time; consequential damages beyond the expectation of the parties are not recoverable.” Erlich, 21 Cal. 4th at 550 28 (citations omitted). — 60 — Case 1:18-cv-00166-NONE-BAM Document 103 Filed 04/19/21 Page 61 of 61 1 4. WPEC’s Delay Damages 2 Finally, DFJV contends that WPEC’s claim for delay damages is prohibited by the 3 subcontract. (Doc. No. 82-1 at 37, 42.) Under the terms of the subcontract (including 4 incorporated documents), WPEC waived “recovery of, any damages suffered by reason of delays, 5 hindrances, or interferences of any nature, and an extension of time for completion of the Work,” 6 as well as “home office overhead.” (Id.) (citing Doc. No. 85 ¶¶ 166, 179). Nonetheless, the court 7 concludes that summary judgment on WPEC’s claim for delay damages is inappropriate because 8 DFJV has failed to prevail on WPEC’s fraudulent concealment claim on summary judgment. If it 9 were to prevail on its fraudulent concealment claim at trial, WPEC “can either rescind the 10 contract and restore the consideration, or can affirm the contract and recover damages for fraud.” 11 Vill. Northridge Homeowners Assn. v. State Farm Fire & Cas. Co., 50 Cal. 4th 913, 923 (2010) 12 (emphasis added). “Rescission extinguishes the contract, terminates further liability, and restores 13 the parties to their former positions by requiring them to return whatever consideration they have 14 received.” Sharabianlou v. Karp, 181 Cal. App. 4th 1133, 1145 (2010). Because recission would 15 release WPEC from the delay-damages provision in the subcontract, and WPEC has yet to try the 16 case and elect its choice of remedy should the trial proves successful for WPEC, the resolution of 17 WPEC’s claim for delay damages on summary judgment is inappropriate at this time. 18 CONCLUSION 19 In light of the foregoing, the court declines to enter summary judgment on WPEC’s 20 complaint or DFJV’s cross-complaint. A partial judgment on WPEC’s first, third, or fourth 21 claim, or any items of damages, is also inappropriate. Accordingly, DFJV’s motion for summary 22 judgment or partial summary judgment (Doc. No. 82) is DENIED in its entirety. 23 IT IS SO ORDERED. — 24 — Dated: April 18, 2021 25 UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE — 26 — — 27 — — 28 — — 61 —