Partanen v. Western United States Pipe Band Association

[5] 6 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 7 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA [8] 9 JOHN ERIC PARTANEN, Case No. 1:21-cv-00588-BAM 10 Plaintiff, ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANTS’ MOTION TO DISMISS PLAINTIFF’S 11 v. FIRST AMENDED COMPLAINT 12 WESTERN UNITED STATES PIPE BAND (Doc. 37) ASSOCIATION, et al., 13 ORDER DENYING PLAINTIFF’S MOTIONS Defendants. TO AMEND AS MOOT [14] (Docs. 61, 63) [15] 16 I. Introduction 17 Plaintiff John Eric Partanen (“Plaintiff”), proceeding pro se, initiated this civil action on 18 April 8, 2021. This action proceeds on Plaintiff’s First Amended Complaint against 19 Defendants Western United States Pipe Band Association (“WUSPBA”) and Jeff Mann 20 (collectively “Defendants”) arising from termination of his WUSPBA membership. (Doc. 13.) 21 On July 26, 2021, Defendants filed a motion to dismiss pursuant to Federal Rules of Civil 22 Procedure 8(a) and 12(b)(6) on the grounds that “each of them either fails to state a claim upon 23 which relief can be granted, is barred by the statute of limitations, or fails to provide anything 24 more than conclusory allegations that would support a finding on essential elements of the 25 claims.” (Doc. 37 at 4.) Plaintiff opposed the motion on July 26, 2021.1 (Doc. 42.) [26] 1 In addition to opposing the motion to dismiss, Plaintiff filed multiple, subsequent motions to amend his 27 complaint to eliminate bullying as a cause of action and to add breach of the duty to act in good faith and fair dealing as a cause of action. (Docs. 61, 63.) Because Plaintiff will be granted leave to amend his complaint, 1 Defendants replied on August 9, 2021. (Doc. 45.) Although not permitted leave of court, 2 Plaintiff filed a rebuttal on August 12, 2021. (Doc. 47.) 3 The Court directed that the pending motions, including the instant motion to dismiss, 4 would be heard and decided on the papers. (Doc. 48.) Based on the parties’ consent, the action 5 was subsequently reassigned to a United States Magistrate Judge for all purposes pursuant to 28 6 U.S.C. § 636 (c)(1). (Doc. 57.) 7 Having considered the parties’ briefs, arguments, and record in this action, Defendants’ 8 motion to dismiss will be granted as discussed in further detail. 9 II. Allegations in First Amended Complaint 10 Plaintiff is a professional Scottish bagpiper and former member of the WUSPBA, a 11 Nevada entity that regulates Scottish bagpiping, drumming, Scottish drum majoring, and bagpipe 12 band contests in eight western states, including California. (Doc. 13 at ¶¶ 8, 10, 12) 13 In February 2018, WUSPBA terminated Plaintiff’s membership. (Id. at ¶ 12.) Plaintiff 14 appealed the termination to the WUSPBA Board. As a result of the dispute, and to reinstate 15 Plaintiff’s membership, the parties entered into the Western United States Pipe Band Association 16 Music Board Informal Resolution Among the Parties John Partanen and the WUSPBA Executive 17 Committee (“Informal Resolution”). (Doc. 13 at ¶¶ 13-14; Ex. 2 at pp. 61-62.) 18 In 2019, there was an alleged incident at the United Scottish Society of Southern 19 California Highland Games. Plaintiff was approached by a WUSPBA member, who reportedly 20 accused Plaintiff of cheating and threatened the band with disqualification. After the contests, 21 Plaintiff approached the WUSPBA member, telling her that she had violated contest rules. The 22 WUSBA member claimed Plaintiff was abusive, and Defendant Mann, WUSPBA’s president, 23 called Plaintiff about the incident. The matter was later dropped. (Doc. 13 at ¶ 15.) 24 In 2020, Plaintiff sent emails to Defendant Mann asking for help recovering entry fees for 25 the 2020 Las Vegas Highland Games, which were about to be cancelled due to COVID-19. 26 Defendant Mann and WUSPBA reportedly viewed these emails as a breach of the Informal 27 Resolution. Plaintiff alleges that Defendant Mann responded with threats and accusations of 1 coerce Plaintiff into silence. (Doc. 13 at ¶ 16.) 2 Plaintiff subsequently decided to run for vice-president of WUSPBA. Plaintiff claims 3 that Defendants viewed this as a hostile act. Plaintiff ran his campaign by posting blogs on a 4 Facebook page prepared by WUSPBA member Gary Speed and entitled “wuspba elections.” 5 (Doc. 13 at ¶ 17.) Defendant Mann reportedly sent an email to Mr. Speed on May 12, 2020, 6 accusing Plaintiff and Mr. Speed of copyright infringement relating to the Facebook posts. 7 Plaintiff claims that there is no copyright or registered trademark for the term “WUSPBA” or 8 any derivations of it. (Id. at ¶ 18.) Plaintiff therefore alleges that Defendant Mann falsely 9 accused him of copyright infringement, resulting in defamation. 10 On September 2, 2020, Plaintiff sent an email to WUSPBA’s president reminding him 11 that WUSPBA was bound by Chapter 82 of the Nevada Revised Statutes regarding the October 12 2020 annual general meeting. This reminder allegedly was viewed as a hostile act by the 13 WUSPBA executive committee and Defendant Mann in breach of the Informal Resolution. 14 Plaintiff alleges that he was concerned that WUSPBA would not notify solo members of their 15 right to vote by proxy as required by the Nevada statutes. Plaintiff asserts that WUSPBA did not 16 notify its members of this right. WUSPBA also failed to gain advance consent before holding 17 the 2020 general meeting online due to COVID-19. 18 At the October 2020 general meeting, Plaintiff was given two minutes to attempt to 19 convince the membership in attendance to vote for him as the next vice president. Plaintiff 20 reportedly was prepared to deliver a 30-minute speech and claims that the two minutes was 21 woefully inadequate. He was not elected vice president. 22 After the 2020 general meeting, the newly elected WUSPBA Executive Committee 23 retained counsel in Reno, Nevada to justify termination of Plaintiff’s WUSPBA membership. 24 WUSPBA accused Plaintiff of breaching the Informal Resolution when he contacted the 25 WUSPBA to ask for help recovering his entry fees from the Las Vegas Highland Games. 26 WUSPBA also claimed that Plaintiff made unreasonable demands and insisted that WUSPBA 27 return the fees, not the sponsor, and if the fees were not returned, then he would take legal action. 1 action against WUSPBA. WUSPBA also used Plaintiff’s reminders that they must follow 2 Nevada statutes as a violation of the Informal Resolution. 3 After multiple conflicts with Plaintiff, WUSPBA elected to conduct a review of 4 Plaintiff’s membership on December 5, 2020. (Id. at ¶¶ 23-24.) WUSPBA concluded its 5 membership review on December 11, 2020, and terminated Plaintiff’s membership. (Id. at ¶ 26.) 6 On December 14, 2020, Plaintiff sent a letter objecting to termination of his membership. 7 He also sent a letter to Ken Sutherland, chairman of the WUSPBA Music Board, notifying him 8 of an appeal. On December 17, 2020, Plaintiff received an email from WUSPBA’s counsel 9 indicating that Plaintiff’s appeals were denied. 10 Plaintiff then attempted to determine his new status and eventually hired counsel to gain 11 answers. Plaintiff’s counsel reportedly was informed that Plaintiff would not be allowed to 12 complete as a solo bagpiper in contests sanctioned by WUSPBA. Plaintiff also could not lead or 13 perform with the bagpipe band he co-founded in contests sanctioned by WUSPBA or the band 14 would be disqualified. 15 On February 17, 2021, Plaintiff sent a personal appeal to WUSPBA’s president, along 16 with a follow-up message requesting that he be allowed to lead and perform with the Kern 17 County Pipe Band. WUSPBA’s counsel responded, denying the personal appeals. 18 Gary Speed and the Kern County Pipe Band both requested that the dispute with 19 WUSPBA regarding Plaintiff’s membership be submitted to binding arbitration. These requests 20 were denied. Plaintiff claims that he also attempted to send this dispute to mediation or an 21 informal settlement conference. 22 Plaintiff now brings this action against Defendants to reinstate his membership in the 23 WUSPBA. He alleges (1) unenforceability of the Informal Resolution; (2) breaches of the 24 Informal Resolution; (3) defamation of character by Defendant Mann; (4) bullying by the 25 WUSPBA; (5) coercion by WUSPBA and Defendant Mann; (6) intentional infliction of 26 emotional distress; and (7) statutory violations of Nevada law. Plaintiff seeks declaratory and 27 equitable relief, along with damages. (See generally Doc. 13.) 1 III. Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss 2 A motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6) tests the legal sufficiency of a claim, and 3 dismissal is proper if there is a lack of a cognizable legal theory or the absence of sufficient facts 4 alleged under a cognizable legal theory. Conservation Force v. Salazar, 646 F.3d 1240 , 1241-42 5 (9th Cir. 2011) (quotation marks and citations omitted). To survive a motion to dismiss, a 6 complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to state a claim that is 7 plausible on its face. Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (citing Bell Atlantic Corp. v. 8 Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007)) (quotation marks omitted); Conservation Force, 646 F.3d at 9 1242; Moss v. U.S. Secret Serv., 572 F.3d 962, 969 (9th Cir. 2009). In considering a motion to 10 dismiss pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), the court must accept as true the 11 allegations of the complaint in question, Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 94 (2007), and 12 construe the pleading in the light most favorable to the plaintiff. Jenkins v. McKeithen, 395 U.S. 13 411, 421 (1969); Meek v. Cty. of Riverside, 183 F.3d 962, 965 (9th Cir. 1999). However, the 14 Court need not credit “naked assertions,” “labels and conclusions” or “a formulaic recitation of 15 the elements of a cause of action.” See Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555–57. 16 Pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8, a complaint must contain “a short and 17 plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief[.]” Fed. R. Civ. P. 18 8(a)(2). Detailed factual allegations are not required, but “[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of 19 a cause of action, supported by mere conclusory statements, do not suffice.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 20 678 (citation omitted). Plaintiff must set forth “sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to 21 ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (quoting Twombly, [22] 550 U.S. at 570 ). While factual allegations are accepted as true, legal conclusions are not. Id.; 23 see also Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556–57. 24 A. Declaratory Relief 25 In his first cause of action, Plaintiff contends that the Informal Resolution is 26 unenforceable. He alleges that he was under undue influence from the WUSPBA Music Board 27 and WUSPBA Executive Committee to sign it. Plaintiff’s attorney advised him against any 1 therefore alleges that negotiations were not an option. Plaintiff further alleges that the terms of 2 the agreement were confusing, ambiguous, and unconscionable. Plaintiff seeks a declaration 3 from the Court that the Informal Resolution is null, void, and unenforceable. (Doc. 13 at ¶¶ 334 34.) 5 In moving to dismiss this cause of action, Defendants argue that Plaintiff fails to identify 6 a single act by WUSPBA that would constitute undue influence. Defendants assert that all of 7 Plaintiff’s allegations regarding undue influence pertain to actions taken by his attorney, who is 8 not a party to the Informal Resolution. Defendants further argue that Plaintiff fails to allege any 9 facts supporting substantive or procedural unconscionability. To that end, Defendants contend 10 that Plaintiff does not identify a single term in the Informal Resolution that is objectively 11 unreasonable to show substantive unconscionability. Defendants also contend that Plaintiff 12 admits he was free to consult with independent counsel before signing the Informal Resolution, 13 eliminating any implication that the agreement was procedurally unconscionable. (Doc. 37 at 614 7.) 15 Plaintiff counters that the Informal Resolution is unenforceable due to undue influence 16 and unconscionability and that Defendants breached the Informal Resolution when they placed 17 him on probation. He contends that his claims are clearly stated and supported by 18 documentation. (Doc. 42 at 3-4.) 19 1. Undue Influence 20 Undue influence consists of the following: 21 1. In the use, by one in whom a confidence is reposed by another, or who holds a real or apparent authority over him, of such confidence or authority for the 22 purpose of obtaining an unfair advantage over him; 2. In taking an unfair advantage of another’s weakness of mind; or, 23 3. In taking a grossly oppressive and unfair advantage of another’s necessities or distress. [25] Cal. Civ. Code § 1575.2 “[U]nder California law a party cannot successfully invoke the doctrine 26 of ‘undue influence’ to escape an apparent contract unless that party proves two things: (1) that [27] 2 Federal courts sitting in diversity apply state substantive law and federal procedural law. In re County of Orange, 1 [he] had a lessened capacity to make a free contract and (2) that the other party applied its 2 excessive strength to [him] to secure [his] agreement.” Olam v. Cong. Mortg. Co., 68 F.Supp.2d 3 1110, 1141 (N.D. Cal. 1999). “Although undue influence typically applies in cases where one 4 party’s lessened capacity is due to physical, mental or emotional constraints, courts have held 5 that undue influence is flexible and requires an analysis of all of the relevant facts and 6 circumstances.” Big Sky Ventures I, L.L.C. v. Pac. Cap. Bancorp., N.A., No. CV 08-00231 DDP 7 (VBKx), 2008 WL 11334474 , at *6 (C.D. Cal. May 6, 2008), citing Olam, 68 F.Supp.2d at 1141 - 8 42. 9 Plaintiff’s first amended complaint fails to allege facts demonstrating undue influence. 10 Plaintiff does not include factual allegations suggesting he had a lessened capacity to make a free 11 contract or that WUSPBA applied its excessive strength to secure his agreement with the terms 12 of the Informal Resolution. Indeed, Plaintiff admits that he sought the advice of his own attorney 13 prior to signing the Informal Resolution. (Doc. 13 at ¶ 33.) 14 2. Unconscionability 15 In California, a contract must be both procedurally and substantively unconscionable to 16 be rendered invalid. Chavarria v. Ralphs Grocery Co., 733 F.3d 916, 922 (9th Cir. 2013). 17 California courts invoke a sliding scale, and the more substantively oppressive the contract term, 18 the less evidence of procedural unconscionability is required, and vice versa. Nagrampa v. 19 MailCoups Inc., 469 F.3d 1257, 1280-81 (9th Cir. 2006) (“even if the evidence of procedural 20 unconscionability is slight, strong evidence of substantive unconscionability will tip the scale.”); 21 Compound Sols., Inc. v. CoreFX Ingredients, LLC, No. 19cv2058-JAH (WVG), 2020 WL 22 3639663, at *3 (S.D. Cal. July 6, 2020). Procedural unconscionability “addresses the 23 circumstances of contract negotiation and formation, focusing on oppression or surprise due to 24 unequal bargaining power.” Pinnacle Museum Tower Ass’n. v. Pinnacle Market Development, [25] 55 Cal.4th 223, 246 (2012). “Substantive unconscionability pertains to the fairness of an 26 agreement’s actual terms and to assessments of whether they are overly harsh or one-sided.” Id. 27 “A contract term is not substantively unconscionable when it merely gives one side a greater 1 Plaintiff’s first amended complaint fails to allege facts demonstrating procedural or 2 substantive unconscionability to support declaratory relief. As noted above, Plaintiff admits that 3 he consulted with his attorney before signing the Informal Resolution, eliminating an inference 4 that the agreement was procedurally unconscionable. Plaintiff’s attorney reportedly advised 5 against any negotiation of the terms of the Informal Agreement. (Doc. 13 at ¶ 33.) 6 Plaintiff also fails to demonstrate substantive unconscionability by identifying any terms 7 in the Informal Resolution that are overly harsh or one-sided. Plaintiff takes issue with the 8 requirement in the Informal Resolution that he assign all administrative activity concerning pipe 9 bands he is involved with to other designated representatives of those bands. (Doc. 13 at ¶ 34.) 10 However, Plaintiff’s conclusory assertion that this term is unconscionable is not sufficient to 11 demonstrate that it is overly harsh or one-sided such that it shocks the conscience. Plaintiff’s 12 additional allegations that certain terms in the Informal Resolution were confusing or ambiguous 13 also do not demonstrate that the terms were unfair, overly harsh, or one-sided. 14 Based on the above, the Court finds that Plaintiff fails to state a cause of action for 15 declaratory relief based on undue influence or unconscionability. In light of Plaintiff’s existing 16 allegations, it does not appear that Plaintiff can allege additional facts to state a cognizable claim 17 based on undue influence or unconscionability Lopez v. Smith, 203 F.3d 1122, 1130 (9th Cir. 18 2000). Accordingly, Defendants’ motion to dismiss this cause of action will be granted with 19 prejudice. 20 B. Breach of the Informal Resolution 21 In his second cause of action, Plaintiff alleges that Defendants breached the Informal 22 Resolution in three ways. First, Plaintiff claims that Defendants breached the Informal 23 Resolution by failing to restore him as a WUSPBA member in good standing as evidenced by 24 Defendant Mann referring to Plaintiff’s status as “probation.” Plaintiff next alleges that 25 Defendants breached the Informal Resolution by failing to provide him with a signed, dated copy 26 of the Informal Resolution until May 13, 2021. Third, Plaintiff alleges that Defendants failed to 27 work with and welcome him as they do any other member. (Doc. 13 at ¶ ¶ 36-37.) 1 dismiss. In particular, Defendants argue Plaintiff fails to adequately plead that (1) he fully 2 complied with the terms of the Informal Resolution, (2) Defendants breached the Informal 3 Resolution, or (3) Plaintiff was damaged because of any alleged breach. (Doc. 37 at 8-9.) 4 Plaintiff’s opposition is not entirely clear. He asserts that he does not seek enforcement 5 of the Informal Resolution, but instead seeks a declaration that WUSPBA breached the 6 agreement, and that the agreement could not be used as a justification to terminate his WUSPBA 7 membership. (Doc. 42 at 6.) Plaintiff asserts that he was damaged “as a result of the breaches 8 by the defendants . . . when the defendants used that agreement to wrongfully terminate his 9 membership on December 11, 2020.” (Id.) Plaintiff also asserts that the damages were not 10 apparent until he received a March 19, 2020 e-mail from Defendant Mann stating that he was on 11 probation, which Plaintiff alleges was in violation of the Informal Resolution. (Id. at 7.) 12 To state a claim for breach of contract under California law, Plaintiff must allege (1) the 13 existence of a contract; (2) plaintiff’s performance or excuse for nonperformance; (3) 14 defendant’s breach of the contract; and (4) damages flowing from the breach. CDF Firefighters 15 v. Maldonado, 158 Cal.App 4th 1226, 1239 (2008). At a minimum, “[t]he complaint must 16 identify the specific provision of the contract allegedly breached by the defendant.” A.B. 17 Concrete Coating Inc. v. Wells Fargo Bank, Nat’l Ass’n, 491 F.Supp.3d 727 , 735 (E.D. Cal. 18 2020). 19 Plaintiff fails to state a cognizable breach of contract claim. First, as Defendants 20 correctly note, Plaintiff fails to adequately allege his performance (or excuse for 21 nonperformance) under the Informal Resolution. Indeed, Plaintiff’s first amended complaint 22 explicitly alludes to his violation of a term in the Informal Resolution when he threatened legal 23 action in his correspondence. (Doc. 13 at ¶ 35 (“The third term was that the plaintiff refrain from 24 making threats of legal action against the WUSPBA. The plaintiff did state in one of his emails 25 that he would take legal action … The WUSPBA was not directly or indirectly threatened by the 26 plaintiff’s statement because the only legal action possible would have been against the contest 27 sponsor . . . .”).) Moreover, as discussed below in greater detail, Plaintiff’s own exhibits 1 that he engaged in conduct violating its express terms. 2 Second, Plaintiff fails to adequately allege that Defendants breached the Informal 3 Resolution. As noted above, Plaintiff alleges that Defendants breached the Informal Resolution 4 by failing to reinstate his membership in good standing and instead placing him on probation. 5 Plaintiff’s allegations do not establish that Defendants failed to restore Plaintiff as a WUSPBA 6 member in good-standing subject to the conditions set forth in the Informal Resolution. That 7 Defendant Mann referred to Plaintiff as on “probation” in an email is not sufficient to state a 8 claim for breach of contract. Rather, Defendant’s Mann reference plainly suggests that 9 Plaintiff’s membership in good standing was conditioned upon his compliance with the terms of 10 the Informal Resolution. 11 Plaintiff also alleges that Defendants breached the Informal Resolution by failing to 12 provide him with a signed, dated copy of the agreement. However, Plaintiff cites no provision 13 demonstrating that this purported failure was a breach of the Informal Resolution. Critically, 14 Plaintiff does not assert that he was prevented from requesting or otherwise obtaining a signed 15 copy at any time. 16 Plaintiff additionally alleges that WUSPBA failed to work with and welcome him as they 17 do any other member in violation of the express terms of the Informal Resolution. This 18 allegation is sufficiently indiscriminate such that it fails to support a cognizable breach of 19 contract claim. The Court recognizes Plaintiff’s assertion that WUSPBA failed to help him 20 recover entry fees from the 2020 Las Vegas Highland Games and this failure demonstrated 21 WUSPBA’s refusal to work with him like any other member in good standing. (Doc. 13 at § 22 37.) 23 The exhibits attached to the first amended complaint show otherwise. A review of 24 Plaintiff’s email correspondence to WUSPBA dated March 11, 2020, and attached to the first 25 amended complaint, indicates that Plaintiff contacted WUSPBA personally and on behalf of his 26 Kern County Pipe Band in an effort to recover fees. Indeed, Plaintiff’s email expressly requests 27 that WUSPBA “consider this an official notice and request from the Kern County Pipe Band and 1 communication on behalf of the Kern County Pipe Band violated the written terms of the 2 Informal Resolution, which required Plaintiff to assign all WUSPBA-related administrative 3 activity concerning the Pipe Bands he was involved with to other designated representatives of 4 those Pipe Bands. (Ex. 2 to Doc. 13, Informal Resolution.) Plaintiff cannot be heard to 5 complain about Defendants’ conduct occurring after Plaintiff’s breach (or nonperformance) of 6 the Informal Resolution. 7 As a final matter, Plaintiff does not allege that he was damaged by any of the asserted 8 breaches of the Informal Resolution. Instead, Plaintiff claims that he was damaged because 9 WUSPBA terminated his membership in reliance on the Informal Resolution. The Informal 10 Resolution does not preclude termination of Plaintiff’s membership. Plaintiff’s theory of 11 damages based on termination of his membership under the terms of the Informal Resolution is 12 insufficient to support a breach of contract claim against WUSPBA or Defendant Mann. 13 For these reasons, Defendants’ motion to dismiss Plaintiff’s breach of contract claim will 14 be granted. However, Plaintiff will be granted an opportunity to amend this claim to the extent 15 he is able to do so in good faith. 16 C. Defamation 17 In his third cause of action, Plaintiff asserts defamation and defamation per se. Plaintiff 18 alleges three instances of defamation: (1) when Defendant Mann made a “libelous statement that 19 the plaintiff . . . was infringing copyright owned by the defendant, WUSPBA,”; (2) when 20 WUSPBA terminated Plaintiff’s membership; and (3) when Defendant Mann accused Plaintiff of 21 bullying. (Doc. 13 at ¶¶ 38-40.) 22 To state a prima facie case for defamation, Plaintiff must allege facts that show 23 Defendants made “(a) a publication that is (b) false, (c) defamatory, and (d) unprivileged, and 24 that (e) has a natural tendency to injure or that causes special damage.” Narayan v. Compass 25 Grp. USA, Inc., 284 F.Supp.3d 1076, 1085 (E.D. Cal. 2018) (quoting Taus v. Loftus, 40 Cal.4th 26 683, 720 (2007). Publication is communication of the allegedly defamatory statement “to a third 27 person who understands its defamatory meaning as applied to the plaintiff.” Id. (quoting Shively 1 statement to the plaintiff alone, without more, does not constitute ‘publication’ for the purposes 2 of evaluating a defamation claim.” Id. “Under California law, defamation per se is ‘libel which 3 is defamatory of the plaintiff without the necessity of explanatory matter, such as an inducement, 4 innuendo or other extrinsic fact, is said to be a libel on its face.’” Cleveland v. Ludwig Inst. for 5 Cancer Rsch. Ltd., No. 19cv2141 JM (JLB), 2020 WL 3268578 , at *12 (S.D. Cal. June 17, 2020) 6 (quoting Cal. Civ. Code § 45a). 7 Defendants contend that Plaintiff’s defamation and defamation per se claims are 8 deficient. First, Defendants argue that Defendant Mann’s statement regarding copyright 9 infringement was not defamatory and was a privileged, pre-litigation statement directed to a third 10 party. Plaintiff counters that the copyright statement was not a privileged, pre-litigation demand 11 and was clearly directed at him. 12 At issue is the following email message, attached as an exhibit to the first amended 13 complaint, purportedly sent from Defendant Mann to Plaintiff and Gary Speed on May 12, 2020: 14 John, 15 This is all I received. Also, we need to talk about your facebook page that Gary put up. You cannot post a facebook page using the WUSPBA.org. It is against 16 US copywrite law according to one of our lawyers. This is what he says about the verbiage: “The way the Courts interpret copyright law is not to look at the 17 differences, but look at the similarities. He is misleading the public into believing this is a WUSPBA sponsored page.” So you will need to change the wording. [18] I am however, happy to put your information on the WUSPBA website. [19] Best, [20] Jeff [21] 22 (Doc. 13 at Ex. 6.) Plaintiff alleges that this statement was made to Gary Speed and “on belief to 23 twelve other members of the WUSPBA Executive Committee.” (Id. at ¶ 38.a.) Plaintiff further 24 alleges that Defendant Mann failed to use reasonable care to determine the truth or falsity of the 25 accusation of copyright infringement, asserting that there is no registered copyright for 26 WUSPBA. (Id. at ¶ 38.d.) 27 At a basic level, Plaintiff’s allegations do not establish that the alleged defamatory 1 Facebook page reportedly set up by Gary Speed and the message was directed to both Plaintiff 2 and Gary Speed. Accordingly, any statement by Defendant Mann concerning copyright 3 infringement was communicated directly to the person or persons allegedly responsible for the 4 Facebook page and its content, not a disinterested or independent third party. Plaintiff’s 5 assertion “on belief” that the statement was made to members of the WUSPBA Executive 6 Committee is speculative and not sufficient to demonstrate publication to a third party. 7 Second, Defendants argue that Plaintiff fails to identify any statement made by WUSPBA 8 that was defamatory. The Court agrees. Plaintiff alleges that WUSPBA “committed a 9 Defamatory act against the plaintiff when it wrongfully terminated the plaintiff’s membership in 10 the WUSPBA on December 11, 2020 over truly trivial matters, accusing the plaintiff of 11 breaching an agreement that the defendant had already breached in 2018, and of violations of the 12 WUSPBA Code of Conduct of which each and every such violation is without merit.” (Doc. 13 13 at ¶ 39.) Plaintiff further alleges that the “membership of the WUSPBA believes the plaintiff has 14 done something terrible or evil to have been expelled from the WUSPBA causing irreparable 15 damage to the plaintiff’s reputation and causing the plaintiff to needlessly suffer shame, 16 mortification, and hurt feelings.” (Id.) These allegations are not sufficient to support a 17 defamation cause of action against WUSPBA. At a minimum, Plaintiff fails to allege publication 18 of a false statement as there is no dispute that Plaintiff’s WUSPBA membership was terminated. 19 Third, Defendants argue that Plaintiff’s claim regarding Defendant Mann’s alleged 20 accusations of bullying are time barred. They also were not published and constituted opinion 21 only. Plaintiff counters that his claims regarding Defendant Mann’s bullying statements are not 22 time barred because those claims were not rejected by the WUSPBA Executive Committee until 23 December 5, 2020. 24 At issue appear to be two separate emails. First, is an email from Defendant Mann to 25 Plaintiff dated March 19, 2020, which states as follows: 26 John, 27 As you know….NO MORE THREATS!!! Period! We are working on the money situation. I am dealing with a 5.7 earthquake and COVID-19. I nor any of the 1 adjudicator you will stop this instant. 2 I know your money is important. We are working on that. You will not make demands. PERIOD! [3] Best, [4] Jeff [5] 6 (Doc. 13 at Ex. 4.) Second, is a subsequent email from Defendant Mann to Plaintiff on 7 March 20, 2020 at 8:20 AM stating, in relevant part, as follows: 8 Now, I want to talk to you a moment about your bullying attitude. You are breaking the WUSPBA Code of Conduct for adjudicators. I think that you have a 9 lot to offer on our adjudicator panel. Your knowledge and judging ability brings a great talent to the WUSPBA. I do not want to lose you as one of our adjudicators. [10] As far as your thoughts on an online contest, I think it is a brilliant idea. [11] Now, I want you to shape up and stop this nonsense. John, you really have some 12 brilliant ideas at times. However, the way you go about presenting them in a demanding and bullying manner is not the way to do it. It just will not be 13 tolerated. Try honey instead of salt into the wounds that you have already created over the years. [14] 15 (Doc. 13 at Ex. 4.) 16 The Court finds Plaintiff’s amended complaint fails to state a cognizable defamation 17 claim based on Defendant Mann’s alleged accusations of bullying. There is no indication that 18 the statements at issue were published to a third party. As indicated above, communicating the 19 allegedly defamatory statement to the plaintiff alone, does not constitute publication for the 20 purposes of a defamation claim. Narayan, 284 F.Supp.3d at 1085 . Even if communicated to a 21 third party, the statements do not appear to constitute anything more than Defendant Mann’s 22 opinion concerning Plaintiff’s conduct. A statement of opinion will not suffice to state a claim 23 for defamation. Avenmarg v. Humboldt Cty., No. 19-cv-05891-RMI, 2020 WL 4464876 , at *12 24 (N.D. Cal. Aug. 4, 2020), appeal dismissed, No. 20-16716, 2020 WL 7212390 (9th Cir. Nov. 25, 25 2020). 26 Based on the above, the Court finds that Plaintiff fails to state a cause of action for 27 defamation or defamation per se. Based on the exhibits attached to the first amended complaint, it does not appear that Plaintiff can allege additional facts sufficient to state a cognizable claim. 1 Lopez, 203 F.3d at 1130 . Accordingly, Defendants’ motion to dismiss this cause of action will 2 be granted with prejudice. 3 D. Bullying 4 In his fourth cause of action, Plaintiff alleges that WSUPBA has bullied and continues to 5 bully him by declaring, through its counsel, that Plaintiff and his bagpipe band will be 6 disqualified if he enters and competes in WUSPBA sanctioned events. (Doc. 13 at ¶ 41.) 7 Defendants argue that this claim should be dismissed with prejudice because “bullying” 8 is not a cause of action. Plaintiff admits that bullying “is not a cognizable complaint unless it is 9 in the form of First Amendment Retaliation.” (Doc. 42 at 12.) Plaintiff indicates that he will 10 petition the Court to add such a claim to his complaint. (Doc. 42 at 11.) The Court notes that 11 Plaintiff also has requested leave to amend his complaint to eliminate bullying as a cause of 12 action, remarking that he has become aware and verified that bullying is not a cognizable cause 13 of action in federal court. (See Doc. 61 at 5.) 14 Based on Plaintiff’s concession that bullying is not a cognizable cause of action, 15 Plaintiff’s fourth cause of action will be dismissed with prejudice. However, Plaintiff will not be 16 precluded from amending his complaint to allege an appropriate retaliation-based claim to the 17 extent that he can do so in good faith. The Court makes no determination regarding the merits of 18 such a claim at this time. 19 E. Coercion 20 In his fifth cause of action, Plaintiff asserts a violation of the California Bane Act, Cal. 21 Civ. Code § 52.1. (Doc. 13 at ¶ 42.) Plaintiff alleges that Defendant Mann sent threatening 22 emails to coerce Plaintiff to cease asking for help in the recovery of entry fees from the 2020 Las 23 Vegas Highland Games. Plaintiff further alleges that Defendant Mann used coercion to interfere 24 with and stop Plaintiff’s campaign for Vice-President of the WUSPBA when Defendant Mann 25 allegedly accused Plaintiff of copyright infringement in email correspondence. (Id.) 26 California’s Bane Act creates a private cause of action against individuals who interfere 27 “by threat, intimidation, or coercion, or attempt[ ] to interfere by threat, intimidation, or coercion, 1 Constitution or laws of the United States, or laws and rights secured by the Constitution or laws 2 of [California].” Cal. Civ. Code § 52.1 (b)–(c). A plaintiff bringing claims under the Bane Act 3 must show (1) intentional interference or attempted interference with a state or federal 4 constitutional or legal right, and (2) the interference or attempted interference was done through 5 threats, intimidation, or coercion. Scalia v. County of Kern, 308 F.Supp.3d 1064, 1080 (E.D. Cal. 6 2018); Allen v. City of Sacramento, 234 Cal.App.4th 41, 67 (Cal. Ct. App. 2015). Speech alone 7 does not satisfy the threat, intimidation, or coercion requirement unless the speech threatened 8 violence. Gifford v. Hornbrook Fire Prot. Dist., No. 2:16-CV-0596-JAM-DMC, 2021 WL 9 4168532, at *28 (E.D. Cal. Sept. 14, 2021); Feiger v. Smith, No. 1:14-cv-01920-DAD-EPG, [10] 2017 WL 431352 , at *1 (E.D. Cal. Jan. 31, 2017) (“An allegation of either violence or the threat 11 of violence is only necessary if the alleged violations of the Bane Act are based entirely on 12 speech.”). 13 Plaintiff’s allegations are insufficient to support a violation of the Bane Act. He does not 14 allege that any of the statements or speech at issue in Defendant Mann’s emails threatened 15 violence. He also has not plead any facts suggesting threats of violence in his amended 16 complaint. In light of Plaintiff’s existing allegations, it does not appear that Plaintiff can allege 17 additional facts to state a cognizable claim. Accordingly, Defendants’ motion to dismiss this 18 cause of action will be granted with prejudice. 19 F. Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress 20 In his sixth cause of action, Plaintiff alleges intentional infliction of emotional distress. 21 (Doc. 13 at ¶ 43.) “A complaint states a claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress 22 when it alleges (1) the defendant’s conduct was outrageous; (2) the defendant either intended to 23 cause emotional distress or acted with reckless disregard to the probability of causing emotional 24 distress; (3) the plaintiff suffered severe emotional distress; and (4) the defendant's conduct 25 actually and proximately caused that emotional distress.” Tennyson v. Sacramento, No. 2:19-cv26 00429-KJM-EFB, 2021 WL 2142733 , at *9 (E.D. Cal. May 26, 2021) (citing Nally v. Grace 27 Cmty. Church, 47 Cal. 3d 278, 300 (1988).) “Conduct, to be outrageous, must be so extreme as 1 F.3d 764 , 770 (9th Cir. 1995) (citation and quotation omitted). To be actionable, emotional 2 distress must be “of such substantial quantity or during quality that no reasonable man in a 3 civilized society should be expected to endure it.” Simo v. Union of Needletrades, 322 F.3d 602 , 4 622 (9th Cir. 2003) (citation omitted). A claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress is 5 subject to a two-year statute of limitations. Cal. Civ. Proc. Code § 335.1 ; Van Osten v. Home 6 Depot, U.S.A., Inc., No. 19-CV-2106 TWR (BGS), 2021 WL 3913483 , at *12 (S.D. Cal. Aug. 7 27, 2021) 8 Insofar as Plaintiff’s amended complaint asserts a claim for intentional infliction of 9 emotional distress based on events taking place in November 2017 and February 2018, such a 10 claim is time barred. (Doc. 13 at ¶¶ 44-45.) Plaintiff did not initiate this action until April 8, 11 2021, more than two years after these alleged events. (Doc. 1.) Accordingly, Plaintiff’s claim 12 for intentional infliction of emotional distress based on events taking place more than two years 13 prior to April 8, 2021, will be dismissed with prejudice. 14 Plaintiff’s amended complaint additionally bases a claim for intentional infliction of 15 emotional distress on the termination of his WUSPBA membership at the end of 2020. In 16 relevant part, Plaintiff alleges as follows: 17 At the end of 2020, the newly elected WUSPBA Executive Committee, many of whom were on the 2018 WUSPBA Executive Committee, met after the 2020 18 WUSPBA annual general meeting and voted to terminate and expel the plaintiff from the WUSPBA. The 2021 WUSPBA Executive Committee knew that this 19 would cause the plaintiff to again suffer an enormous amount of emotional distress, while at the same time they could have their revenge by retaliating 20 against the plaintiff. The defendants, WUSPBA, terminated the plaintiff’s membership maliciously, and expelled him from the WUSPBA over truly trivial 21 matters causing the plaintiff to suffer an extraordinary amount of severe emotional distress. Against all the required elements for intentional infliction of 22 emotional distress by the defendant upon the plaintiff are present. 23 (Doc. 13 at ¶ 46.) 24 These allegations are insufficient to support a cognizable claim for intentional infliction 25 of emotional distress. Plaintiff’s amended complaint fails to adequately allege outrageous 26 conduct by any defendant that is so extreme as to exceed all bounds of that usually tolerated in a 27 civil society. Termination of Plaintiff’s membership in the WUSPBA does not equate with 1 not evident on the face of the complaint or in any relevant exhibits that Plaintiff can allege 2 additional facts to state a cognizable claim. Accordingly, Plaintiff’s cause of action for 3 intentional infliction of emotional distress based on termination of his WUSPBA membership 4 will be dismissed with prejudice. m 5 G. Statutory Violations of Nevada Law 6 In his seventh cause of action, Plaintiff alleges that WUSPBA violated Nevada Revised 7 Statutes (“NRS”), Chapter 82, governing Nonprofit Corporations. In particular, Plaintiff 8 contends that WUSPBA violated NRS 82.251, 82.321 and 82.316. (Doc. 13 at ¶¶ 47-50.) 9 NRS 82.251 10 NRS 82.251 concerns expulsion, suspension or termination of membership and provides, 11 in relevant part, as follows: 12 1. A member may not be expelled or suspended, and a membership may not be terminated or suspended, except pursuant to a procedure that is fair and 13 reasonable and is carried out in good faith. This section does not apply to termination of a membership at the end of a fixed term. [14] 2. A procedure is fair and reasonable when it is fair and reasonable taking into 15 consideration all of the relevant facts and circumstances. In addition, a procedure is fair and reasonable if it provides: [16] (a) Not less than 15 days’ prior written notice of the expulsion, suspension or 17 termination, and the reasons for it; and 18 (b) An opportunity for the member to be heard, orally or in writing, not less than 5 days before the effective date of the expulsion, suspension or 19 termination by a person authorized to decide that the proposed expulsion, termination or suspension not take place. [21] Nev. Rev. Stat. § 82.251 (1)-(2). 22 In his first amended complaint, Plaintiff alleges that WUSPBA violated NRS 23 82.251(2)(b) in February 2018 when the Executive Committee failed to allow Plaintiff an 24 opportunity to be heard and failed to have a person authorized to decide that Plaintiff’s 25 membership not be terminated. Plaintiff asserts that this failure was a “major factor in the 26 decision by the 2018 WUSPBA Music Board to overturn the plaintiff’s membership termination 27 in May 2018.” (Doc. 13 at ¶ 47.) Plaintiff further alleges that WUSPBA violated NRS 1 Defendants argue that it is unclear whether NRS 82.251 creates a private cause of action. 2 Defendants claim that the statute appears to contemplate an internal challenge to any purported 3 violation because NRS 82.251(3) explicitly states that “[a] proceeding challenging an expulsion, 4 suspension or termination, including a proceeding in which defective notice is alleged, must be 5 begun within 1 year after the effective date of the expulsion, suspension or termination.” 6 (emphasis added). Defendants argue that even if it does create a private right of action, NRS 7 82.251 establishes a one-year statute of limitations and Plaintiff’s allegations concerning the 8 2018 termination of his membership are time barred. (Doc. 37 at 17.) With regard to Plaintiff’s 9 membership termination in December 2020, Defendants argue that WUSPBA complied with all 10 of the requirements of NRS 82.251, and that Plaintiff attached proof of WUSPBA’s compliance 11 to his first amended complaint. 12 Assuming without deciding that NRS 82.251 creates a private cause of action, the Court 13 agrees with WUSPBA that Plaintiff’s allegations regarding his 2018 termination are time barred 14 under NRS 82.251(3). Moreover, Plaintiff’s own allegations indicate that any purported 15 violation of NRS 82.251 was corrected or otherwise ameliorated when the WUSPBA Music 16 Board overturned Plaintiff’s membership termination. (Doc. 13 at ¶ 47.) 17 With respect to termination of Plaintiff’s membership in 2020, the Court finds that 18 Plaintiff fails to include sufficient factual allegations demonstrating that WUSPBA violated the 19 provisions of NRS 82.251. Indeed, Plaintiff’s exhibits attached the first amended complaint 20 belie any argument that WUSPBA failed to comply with NRS 82.251. According to the exhibits, 21 Plaintiff received written notice on November 20, 2020 that the WUSPBA Executive Committee 22 would review his membership at a special meeting on December 5, 2020. The notice identified 23 the reasons for the membership review and informed Plaintiff that he would be given an 24 opportunity to speak, to answer any questions the Executive Committee might have, or to explain 25 his conduct. Plaintiff also was permitted to submit a written statement and any supporting 26 documents no later than November 30, 2020. (Doc. 13 at Ex. 9.) This notice was consistent 27 with the requirements of NRS 82.251 that Plaintiff receive not less than 15 days’ prior written 1 permitted an opportunity to be heard in writing by the Executive Committee not less than 5 days 2 before the membership review and termination of his membership. Accordingly, Plaintiff cannot 3 state a cognizable claim based on a violation of NRS 82.251, and Defendants’ motion to dismiss 4 this claim will be granted with prejudice. 5 NRS 82.321 and 82.316 6 In his seventh cause of action, Plaintiff alleges that WUSPBA violated NRS 82.321 7 regarding members’ proxy voting. NRS 82.321 provides in relevant part that “[a]t any meeting 8 of the members of any corporation, any member may designate another person or persons to act 9 as a proxy or proxies.” Nev. Rev. Stat. § 82.321 (1). The remainder of the statute addresses a 10 valid means by which a member may grant proxy authority and length of time such proxy is 11 valid. Nev. Rev. Stat. § 82.321 (2)-(4). Plaintiff contends that WUSPBA allows member pipe 12 bands to vote by proxy, but has refused to allow solo pipers, solo drummers, and solo drum 13 majors to vote by proxy. (Doc. 13 at 27.) 14 Plaintiff further alleges that WUSPBA violated NRS 82.316 regarding determination of 15 members entitled to notice of and to vote at meetings. NRS 82.316 states as follows: 16 1. Unless contrary provisions are contained in the articles or bylaws, the directors may prescribe a period not exceeding 60 days before any meeting of 17 the members during which no transfer of memberships on the books of the corporation may be made, or may fix a day not more than 60 days before the 18 holding of any meeting of members as the day as of which members entitled to notice of and to vote at the meeting must be determined. Only members of 19 record on that day are entitled to notice or to vote at the meeting. 20 2. The directors may adopt a resolution prescribing a date upon which the members of record are entitled to give written consent pursuant to NRS 21 82.276. The date prescribed by the directors may not precede nor be more than 10 days after the date the resolution is adopted by the directors. If the 22 directors do not adopt a resolution prescribing a date upon which the members of record are entitled to give written consent pursuant to NRS 82.275 and: [23] (a) No prior action by the directors is required by this chapter, the date is 24 the first date on which a valid written consent is delivered in accordance with the provisions of NRS 82.276. [25] (b) Prior action by the directors is required by this chapter, the date is at 26 the close of business on the day on which the directors adopt the resolution taking the required action. [27] 1 a list of membership in the WUSPBA and send to each member a notice that they are entitled to 2 vote both at the annual general meeting and by proxy if they are unable to attend the annual 3 general meeting. (Doc. 13 at 28.) 4 Defendants argue, and Plaintiff has not contested, that neither NRS 82.321 nor NRS 5 82.316 provide for a private cause of action. Plaintiff does not point to any provision in these 6 statutes authorizing a private cause of action. “[W]hen a statute does not expressly provide for a 7 private cause of action, the absence of such a provision suggests that the Legislature did not 8 intend for the statute to be enforced through a private cause of action.” Hybrid Int'l, LLC v. 9 Scotia Int'l of Nevada, Inc., No. 2:19-CV-2077 JCM (EJY), 2020 WL 4289372 , at *4 (D. Nev. 10 July 27, 2020), quoting Richardson Constr., Inc. v. Clark Cnty. Sch. District, 156 P.3d 21 , 23 11 (Nev. 2007). In the absence of express statutory authorization, Plaintiff cannot bring claims for 12 asserted violations of NRS 82.321 and NRS 82.316. Accordingly, these claims will be dismissed 13 with prejudice. 14 IV. Plaintiff’s Motions to Amend 15 On September 9, 2021, Plaintiff filed a motion to amend his complaint to eliminate his 16 bullying cause of action and to add a cause of action for breach of the duty of good faith and fair 17 dealing. (Doc. 61.) Defendants opposed the motion in part on procedural grounds based on 18 Plaintiff’s failure to include a proposed amended complaint. (Doc. 62.) In lieu of a reply, on 19 September 29, 2021, Plaintiff re-filed his motion to amend and lodged a proposed Second 20 Amended Complaint. (Docs. 63, 64.) Plaintiff subsequently filed a reply to Defendants’ 21 opposition on October 5, 2021. (Doc. 65.) 22 For the reasons discussed in this order, Plaintiff may file an amended complaint to cure 23 the identified deficiencies in this order, but any amended complaint may not amend the claims 24 dismissed with prejudice. Accordingly, Plaintiff’s motions seeking leave to amend his complaint 25 are unnecessary and will be denied as moot. 26 Plaintiff’s amended complaint should be brief, Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a), but it must state what 27 each named defendant did that led to the deprivation of Plaintiff’s constitutional rights, Iqbal, 1 raise a right to relief above the speculative level . . . .” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555 (citations 2 omitted). 3 Additionally, Plaintiff may not change the nature of this suit by adding new, unrelated 4 claims in his amended complaint. George v. Smith, 507 F.3d 605, 607 (7th Cir. 2007) (no 5 “buckshot” complaints). Further, Plaintiff’s amended complaint should not include those claims 6 dismissed with prejudice. 7 Finally, Plaintiff is advised that an amended complaint supersedes the original 8 complaint. Lacey v. Maricopa Cty., 693 F.3d 896, 927 (9th Cir. 2012). Therefore, Plaintiff’s 9 amended complaint must be “complete in itself without reference to the prior or superseded 10 pleading.” Local Rule 220. 11 CONCLUSION AND ORDER 12 Based on the foregoing, it is HEREBY ORDERED as follows: 13 1. Defendants’ motion to dismiss (Doc. 37) is granted; 14 2. Plaintiff’s first cause of action for declaratory relief based on undue influence or 15 unconscionability is dismissed with prejudice; 16 3. Plaintiff’s second cause of action for breach of contract is dismissed without 17 prejudice and with leave to amend; 18 4. Plaintiff’s third cause of action for defamation and defamation per se is dismissed 19 with prejudice; 20 5. Plaintiff’s fourth cause of action for bullying is dismissed with prejudice; 21 6. Plaintiff’s fifth cause of action for coercion and violation of California’s Bane Act is 22 dismissed with prejudice; 23 7. Plaintiff’s sixth cause of action for intentional infliction of emotional distress is 24 dismissed with prejudice; 25 8. Plaintiff’s seventh cause of action for statutory violations of Nevada law is dismissed 26 with prejudice; 27 9. Plaintiff’s motions to amend (Docs. 61 and 62) are denied as moot; 1 Second Amended Complaint consistent with this order or, in the alternative, notify 2 the Court that he does not wish to proceed with this action; 3 11. Defendants will have twenty-one (21) days from the date of electronic service of any 4 Second Amended Complaint to answer or otherwise respond to the Second Amended 5 Complaint. [6] IT IS SO ORDERED. [7] 8 Dated: November 4, 2021 /s/ Barbara A. McAuliffe _ UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE