James Rutherford v. JJS Market and Liquor

O [7] 8 United States District Court 9 Central District of California [10] 11 JAMES RUTHERFORD, Case No. 5:18-cv-02656-ODW (SHKx) 12 Plaintiff, ORDER GRANTING PLAINTIFF’S 13 v. MOTION FOR DEFAULT 14 JJ’S MARKET AND LIQUOR; et al., JUDGMENT [45] 15 Defendants. [17] 18 I. INTRODUCTION 19 Plaintiff James Rutherford (“Rutherford”) moves for an entry of default judgment 20 against Talat Radwan and Natasha Radwan, owners of the property in question, and JJ’s 21 Market and Liquor, a retail establishment (collectively, “Defendants”). (Mot. for 22 Default J. (“Mot.”) 1, ECF No. 45-2.) For the reasons discussed below, the Court 23 GRANTS Rutherford’s Motion for Default Judgment (“Motion”).1 24 II. FACTUAL BACKGROUND 25 On December 26, 2018, Rutherford initiated this action against Defendants. 26 (First Am. Compl. (“FAC”) ¶ 1, ECF No. 17.) There are two claims that arise from [27] 28 1 After carefully considering the papers filed in support of and in opposition to the Motion, the Court deems the matter appropriate for decision without oral argument. Fed. R. Civ. P. 78; L.R. 7-15. 1 Rutherford’s visit to Defendants’ property in or about August 2018: (1) Violations of 2 Title III of the Americans with Disabilities Act (“ADA”), claiming, a) that the 3 accessible parking spaces are not located on the shortest accessible route to the entrance 4 in violation of ADA Accessibility Guideline (“AGAAG”) § 208.3.1, and b) that the 5 “curb ramp” at the accessible parking spaces projects into the “access aisle” in violation 6 of § 406.5; and (2) violation of the Unruh Civil Rights Act (“Unruh”) premised on the 7 ADA violations. (FAC ¶¶ 15, 29–34, 35–38.) This Court declined to exercise 8 supplemental jurisdiction over Rutherford’s Unruh state law claim; thus, the claim was 9 dismissed without prejudice. (Order Declining Suppl. Jurisdiction (“Order Declining”) 10 5, ECF No. 39.) 11 On April 23, 2019, Defendants were served the Summons and Complaint. (Proof 12 of Service of Summons (“Proof of Service”), ECF No. 12.) Defendants failed to 13 respond to the Summons and Complaint and on November 4, 2019, Plaintiffs filed a 14 Request for Entry of Default. (Mot. for Clerk to Enter Default (“Mot. Clerk Enter 15 Default”), ECF No. 40.) Two days later, the Clerk of Court entered Default. (Clerks 16 Entry of Default, ECF No. 41.) On December 6, 2019, Rutherford filed a Motion for 17 Default Judgment. (Mot. 1.) 18 III. LEGAL STANDARD 19 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure (“FRCP”) 55(b) authorizes a district court to 20 grant default judgment after the Clerk enters default under 55(a). Fed. R. Civ. P. 55(b). 21 Before a court can enter default judgment against a defendant, the plaintiff must satisfy 22 the procedural requirement set forth in FRCP 54(c) and 55, as well as Local Rule 55-1. 23 Fed. R. Civ. P. 54(c), 55; C.D. Cal. L.R. 55-1. Local Rule 55-1 requires that the movant 24 submit a declaration establishing: (1) when and against which party default was entered; 25 (2) identification of the pleading to which default was entered; (3) whether the 26 defaulting party is a minor, incompetent person, or active service member; (4) that the 27 Servicemembers Civil Relief Act, 50 U.S.C. § 3931 , does not apply; and (5) that the [28] 1 defaulting party was properly served with notice, if required under Rule 55(b)(2). C.D. 2 Cal. L.R. 55-1. 3 If these procedural requirements are satisfied, a district court has discretion to 4 grant a default judgment. Aldabe v. Aldabe, 616 F.2d 1089, 1092 (9th Cir. 1980). 5 However, “a defendant’s default does not automatically entitle the plaintiff to a court6 ordered judgment.” PepsiCo, Inc., v. Cal. Sec. Cans, 238 F. Supp. 2d 1172, 1174 (C.D. 7 Cal. 2002 ). In exercising its discretion, a court considers several factors (“Eitel 8 Factors”): (1) the possibility of prejudice to the plaintiff; (2) the merits of the plaintiff’s 9 substantive claim; (3) the sufficiency of the complaint; (4) the sum of money at stake; 10 (5) the possibility of a dispute concerning material facts; (6) whether the defendant’s 11 default was due to excusable neglect; and (7) the strong policy favoring decision on the 12 merits. Eitel v. McCool, 782 F.2d 1470, 1471-71 (9th. Cir. 1986). Generally, upon 13 entry of default by the Clerk, the defendant’s liability is conclusively established, and 14 the well-pleaded factual allegations in the complaint are accepted as true, except those 15 pertaining to the amount of damages. Televideo Sys., Inc. v. Heidenthal, 826 F.2d 915 , 16 917–19 (9th Cir. 1987) (per curiam) (citing Geddes v. United Fin. Grp., 559 F.2d 557 , 17 560 (9th Cir. 1977)). 18 A party who has violated the ADA is liable for attorneys’ fees and costs under 42 19 U.S.C. § 12205 . Where, on motion for default judgment, a party seeks attorney fees 20 and costs pursuant to a statute, those fees are calculated in accordance with the schedule 21 provided by the Court. C.D. Cal. L.R. 55-3. A court may award attorney fees in excess 22 of the schedule when the attorney makes a request at the time of the entry of default. [23] Id. 24 IV. DISCUSSION 25 A. Procedural Requirements 26 Rutherford has satisfied the procedural requirements for an entry of default 27 judgment. Rutherford has submitted a declaration stating: (1) the Clerk entered default 28 against Defendant on November 6, 2019; (2) default was entered based on the First 1 Amended Complaint Rutherford filed on April 1, 2019; (3) Defendants are neither 2 infants nor incompetent; (4) Defendants are not covered under the Servicemember Civil 3 Relief Act, 50 U.S.C. § 3931 , and (5) Rutherford properly served Defendants with 4 notice of this Motion through the United States Postal Service. (Decl. of Joseph R. 5 Manning (“Manning Decl.”) ¶¶ 2–5, ECF No. 45-3; Mot. 6; Notice of Motion 2, ECF 6 No. 45.) Thus, Rutherford has satisfied the procedural requirements of FRCP 54(c) and 7 55, as well as Local Rule 55-1. 8 B. Eitel Factors 9 Once the procedural requirements have been met, district courts must consider 10 the Eitel Factors in exercising discretion for granting default judgment. For the reasons 11 discussed below, the Court finds that the factors weigh in favor of granting default 12 judgment. 13 1. Possibility of Prejudice to the Plaintiff 14 The first Eitel Factor considers whether the plaintiff will suffer prejudice if 15 default judgment is not entered. Eitel, 782 F.2d at 1471 . Denial of default judgment 16 leads to prejudice when it leaves a plaintiff without a remedy or recourse to recover 17 compensation. See Landstar Ranger, Inc. v. Parth Enter., Inc., 725 F. Supp. 2d 916 , 18 920 (C.D. Cal. 2010); PepsiCo, 238 F. Supp. 2d at 1177 . Here, Defendants elected not 19 to participate in this action after being properly notified. (Proof of Service of Mot., ECF 20 No. 45-9.) Absent a default judgment, Plaintiff would have no further recourse to 21 recover against Defendants’ ADA violations. Therefore, this factor weighs in favor of 22 default judgment. 23 2. Substantive Merits & 3. Sufficiency of the Complaint 24 The second and third Eitel Factors “require that a plaintiff state a claim on which 25 the [plaintiff] may recover.” Philip Morris USA, Inc. v. Castworld Prods., Inc., 219 26 F.R.D. 494 , 499 (C.D. Cal. 2003) (alteration in original) (citing PepsiCo, 238 F. Supp. 27 2d at 1175.) Although well-pleaded allegations in the complaint are admitted by the 28 defendant’s failure to respond, “necessary facts not contained in the pleadings, and 1 claims which are legally insufficient, are not established by default.” Cripps v. Life Ins. 2 Co. of N. Am., 980 F.2d 1261, 1267 (9th Cir. 1992). Here, Rutherford alleges claims 3 for violations of both the ADA and Unruh. 4 a. ADA Claims 5 Rutherford alleges claims sufficient to establish that Defendants violated Title III 6 of the ADA, which prohibits acts of discrimination “on the basis of disability the full 7 and equal enjoyment of . . . services, facilities, privileges, advantages, or 8 accommodations of any place of public accommodation . . . .” 42 U.S.C. § 12182 (a). 9 To succeed in his claim, Rutherford must establish that: (1) he is “disabled within 10 the meaning of the ADA,” (2) Defendants are a “private entity that owns, leases, or 11 operates a place of public accommodation,” (3) Defendants denied Rutherford public 12 accommodation because of his disability, (4) the parking spaces in question “present[] 13 an architectural barrier prohibited under the ADA,” and (5) “the removal of the barrier 14 is readily achievable.” Vogel v. Rite Aid Corp., 992 F. Supp. 2d 998 , 1007–08 (C.D. 15 Cal. 2014 ) (citing Molski v. M.J. Cable, Inc., 481 F.3d 724, 730 (9th Cir. 2007)). 16 First, “disability” under the ADA is defined as “a physical or mental impairment 17 that substantially limits one or more major life activities.” 42 U.S.C. § 12102 (1)(A). 18 The ADA lists walking and standing as “Major Life Activities.” 42 U.S.C. 19 § 12102(2)(A). Rutherford asserts that he is “substantially limited” in walking and 20 standing, among other things. (FAC ¶ 1.) Thus, accepting this allegation as true, 21 Rutherford has sufficiently established that he is disabled under the ADA. 22 Second, the ADA lists “private entities” such as “sales . . . establishments” as 23 “public accommodations.” 42 U.S.C. § 12181 (7)(E). Private entities that own, lease, 24 or lease to others, property, must comply with the ADA. 42 U.S.C. § 12182 (a). Here, 25 Rutherford alleges that all Defendants either “owned, operated [or] controlled” the 26 business or property where the parking spaces in question are located. (FAC ¶¶ 3–6.) [28] 1 Thus, taking these allegations as true, Rutherford has sufficiently alleged that 2 Defendants collectively own, lease, or operate a public accommodation. 3 As to factors three and four, “[a] public accommodation shall 4 maintain . . . facilities . . . that are required to be readily accessible to and usable by 5 persons with disabilities. . . .” 28 C.F.R § 36.211(a). “Whether a facility is ‘readily 6 accessible’ is defined, in part, by the ADA Accessibility Guidelines (‘ADAAG’).” 7 Chapman v. Pier 1 Imports (U.S.), Inc., 631 F.3d at 945 (9th Cir. 2011). The ADAAG 8 guidelines “lay out the technical structural requirements of places of public 9 accommodation.” Id. (citing Fortyune v. Am. Multi-Cinema, Inc., 364 F.3d 1075 , 1080– 10 81 (9th Cir. 2004). 11 For Example, “[w]here [accessible] parking spaces are provided, [they] shall 12 be provided in accordance with 208.” ADAAG § 208.1 (2010), https://www.ada.gov/r 13 egs2010/2010ADAStandards/2010ADAStandards_prt.pdf. “[Accessible] parking 14 spaces . . . that serve a particular building . . . shall be located on the shortest accessible 15 route from parking to an entrance . . . .” ADAAG § 208.3.1. Additionally, “[c]urb 16 ramps . . . shall be located so that they do not project into vehicular traffic lanes, parking 17 spaces, or parking access aisles.” ADAAG § 406.5. Access aisles associated with 18 accessible parking spaces must have slopes “not steeper that 1:48” in all directions. 19 ADAAG § 406.5. 20 Here, Rutherford alleges that the “accessible parking spaces are not located on 21 the shortest accessible route . . . .” (FAC ¶ 15.) Rutherford further alleges that “the 22 curb ramp at the accessible parking spaces projects into the access aisles . . . .” (FAC ¶ 23 15.) Thus, taking these allegations as true, Rutherford has sufficiently alleged that the 24 parking spaces are an architectural barrier that denied him public accommodation due 25 to his disability. 26 Moreover, an ADA plaintiff who sufficiently alleges violations as to encountered 27 barriers may also sue for injunctive relief as to unencountered barriers,” provided that 28 he plans on returning to the property in question but for the barriers. Chapman, 631 1 F.3d at 944. Here, Rutherford alleges that access aisles associated with accessible 2 parking spaces may not be in compliance with ADAAG § 502.4. (FAC ¶¶ 15, 31.) 3 Thus, taking these allegations as true, Rutherford has sufficiently alleged that this 4 barrier, along with the barriers discussed above, is deterring him from visiting the retail 5 establishment located on Defendants’ property, where he “intends to return.” 6 (FAC ¶ 22.) 7 As to the fifth factor, “‘[r]eadily achievable’ means easily accomplishable and 8 able to be carried out without much difficulty or expense.” 42 U.S.C. § 12181 (9). 9 Although “readily achievable” requires fact-driven determinations such as the “nature 10 and cost” of the repair, Rutherford did not receive any such information because 11 Defendants failed to oppose this action. (Mot. Clerk Enter Default.); See Spikes v. 12 Shockley, No. 19-cv-523-DMS-JLB, 2019 WL 5578234 , at *3 (C.D. Cal. Oct. 28, 13 2019). Moreover, “installing ramps” and “creating designated accessible parking 14 spaces”—both of which are related to, or part of, the injunctive relief Rutherford 15 seeks—are considered examples of “readily achievable” removals of barriers under 16 ADAAG. See C.F.R § 36.304(b). Furthermore, Rutherford alleges that the barriers are 17 “easily removed without much expense,” and therefore satisfies the “burden of 18 production to present evidence that a suggested method of barrier removal is readily 19 achievable.” (FAC ¶ 25); Vogel, 992 F. Supp. 2d at 1010–11 (“[Plaintiff’s] allegation 20 that removal of the barriers was readily achievable is sufficient to satisfy his burden of 21 production.”) (citing Colorado Cross Disability v. Hermanson Family, Ltd., 264 F.3d 22 999 (10th Cir. 2001). Finally, Rutherford alleges that “there are numerous alternative 23 accommodations that could be made to provide a greater level of access if complete 24 removal were not achievable.” (FAC ¶ 25.) Thus, taking his allegations as true, 25 Rutherford has sufficiently alleged that the removal of Defendants’ ADA violations is 26 readily achievable. [28] 1 b. Unruh Claim 2 On April 1, 2019, this Court declined to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over 3 Rutherford’s state law claim and dismissed the claim. (Order Declining). Thus, the 4 Court does not discuss the sufficiency of the state law claim. 5 4. The Sum of Money at Stake 6 The fourth Eitel Factor balances “the amount of money at stake in relation to the 7 seriousness of Defendant’s conduct.” PepsiCo, 238 F. Supp. 2d at 1176 ; Eitel, 782 F.2d 8 at 1471. The amount at stake must be proportionate to the harm alleged. Landstar, 725 9 F. Supp. 2d at 921. “Default judgment is disfavored where the sum of money at stake 10 is too large or unreasonable in light of the defendant’s actions.” Truong Gian Corp. v. 11 Twinstar Tea Corp., No. C 06-03594 JSW 2007 WL 1545173 , at * 12 (N.D. Cal. May 12 29, 2007). Here, the Court has declined to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over 13 Rutherford’s state law claim and the ADA offers only injunctive relief to remedy easily 14 removable architectural barriers to access. Therefore, there are no monetary damages 15 at stake. Thus, this factor weighs in favor of granting default judgment. 16 5. Possibility of Dispute 17 The fifth Eitel Factor considers the possibility of dispute regarding material facts. 18 PepsiCo, 238 F. Supp. 2d at 1177 . Here, as Defendants failed to oppose the Motion, no 19 factual dispute exists because the allegations in the Complaint are presumed true. See, 20 Vogel, 992 F. Supp. 2d at 1013 . Thus, this factor weighs in favor of default judgment. 21 6. Possibility of Excusable Neglect 22 The sixth Eitel Factor considers whether Defendants’ default is the result of 23 excusable neglect. Eitel v. McCool, 782 F.2d 1470 . No facts before the Court indicate 24 that Defendants’ default is due to excusable neglect. Defendants were served a 25 Summons and Complaint on April 23, 2019. (Proof of Service). Additionally, 26 Defendants were served notice of this Motion on December 6, 2019. (Proof of Service 27 of Mot.). Defendants did not respond to the summons or notice of this Motion. Thus, 28 the Court finds that Defendants’ default is not due to excusable neglect. 1 7. Policy Favoring Decision on the Merits 2 “[D]efault judgments are ordinarily disfavored. Cases should be decided on their 3 merits whenever reasonably possible.” Eitel, 782 F.2d at 1472 . However, where a 4 defendant fails to answer a complaint, “a decision on the merits [is] impractical, if not 5 impossible,” PepsiCo, 238 F. Supp. 2d at 1177 . As discussed, Defendants elected not 6 to respond to the Summons and Complaint, rendering a decision on the merits 7 impossible. (Mot. for Clerk to Enter Default). Thus, this factor weighs in favor of 8 default judgment. 9 C. Remedies 10 1. Actual and Statutory Damages 11 Rutherford seeks statutory damages not less than $4,000 pursuant to California 12 Civil Code § 52(a), and $4,000 for each time he visited the property with architectural 13 barriers. Feezor v. Del Taco, Inc. 431 F. Supp. 2d 1088, 1091 (S.D. Cal. 2005); (FAC 14 at 9, Prayer for Relief.) 15 Rutherford seeks an additional award of $4,000 in “deterrence damages” 16 pursuant to Johnson v. Guedoir, 218 F. Supp. 3d 1096 (E.D. Cal. 2016). (FAC at 9.) 17 These damages, however, are remedies derived from Rutherford’s state law claim under 18 Unruh. As the Court has declined to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over 19 Rutherford’s Unruh claim, the Court DENIES Rutherford’s request for actual and 20 statutory damages. 21 2. Injunctive Relief 22 “To be entitled to injunctive relief under 42 U.S.C. § 12188 (a)(2), [Rutherford] 23 must show that [Defendants have] violated the ADAAG.” Vogel, 992 F. Supp. 2d at 24 1015. For Title III violations, “injunctive relief shall include an order to alter facilities 25 to make such facilities readily accessible to and usable by individuals with 26 disabilities . . . .” 42 U.S.C. § 12188 (a)(2). There are no further requirements for relief 27 “when an injunction is sought to prevent the violation of a federal statute which 28 specifically provides for injunctive relief,” Vogel, 992 F. Supp. 2d at 1015 (quoting 1 Moeller v. Taco Bell, 816 F. Supp. 2d 831, 859 (N.D. Cal. 2011). “Thus, injunctive 2 relief is proper when architectural barriers at [Defendants’] establishment violate the 3 ADA and the removal of the barriers is readily achievable.” Id. 4 Here, Rutherford has established a valid Title III discrimination claim under 42 5 U.S.C. § 12188 (a)(2). (FAC ¶¶ 1, 15, 31.) There are several architectural barriers at 6 the Defendants’ property that prevented Rutherford from the full and equal enjoyment 7 of Defendants’ retail establishment. (FAC ¶¶ 15, 31.) Talat and Natasha Radwan in 8 their capacity as owners of the property, and JJ’s Market and Liquor, to the extent of its 9 capacity as a lessee may readily achieve removal of the barriers. See Vogel, 992 F. 10 Supp. 2d at 1015. 11 Injunctive relief is therefore appropriate. Defendants are ordered to remove all 12 architectural barriers identified in Rutherford’s Complaint. Specifically, Defendants 13 are compelled to: (1) modify accessible parking spaces to be located on the shortest 14 accessible route to the entrance of the property, pursuant to ADAAG § 208.3.1; (2) 15 modify the curb ramp so that it does not project into vehicular lanes of traffic, parking 16 spaces, or parking access aisles, pursuant to ADAAG § 406.5; (3) modify access aisles 17 for accessible parking spaces such that there is no slope exceeding 1:48 in all directions 18 if access aisles for accessible parking spaces are not in compliance with ADAAG § 19 502.4. See Moreno v. La Curacao, 463 F. App’x 669 (9th Cir. 2011) (finding that 20 because the defendant’s “retail establishment” was a public accommodation and the 21 removal of barriers was “readily achievable,” the plaintiff was “entitled to injunctive 22 relief”); Vogel, 992 F. Supp. 2d at 1015–16 (holding that the patron was entitled to 23 injunctive relief, compelling the store owner to remove all architectural barriers 24 identified in the complaint). 25 D. Attorney’s Fees and Costs 26 Rutherford seeks $4106.00 in attorneys’ fees and $538.00 in costs. (Mot. 13–14; 27 Manning Decl. ¶ 8; Manning Decl. Ex. 5 (“Billing Records and Costs”), ECF No. 4528 7.) 1 As Rutherford’s ADA claim is meritorious, Rutherford is the prevailing party and 2 may recover attorneys’ fees under 42 U.S.C. § 12205 . Rutherford may also recover 3 costs as provided in 29 U.S.C. § 1920 , FRCP 54(d)(1) and Local Rule 54-2. In an 4 application for default judgment, where attorneys’ fees are sought pursuant to a statute, 5 fees are generally calculated according to the schedule provided by the court. C.D. Cal. 6 L.R. 55-3. Attorneys may request fees in excess of the schedule, as Rutherford’s have 7 done so here. C.D. Cal. L.R. 55-3. When a party makes such a request, “the court is 8 obligated to calculate a ‘reasonable’ fee in the usual manner [using the ‘lodestar 9 method’], without using the fee schedule as a starting point.” Vogel v. Harbor Plaza 10 Ctr., LLC, 893 F.3d 1152 (9th Cir. 2018). The “lodestar” method multiplies the hours 11 reasonably expended by a reasonable hourly rate. Hensley v. Eckerhart, 461 U.S. 424 , 12 433 (1983). Courts should exclude hours that are excessive, redundant, or not 13 reasonably expended. Id. at 434 . It is in the court’s discretion to determine the 14 reasonableness of the fees requested. Id. at 433 . A court may consider a number of 15 pertinent factors in determining the reasonableness of an attorneys’ fees award. Langer 16 v. Butler, No. SA CV 19-0829-DOC (JDEx), 2019 WL 6332167 , at *8 (C.D. Cal. Aug. 17 27, 2019) (citing Quesada v. Thomason, 850 F.2d 537 , 539 n.1 (9th Cir. 1988) (listing 18 twelve factors)).2 19 Here, Rutherford’s attorneys fail to justify their billing rates, providing neither 20 cases in which court have previously approved their rates nor cases in which courts have 21 approved similar rates for attorneys practicing in similar practice areas in this legal 22 market. Furthermore, while represented by the same firm, Rutherford has filed more 23 than 10 cases within the last twelve months, and is considered a high-frequency litigant [24] 25 2 The factors are: (1) the time and labor required; (2) the novelty and difficulty of the questions involved; (3) the skill requisite to perform the legal service properly; (4) the preclusion of other 26 employment by the attorney as a result of accepting the case; (5) the customary fee; (6) whether the fee is fixed or contingent; (7) time limitations imposed by the client or the circumstances; (8) the [27] amount involved and the result obtained; (9) the experience, reputation, and ability of the attorney(s); 28 (10) the “undesirability” of the case; (11) the nature and length of the professional relationship with the client; and (12) awards in similar cases. Id. at 539 n.1. 1 under California law. (See Decl. of James Rutherford ¶ 2, ECF No. 38-2.) Rutherford’s 2 cases include nearly identical complaints and subsequent filings, with billing records 3 that reflect the use of templates. Notably, Rutherford’s attorneys’ have filed thousands 4 of ADA cases in this district using “carbon-copy complaints and ‘entirely boilerplate’ 5 litigation.” Tate v. Deoca, No. CV 14-08738-SJO (MRWx), 2018 WL 5914220 , at *8 6 (C.D. Cal. July 31, 2018) (citing cases and cautioning against awarding counsel a 7 windfall for such copy-and-paste work). The Court recognizes the time necessary to 8 prepare filings in this matter and to investigate and identify the proper defendants, but 9 this litigation is not particularly complex or laborious, nor has it been litigious as 10 Defendants failed to answer. Indeed, this matter has proceeded in a fairly 11 straightforward matter over only a few months. Finally, nothing indicates that 12 Rutherford’s attorneys have been precluded from accepting other employment due to 13 the acceptance of this case. 14 In light of the redundancy of work, familiarity with Rutherford, expertise in the 15 area of law, and straightforward nature of the case involved for the extensively-trained 16 attorneys, the Court reduces the lodestar by 50% and awards $2053 in attorney’s fees. 17 See Langer, 2019 WL 6332167 , at *8 (reducing requested fees by 50% for reasons 18 similar to the above); Tate, 2018 WL 5914220 , at *8 (same). 19 Next, the Court accepts Attorney Manning’s declaration that Rutherford incurred 20 litigation expenses of $538.00. (See Manning Decl. ¶ 8; Billing Record and Costs 1.) 21 Thus, the Court awards costs of $538.00. [28] 1 CONCLUSION 2 For the reasons discussed above, the Court GRANTS Rutherford’s Motion for 3 | Default Judgment, and awards injunctive relief. The Court further AWARDS $2053 4] in attorney’s fees and $538.00 in costs. The Court will issue Judgment. [5] 6 IT IS SO ORDERED. [7] 8 February 21, 2020 [9] 10 Gill: Ya Milt ll OTIS D. WRIGHT, II UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE