Iowa v. Rood

Me. Justice Beoww, after making the foregoing statement, delivered the opinion of the court. Motion is made to dismiss this case upon the ground that no Federal question is involved; or if there be such question, that there was another non-Federal question, the decision of which was sufficient to sustain the judgment, irrespective of what the decision of the Supreme Court may have been upon such Federal question. 1. From the foregoing abstract of the pleadings it will be seen that the title set up by the State rests solely upon the proposition that it became vested, upon its admission into the Union under'the act of Congress.of December 28, 1846, 9 Stat. 117, with sovereignty over the beds of all lakes within its borders, and by the act of the general government in meandering such lakes, and excluding from its survey of public lands all such as lay beneath their waters. This clearly does not involve the validity of any treaty or statute of the United States, or the constitutionality of any state statute or authority, so that if jurisdiction exists in this court, it must be by reason of the claim of a title, right, privilege or immunity under the Constitution, or an authority exercised under the United States, the *91 decision of which was against such title, right, privilege or authority. The real question then is whether the sovereignty of the State over the beds of its inland lakes rests upon some statute or provision of the Constitution, or upon general principles of the common law which long antedated the Constitution, and' had their origin in rights conceded to the Crown centuries before the severance of our relations with the mother country. If the latter, then the State must look to the decisions.of this court, recognizing and defining such rights and detórmiuing. how far they5 are inherited, first, by the United States as the successor of the Crown, and second, by the several States upon their admission into the Union. This would not involve a construction of the Constitution, nor of any title derived thereunder, but a determination of the title of the Crown to lands beneath the beds of inland lakes and of the respective rights of the States and the general government as successors thereto. In support of our jurisdiction the State relies. (1) upon art. Ill of-the treaty with France for the cession, of Louisiana, 8 Stat. 200, which merely provides that ‘‘ the inhabitants of the ceded territory shall be incorporated in the Uqion of the United States and ádmitted as soon as possible, according to the principles of the Federal Constitution,-to the enjoyment of all the rights, advantages and immunities of citizens of the United States ; ” (2) the provision of the Constitution, art. *IY, sec. 3, which merely declares, with certain immaterial qualifications, that “ new States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union ; ” and (3) upon the act of Congress of 1846, admitting the State of Iowa into the Union, with the provision that it should be admitted on an equal footing with the original States in all respects whatsoever. None of these provisions was questioned by the Supreme Court of Iowa in its opinion, but neither of them has even a remote bearing upon - the question of the title of the. State to the land beneath its lakes. Indeed, the argument now made-by the Attorney General, that the title of the State depends upon the construction given to this act of Congress, is quite inconsistent with his first assignment of error upon the merits, *92 which charges the • court with error “ in not holding that the beds of all the meandered lakes and streams in the State of Iowa belong to said State in trust for the public, by virtue of its sovereignty, and that this right does not depend upon any act of Congress or cmy grant from, the United States.In other words, the State is put in the dilemma of insisting, for the purpose of sustaining the jurisdiction of this court, that the title of the Staté is dependent upon the proper construction of these three instruments, and, for the purpose of sustaining its case upon the merits, denying that the title depends upon either of them. This is an attempt to blow hot and cold upon the same question. The mere fact that the plaintiff in error asserts title under a clause of the Constitution, or an act of Congress, is not in itself sufficient, unless there be at least a plausible foundation for such claim. A party may assert a right, title, privilege or immunity without even color for such assertion, and if that were alone sufficient to give this court jurisdiction, a vast number of cases might be brought here simply for delay or speculative advantage. New Orleans Waterworks Co. v. Louisiana, 185 U. S. 336. It is equally clear that the mere fact that an act of Congress or a patent -.of the United States appears in a chain of title does not constitute such a right, title or immunity as gives the Federal court jurisdiction, unless such title involves the construction of the act or the determination of the 'rights of the party under it. De Lamar’s Nevada G. M. Co. v. Nesbitt, 177 U. S. 523. The case of the City of New Orleans v. Armas, 9 Pet. 224, is directly in point. Plaintiffs claimed a parcel of land in the city of New Orleans-by incomplete title from the Spanish government, which was, however, confirmed under the laws of the United States and a patent issued therefor. The city claimed the land as a part of a quay-dedicated to the city in the original plan of the town, and therefore not grantable by the king. The state-court gave judgment for the plaintiffs, which- was affirmed by the Supreme Court, and the city sued out a writ of error. The court held, through Chief Justice Marshall, that to *93 sustain its jurisdiction it must-be shown that the title set úp by the. city was protected by the treaty ceding Louisiana to the United States (the treaty involved in this case), or by some act of Congress applicable to that title. It was held that the third article of the treaty, above quoted, did not embrace-the ease, and that the act of Congress admitting Louisiana into the Union, which is identical in language with the act admitting. Iowa, could not be construed to give - appellate jurisdiction to this court over all questions of title between citizens of Louish ana ; that the case involved no principle upon which this court could take jurisdiction which would not apply to all the controversies respecting titles originating before the cession of Louisiana to the United States, and that “it would also comprehend all controversies concerning .titles in any of the new States, since they are admitted into the Union by laws expressed in similar language.” The writ of error was dismissed. This case is conclusive against the existence of a Federal question in the case under consideration. 2. We are also asked to sustain- the jurisdiction of this court upon the ground that the action of the government surveyors in segregating and setting apart the lake in question by meander lines from the public land, and the approval of such sur-, vey by the Commissioner of the General Land Office, was an adjudication by the government of the United States, by its duly authorized officers and agents,'that the lake so segregated and set apart was the property of the State'of Iowa and not a part of the public domain. We do not so interpret the action of these officers. They undoubtedly did survey the lands adjoining this lake-and meander the lake itself, but they determined nothing as to the title of the land beneath its waters — a determination which would have been wholly beyond their' powers; but simply omitted those lands from the survey, and left their .title to be subse-' quently determined either by state or Congressional action. It was obviously beyond the "powers of a government surveyor, or of the. Land Office, to determine the title to these lands, or to adjudicate anything whatever upon the subject. Had the decision of the Supreme Court been adverse to the *94 plaintiffs, who claimed title under the swamp land act, it is possible that a writ of error might have lain from this court, but we. have frequently held that to sustain such writ, the decision must be adverse to a right^ claimed under an act of Congress, or to the éxercise of an authority granted by the United States. Baker v. Baldwin, decided this term, ante, p. 61. The writ of error must be Dismissed.