Thomas-Lawson v. Carrington Mortgage Services LLC

[1] JS-6 [2] O [7] 8 United States District Court 9 Central District of California [10] 11 AMY THOMAS-LAWSON, BRENDA Case No. 2:20-cv-07301-ODW (Ex) BOLEY, MIGUEL PADILLA, and 12 ORDER DENYING PLAINTIFFS’ WILLIAM GREEN, on behalf of MOTION TO APPOINT INTERIM 13 themselves and others similarly situated, CLASS COUNSEL [71], DENYING 14 DEFENDANT’S MOTION TO Plaintiffs, COMPEL ARBITRATION [75], AND [15] v. GRANTING DEFENDANT’S 16 MOTION TO DISMISS [76] [17] CARRINGTON MORTGAGE 18 SERVICES, LLC, [19] Defendant. [21] 22 I. INTRODUCTION 23 Plaintiffs Amy Thomas-Lawson, Brenda Boley, Miguel Padilla, and William 24 Green filed this action on behalf of themselves and several putative classes in the U.S. 25 District Court for the Northern District of Maryland against Defendant Carrington 26 Mortgage Services, LLC. (Compl., ECF No. 1.) Upon a stipulation by the parties, the 27 Maryland court transferred the case to this Court. (Transfer Order, ECF No. 41.) [28] 1 Now, three motions are pending. First, Plaintiffs move for an order appointing 2 their counsel as interim class counsel under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 3 (“Rule”) 23(g)(3) for the putative classes set forth in the Complaint. (Mot. Int. Class 4 Counsel, ECF No. 71-1.) The matter is fully briefed. (See id.; Opp’n Int. Class 5 Counsel, ECF No. 81; Reply Int. Class Counsel, ECF No. 82.) Second, Defendants 6 move to compel arbitration. (Mot. Comp. Arb., ECF No. 75-1.) That matter is also 7 fully briefed. (See id.; Opp’n Comp. Arb., ECF No. 86; Reply Comp. Arb., ECF 8 No. 87.) Third, Defendants alternatively move to dismiss the Complaint under 9 Rule 12(b)(6). (Mot. Dismiss, ECF No. 76-1.) That matter is fully briefed as well. 10 (See id.; Opp’n Dismiss, ECF No. 85; Reply Dismiss, ECF No. 88.) 11 For the reasons that follow, the Motion to Compel Arbitration is DENIED, the 12 Motion to Dismiss is GRANTED with prejudice, and the Motion to Appoint Interim 13 Class Counsel is DENIED as moot.1 14 II. BACKGROUND 15 Thomas-Lawson, Boley, Padilla, and Green own homes located in Maryland, 16 Texas, California, and New York, respectively, each of which is subject to a mortgage 17 serviced by Carrington. (Compl. ¶¶ 9–12.) Carrington accepts mortgage payments 18 through its online website or over the phone, among other methods of payment. (Id. 19 ¶ 39.) Carrington charges a $5 convenience fee to pay online, and it charges a $10 or 20 $20 convenience fee to pay via phone. (Id.) Plaintiffs bring this action against 21 Carrington on behalf of themselves and five putative classes (nationwide, Maryland, 22 Texas, California, and New York classes) to challenge the legality of these “pay-to23 pay” fees. (See id. ¶ 101.) 24 Payments to Carrington that are made online or over the phone are processed 25 through a third-party mortgage payment processing service called Speedpay. (See id. [27] 1 After carefully considering the papers filed in connection with the Motions, the Court deemed the 28 matters appropriate for decision without oral argument. Fed. R. Civ. P. 78; C.D. Cal. L.R. 7-15. 1 ¶ 3.) To use Speedpay, a payor must authorize the payment and agree to a number of 2 terms and conditions (“T&Cs”) that can be found on Speedpay’s website. (See Mot. 3 Comp. Arb. 2.) Among the T&Cs is an arbitration clause which states: 4 Unless You opt out . . . , any dispute arising from or relating to [Speedpay’s service] or your Payment(s) [to Carrington through [5] Speedpay] shall be resolved by mandatory and binding arbitration. The 6 arbitrator shall also decide what is subject to arbitration unless prohibited 7 by law. The arbitration will be administered by American Arbitration Association (“AAA”) under its Consumer Arbitration Rules . . . . [8] 9 (See Decl. of Azita Guzzo ISO Mot. Comp. Arb. (“Guzzo Arb. Decl.”) ¶ 11, ECF 10 No. 75-2; Ex. B to Guzzo Arb. Decl. (“T&Cs”), ECF No. 75-4.) Thus, the first matter 11 for the Court to consider is Carrington’s Motion to Compel Arbitration. 12 III. MOTION TO COMPEL ARBITRATION 13 The Federal Arbitration Act (“FAA”) “provides that arbitration agreements 14 ‘shall be valid, irrevocable, and enforceable, save upon such grounds that exist at law 15 or in equity for the revocation of any contract.’” Circuit City Stores, Inc. v. Adams, [16] 279 F.3d 889, 892 (9th Cir. 2002) (emphasis omitted) (quoting 9 U.S.C. § 2 ). While it 17 is usually the court’s task to “determine whether the parties agreed to arbitrate th[e] 18 dispute,” Mitsubishi Motors Corp. v. Soler Chrysler-Plymouth, Inc., 473 U.S. 614 , 19 626 (1985), the court “will be divested of that authority if the parties clearly and 20 unmistakably provide that an arbitrator is to decide whether a dispute is subject to 21 arbitration,” New England Mech., Inc. v. Laborers Loc. Union 294, 909 F.2d 1339 , 22 1345 (9th Cir. 1990) (internal quotation marks omitted). 23 Still, “arbitration is a matter of contract and a party cannot be required to submit 24 to arbitration any dispute which he has not agreed so to submit.” AT & T Techs., Inc. 25 v. Commc’ns Workers of Am., 475 U.S. 643, 648 (1986); see also First Options of 26 Chi., Inc. v. Kaplan, 514 U.S. 938, 944 (1995) (“When deciding whether the parties 27 agreed to arbitrate a certain matter[, ]including arbitrability[,] courts generally . . . 28 should apply ordinary state-law principles that govern the formation of contracts.”). 1 Relevantly, the Dodd-Frank Act Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection 2 Act (“Dodd-Frank Act”) “prohibits the use of arbitration provisions or pre-dispute 3 waivers of federal statutory causes of action in connection with residential 4 mortgages.” Attix v. Carrington Mortg. Servs., LLC, No. 1:20-cv-22183-UU, [5] 2020 WL 5757624 , at *6 (S.D. Fla. Sept. 16, 2020) (citing 15 U.S.C. § 1639c(e)), 6 appeal docketed, No. 20-13575 (11th Cir. Sept. 23, 2020); see also Weller v. HSBC 7 Mortg. Servs., Inc., 971 F. Supp. 2d 1072, 1077 (D. Colo. 2013) (“The Dodd-Frank 8 Act imposes . . . the refinement and restriction of the FAA’s policy favoring 9 arbitration of claims.” (internal quotation marks omitted)). The Dodd-Frank Act 10 states in relevant part: 11 (1) In general 12 No residential mortgage loan . . . may include terms which require arbitration or any other nonjudicial procedure as the [13] method for resolving any controversy or settling any claims 14 arising out of the transaction. 15 [. . .] 16 (3) No waiver of statutory cause of action 17 [N]o other agreement between the consumer and the creditor relating to the residential mortgage loan . . . referred to in [18] paragraph (1), shall be applied or interpreted so as to bar a 19 consumer from bringing an action in an appropriate district 20 court of the United States . . . for damages or other relief in connection with any alleged violation of this section, any other [21] provision of this subchapter, or any other Federal law. [22] 15 U.S.C. § 1639c(e) (emphases added). [23] Notably, the exact same arbitration clause language from the Speedpay T&Cs [24] has already been analyzed by another district court in a case with nearly identical facts [25] and the same defendant. In Attix (another lawsuit challenging Carrington’s pay-to-pay [26] fees), the court found the statutory language “clear and unambiguous,” and it [27] concluded that “[m]aking a payment on a residential mortgage loan certainly relates to [28] 1 the residential mortgage loan.” Attix, 2020 WL 5757624 , at *9 (emphasis added) 2 (internal quotation marks and alterations omitted). Thus, the Attix court determined 3 that even though the arbitration clause in Speedpay’s T&Cs would have applied to the 4 Attix plaintiffs’ claims against Carrington, the Dodd-Frank Act ultimately prohibited 5 any purported agreement to arbitrate, and Carrington could not invoke the Speedpay 6 T&Cs to force the Attix plaintiffs to arbitration. Id. 7 This Court agrees with the Attix court’s reasoning and reaches the same 8 conclusion here. Although it appears from the Speedpay arbitration clause that the 9 question of arbitrability might otherwise be one for an arbitrator to decide, the Dodd10 Frank Act renders the clause invalid. Plaintiffs’ mortgage payment transactions 11 constitute “agreement[s] between the consumer[s] and the creditor relating to the 12 residential mortgage loan[s].” See 15 U.S.C. § 1639c(e)(3). The Speedpay T&Cs 13 cannot bar Plaintiffs from bringing their claims in this Court. See id. Therefore, 14 Carrington’s Motion to Compel Arbitration is DENIED. The Court thus turns to 15 Carrington’s Motion to Dismiss, brought under Rule 12(b)(6). 16 IV. MOTION TO DISMISS 17 A court may dismiss a complaint under Rule 12(b)(6) for lack of a cognizable 18 legal theory or insufficient facts pleaded to support an otherwise cognizable legal 19 theory. Balistreri v. Pacifica Police Dep’t, 901 F.2d 696, 699 (9th Cir. 1988). A 20 complaint need only satisfy the minimal notice pleading requirements of 21 Rule 8(a)(2)—a short and plain statement of the claim. Porter v. Jones, 319 F.3d 483 , 22 494 (9th Cir. 2003). But factual “allegations must be enough to raise a right to relief 23 above the speculative level.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007). 24 That is, the complaint must “contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to state 25 a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662 , 678 26 (2009) (internal quotation marks omitted). Testing the plausibility standard is a 27 “context-specific task that requires the reviewing court to draw on its judicial 28 experience and common sense.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 679 . A court is generally limited 1 to the pleadings and must construe all “factual allegations set forth in the 2 complaint . . . as true and . . . in the light most favorable” to the plaintiff. Lee v. City 3 of Los Angeles, 250 F.3d 668, 679 (9th Cir. 2001). However, a court need not blindly 4 accept conclusory allegations, unwarranted deductions of fact, or unreasonable 5 inferences. Sprewell v. Golden State Warriors, 266 F.3d 979, 988 (9th Cir. 2001). 6 Here, Plaintiffs assert seven causes of action against Carrington for (1) violation 7 of the Federal Debt Collection Practices Act, 15 U.S.C. §§ 1692 , et seq., (“FDCPA”); 8 (2) breach of contract; (3) violation of the Maryland Consumer Debt Collection Act, 9 (“MCDCA”); (4) violation of the Maryland Consumer Protection Act (“MCPA”); 10 (5) violation of Texas Finance Code section 392.001(2); (6) violation of California’s 11 Rosenthal Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (“RFDCPA”); and (7) violation of the 12 “unlawful” prong of California’s Unfair Competition Law, Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code 13 section 17200 (“UCL”). (See Compl. ¶¶ 113–206.) Carrington moves to dismiss each 14 claim, which the Court addresses below. 15 A. FDCPA (Claim One) 16 Plaintiffs allege Carrington’s pay-for-pay fees violate § 1692f(1) of the 17 FDCPA, which prohibits a debt collector from “collect[ing] . . . any amount (including 18 any interest, fee, charge, or expense incidental to the principal obligation) unless such 19 amount is expressly authorized by the agreement creating the debt or permitted by 20 law.” 15 U.S.C. § 1592f(1), (see Compl. ¶¶ 113–22). Notably, this claim is brought 21 by only Thomas-Lawson, Boley, and Green, on behalf of themselves and the putative 22 nationwide class. (Id.) Now, Carrington moves to dismiss this claim on grounds that: 23 (1) Plaintiffs fail to allege Carrington is a “debt collector”; (2) the alleged fees are not 24 “incidental” to Plaintiffs’ mortgage debts; and (3) the alleged fees are “permitted by 25 law.” (Mot. Dismiss 15–20.) 26 1. “Debt Collector” 27 First, the Court finds that Plaintiffs sufficiently allege Carrington is a debt 28 collector. The purpose of the FDCPA is “to eliminate abusive debt collection 1 practices by debt collectors.” 15 U.S.C. § 1692 (e). Thus, a plaintiff suing under the 2 FDCPA must allege, among other things, “that the defendant is a ‘debt collector’ 3 collecting a ‘debt.’” Izenberg v. ETS Servs., LLC, 589 F. Supp. 2d 1193, 1199 (C.D. 4 Cal. 2008 ). The term “debt collector” encompasses “any person who uses any 5 instrumentality of interstate commerce or the mails in any business the principal 6 purpose of which is the collection of any debts, or who regularly collects or attempts 7 to collect, directly or indirectly, debts owed or due or asserted to be owed or due 8 another.” 15 U.S.C. § 1692a(6). The term does not include a consumer’s creditors, 9 mortgage servicing companies, or assignees of the mortgage debt, unless the debt was 10 in default at the time the debt was assigned. See Kazovsky v. Metrocities Mortg., LLC, 11 No. 2:11-cv-06079-ODW (FMOx), 2012 WL 13012694 , at *8 (C.D. Cal. Mar. 27, 12 2012) (collecting cases); see also 15 U.S.C. § 1692a(6)(F)(iii). 13 Here, Plaintiffs allege that Carrington is a mortgage servicing company. 14 (Compl. ¶¶ 9–12.) Plaintiffs also allege that “Thomas-Lawson’s loan had a past-due 15 balance at the time Carrington acquired the servicing rights,” (id. ¶ 48), “Green’s loan 16 was in default at the time Carrington acquired the servicing rights,” (id. ¶ 63), and 17 “[a]t the time Carrington acquired the servicing rights [to Boley’s loan], Ms. Boley 18 had a past-due balance,” (id. ¶ 75). Plaintiffs then allege, a few times, that Carrington 19 “acquired the loans of Plaintiffs and the [putative nationwide class] members while 20 those loans were in default.” (Id. ¶ 116 (emphasis added); see also id. ¶¶ 49, 64, 76.) 21 Carrington contends that allegations of a merely past-due balance are 22 insufficient to establish that a loan was in default. (Mot. Dismiss 16.) That is correct. 23 Although there are times when a past-due balance may result in a default, that is not 24 always the case. Thus, “courts have repeatedly distinguished between a debt that is in 25 default and a debt that is merely outstanding, emphasizing that only after some period 26 of time does an outstanding debt go into default.” Manello v. Residential Credit Sols., 27 Inc., No. 2:15-cv-07674-CAS-AJW, 2016 WL 94236 , at *4 (C.D. Cal. Jan. 7, 2016) 28 (emphasis in original) (quoting Alibrandi v. Fin. Outsourcing Servs., Inc., 333 F.3d 1 82, 86 (2d Cir. 2003)). In the Ninth Circuit, courts may “look to any underlying 2 contracts” to determine whether a loan is “in default.” De Dios v. Int’l Realty & Invs., [3] 641 F.3d 1071, 1074 (9th Cir. 2011). Here, the deeds of trust for Thomas-Lawson’s 4 loan and Green’s loan state that default occurs upon “fail[ure] to pay in full any 5 monthly payment . . . prior to or on the due date of the next monthly payment.” 6 (Compl. Ex. A § 9(a)(i), Ex. B § 9(a)(i), ECF No. 1-1 (emphasis added).) Thus, 7 Plaintiffs’ allegations that their loans carried past-due balances do not establish that 8 their loans were in default. 9 Nevertheless, Plaintiffs also allege outright that their loans were “in default” 10 when Carrington obtained servicing rights. (See Compl. ¶ 49 (“Carrington acquired 11 [Thomas-Lawson’s] loan in default.”), ¶ 63 (“Green’s loan was in default at the time 12 Carrington acquired the servicing rights.”), ¶ 76 (“Since Carrington acquired 13 [Boley’s] loan in default . . . Carrington is a debt collector.”).) Carrington denies 14 these allegations exist,2 but simply saying they do not exist does not make it so. 15 Construing all inferences in favor of Plaintiffs and assuming the truth of their 16 allegations, the Court finds that Plaintiffs adequately allege that Carrington acted as a 17 “debt collector” for purposes of the FDCPA.3 18 2. “Incidental to the Principal Obligation” 19 Next, Carrington argues that even if it is a debt collector, its pay-to-pay fees do 20 not violate the FDCPA because such fees are not “incidental to” the underlying 21 mortgage obligations. (Mot. Dismiss 18–19.) Implicit in this argument is the idea [22] 23 2 See Mot. Dismiss 2 (“[E]ach Plaintiff fails to plead that he or she was ‘in default’ when Carrington obtained servicing rights.”). [24] 3 Ironically, despite its arguments here, Carrington appears to be in the practice of telling its 25 consumers that it is a debt collector. Carrington submitted a transcript of its phone call with Green, during which Green authorized a payment and the Carrington representative said: “I’ve just got to 26 advise you [Mr. Green] anytime we do discuss the account with you, it is an attempt to collect on the debt. Any and all information obtained is used for that purpose, and that [sic] Carrington Mortgage [27] Services is a debt collector.” (See Decl. of Elizabeth Ostermann ISO Mot. Dismiss (“Ostermann 28 Dismiss Decl.”) ¶¶ 10–11, ECF No. 76-8; Ex. F to Ostermann Dismiss Decl., ECF No. 76-14 (emphases added).) 1 that a fee must be incidental to the principal obligation in order to violate § 1692f(1). 2 And as to that issue, there appears to be a wide split among district court decisions.4 3 Some courts, including courts in the Central District, have held that where a 4 consumer chooses to pay a convenience fee while other fee-free methods of payment 5 are available, such convenience fees are not prohibited by § 1692f because they are 6 not “incidental to” principal debts. See, e.g., Flores v. Collection Consultants of Cal., 7 No. SA CV 14-0771-DOC (RNBx), 2015 WL 4254032 , at *10 (C.D. Cal. Mar. 20, 8 2015) (dismissing FDCPA claim because convenience fees for optional payment 9 methods are “not ‘incidental’ to the principal obligation”); Est. of Campbell v. Ocwen 10 Loan Servicing, LLC, 467 F. Supp. 3d 1262 , 1264–65 (S.D. Fla. 2020) (dismissing 11 FDCPA claim because “convenience fees are a separate transaction neither part of, 12 nor incidental to, the transferred debt”); see also Lish v. Amerihome Mortg. Co., LLC, 13 No. 2:20-cv-07147-JFW-JPRx, 2020 WL 6688597 , at *3–4 (C.D. Cal. Nov. 10, 2020) 14 (dismissing RFDCPA claim based on Flores). 15 But other courts, including courts in the Central District, have declined to 16 follow Flores because § 1692f(1) prohibits the collection of any amount, whether 17 incidental to the underlying debt or not. See, e.g., Simmet v. Collection Consultants of 18 Cal., No. CV 16-02273-BRO (PLAx), 2016 WL 11002359 , at *6 (C.D. Cal. July 7, 19 2016) (collecting cases and rejecting Flores because “it is unnecessary to determine 20 whether the alleged . . . convenience fee is incidental to the underlying debt”); Torliatt 21 v. Ocwen Loan Servicing, LLC, No. 19-cv-04303-WHO, 2020 WL 1904596 , at *2 22 (N.D. Cal. Apr. 17, 2020) (“[M]ost courts have rejected [Flores] and found that 23 similar convenience fees violate the FDCPA, at least as a matter of pleading.”); 24 Lindblom v. Santander Consumer USA, Inc., No. 1:15-CV-990-LJO-BAM, 2016 WL 25 2841495, at *6 (E.D. Cal. May 9, 2016) (“Whether a fee is ‘incidental to the principal [28] 4 As far as the Court is aware, the Ninth Circuit has not addressed this question. 1 obligation’ is not dispositive.”); Lembeck v. Arvest Cent. Mortg. Co., No. 20-cv2 03277-VC, 2020 WL 6440502 , at *2 (N.D. Cal. Nov. 3, 2020). 3 Faced with this apparent split in authority, the Court looks back to the statutory 4 language. The FDCPA provision upon which Plaintiffs rely, § 1692f(1), prohibits 5 “[t]he collection of any amount (including any interest, fee, charge, or expense 6 incidental to the principal obligation) unless such amount is expressly authorized by 7 the agreement creating the debt or permitted by law.” 15 U.S.C. § 1692f(1) 8 (emphases added). It is clear from the statute’s plain language that an “amount” 9 collected does not need to be “incidental to the principal obligation” to violate 10 § 1692f(1). See Simmet, 2016 WL 11002359 , at *6 (“‘Any amount’ includes, but is 11 not limited to, charges ‘incidental’ to the underlying debt.”). Thus, despite Flores and 12 the cases that have followed its reasoning, this Court concludes that a fee can violate 13 § 1692f(1) even if it is not incidental to the principal obligation. Consequently, the 14 Court need not conclude whether Carrington’s pay-for-pay fees are incidental to 15 Plaintiffs’ mortgage debts, as such a determination would not dispose of Plaintiffs’ 16 claims in any event. To be clear, though, the Court does not conclude that all pay-to17 pay fees violate § 1692f(1). (See infra, Part IV.A.3.) 18 3. “Permitted by Law” 19 Carrington’s last argument regarding the FDCPA claim is that the pay-to-pay 20 fees are otherwise “permitted by law” because they are the subject of valid, separate 21 agreements into which Plaintiffs freely and lawfully entered. (Mot. Dismiss 19–20; 22 Reply Dismiss 1–2.) Without going so far as to conclude that Plaintiffs entered into 23 contracts not described in the Complaint, the Court finds this argument persuasive. 24 Plaintiffs contend that “the only logical reading of [§ 1692f(1)] is to prohibit 25 such separate agreements.” (Opp’n Dismiss 11.) To the contrary, the statute 26 proscribes “[t]he collection of any amount . . . unless such amount is [1] expressly 27 authorized by the agreement creating the debt or [2] permitted by law.” 15 U.S.C. 28 § 1692f(1) (emphases added). Indeed, “[n]othing in the FDCPA . . . prohibits 1 [Carrington] from offering to enter into a new contract with the debtor, i.e., [for] the 2 added convenience of paying by phone.” Lish, 2020 WL 6688597 , at *8 (internal 3 quotation marks omitted) (“[C]onvenience fees are not ‘interest or other loan charges.’ 4 Instead, they are an entirely separate charge incurred for providing an entirely separate 5 service.”). Furthermore, Plaintiffs cannot rely on § 1692f(1) to establish that the pay6 to-pay fees are prohibited by law—such circular reasoning would be illogical, as the 7 statute does not prohibit collection of fees that are permitted by law. 8 Ultimately, Plaintiffs do not set forth a cognizable legal theory that Carrington’s 9 pay-to-pay fees are unlawful. Plaintiffs rely on an incorrect legal theory that pay-to10 pay fees per se violate § 1692f(1), but they do not. Disregarding Plaintiffs’ 11 conclusory and legally incorrect allegations that the fees violate the FDCPA and 12 similar state statutes, Plaintiffs merely allege that the fees are not expressly authorized 13 by the mortgage agreements. (See Compl. ¶¶ 2, 46.) Even accepting this as true, that 14 does not establish that the fees are not permitted by law. Plaintiffs therefore fail to 15 allege a cognizable legal theory that Carrington violated § 1692f(1) of the FDCPA, 16 and Carrington’s Motion to Dismiss is GRANTED with respect to this claim. 17 B. Breach of Contract (Claim Two) 18 Next, Plaintiffs allege that the pay-to-pay fees constitute a breach of their 19 mortgage agreements. (Compl. ¶¶ 123–58.) Carrington moves to dismiss this claim 20 because the fees are not prohibited by the mortgage agreements and are the subjects of 21 separate agreements entered into at the time of payment. (Mot. Dismiss 5–8, 10–11.) 22 Essentially, Plaintiffs contend that the mortgage agreements prohibit the pay-to23 pay fees because such fees violate the FDCPA, and the agreements prohibit 24 Carrington from “charg[ing] fees that are expressly prohibited by . . . Applicable 25 Law.” (Opp’n Dismiss 28.)5 However, this same argument has been rejected by other [26] 5 Plaintiffs assert that paragraph 13 of their mortgage agreements prohibit fees that are expressly [27] prohibited by applicable law. (Opp’n Dismiss 28.) However, this provision only appears in Boley’s 28 agreement, in paragraph 14. 1 courts in this Circuit because “it is not entirely settled whether convenience fees are 2 ‘expressly prohibited’ by [the FDCPA].” Torliatt, 2020 WL 1904596 , at *5 (rejecting 3 argument that a violation of any law could result in breach of a contract provision with 4 similar language). Moreover, here, Plaintiffs fail to allege any cognizable legal theory 5 showing that these pay-to-pay fees violate the FDCPA. (See supra, Part IV.A.3.) 6 Thus, Plaintiffs also fail to allege a breach of the mortgage agreements, and 7 Carrington’s Motion to Dismiss is GRANTED with respect to this claim. 8 C. State Law Claims (Claims Three through Seven) 9 Plaintiffs’ remaining claims are asserted under various state law statutes and 10 mimic or rely on the alleged FDCPA claim. (See Compl. ¶¶ 159–206.) Plaintiffs 11 concede that “[b]ecause [the asserted state] statutes are identical to the FDCPA, the 12 parties agree that . . . the analysis of whether Carrington violated [§] 1692f(1) of the 13 FDCPA and its state analogues is the same.” (Opp’n Dismiss 11.) As already 14 explained in the context of the claims above, these remaining claims incorrectly 15 presuppose that pay-to-pay fees are prohibited by the FDCPA, the RFDCPA, the 16 TDCA, and the MCDCA, but they are not. (See Reply 2.) This includes Plaintiffs’ 17 UCL claim, which relies exclusively on the UCL’s “unlawful” prong. (Compl. ¶ 204.) 18 Accordingly, for the reasons already discussed above, Carrington’s Motion to Dismiss 19 is GRANTED as to Plaintiffs’ state law claims as well. 20 D. Leave to Amend 21 A court dismissing a complaint should provide leave to amend if the complaint 22 could be saved by amendment. Manzarek v. St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co., [23] 519 F.3d 1025, 1031 (9th Cir. 2008); see also Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a)(2) (“The Court 24 should freely give leave when justice so requires.”). Reasons to deny leave to amend 25 include “bad faith, undue delay, prejudice to the opposing party, and/or futility.” 26 Serra v. Lappin, 600 F.3d 1191, 1200 (9th Cir. 2010) (quoting William O. Gilly 27 Enters. v. Atl. Richfield Co., 588 F.3d 659 , 669 n.8 (9th Cir. 2009)); see also Foman v. 28 Davis, 371 U.S. 178, 182 (1962). 1 Here, although Plaintiffs request leave to amend in the event the Court grants 2 || Carrington’s Motion to Dismiss, they do not offer any insight as to how they might 3 | amend their claims. (See Opp’n Dismiss 29.) Carrington, on the other hand, has 4|| submitted ample evidence to show that the alleged pay-to-pay fees were likely the results of separate, valid contracts between Plaintiffs and Carrington. (See, e.g., 6 || Ostermann Dismiss Decl. J 10—11; Ex. F to Ostermann Dismiss Decl.; Decl. of Azita 7 || Guzzo ISO Mot. Dismiss (“Guzzo Dismiss Decl.”) 9] 7-12, ECF No. 76-2; Exs. A-E 8 | to Guzzo Dismiss Decl., ECF Nos. 76-3—76-7.) Plaintiffs “do not dispute that, each 9 || time they paid a fee to make monthly payments in a method not provided for by their 10 || loan agreements, they affirmatively agreed to do so pursuant to a valid contract, and 11 || they do not address how these separate contracts impact the application of the 12 || statutes.” (See Reply 1.) Rather than disputing the existence or validity of those 13 || separate contracts, Plaintiffs merely argue that pay-to-pay fees are per se prohibited 14 || by the FDCPA and analogous statutes. That is incorrect as a matter of law, and no 15 || amendment could cure that deficiency. The Court thus finds that amendment would 16 || be futile, and leave to amend is DENIED. 17 V. CONCLUSION 18 In summary, Carrington’s Motion to Compel Arbitration is DENIED. (ECF 19 | No. 75.) Carrington’s Motion to Dismiss is GRANTED in its entirety, and Plaintiffs’ 20 | claims are DISMISSED WITH PREJUDICE. (ECF No. 76.) Plaintiffs’ Motion to 21 | Appoint Interim Lead Counsel is therefore DENIED as moot. (ECF No. 71.) The 22 || Clerk of Court shall close this case. [23] 24 IT IS SO ORDERED. 25 ‘ April 5, 2021 GEA LA iat __ OTIS D. WRIGHT, I 28 UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE