Arredondo-Chavez v. MissionSquare Retirement

[7] 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA [10] 11 PATRICIA ARREDONDO-CHAVEZ, an No. 1:23-cv-00044-MCE-DB individual, [12] Plaintiff, 13 MEMORANDUM AND ORDER v. [14] MISSIONSQUARE RETIREMENT, an 15 entity of unknown form; THE INTERNATIONAL CITY 16 MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION RETIREMENT CORPORATION, a 17 Delaware corporation; and DOES 1 through 100, inclusive, [18] Defendants. [20] 21 On November 29, 2022, Plaintiff Patricia Arredondo-Chavez (“Plaintiff”) filed the 22 operative Complaint in the Superior Court of California, County of Stanislaus, against 23 Defendant The International City Management Association Retirement Corporation, 24 doing business as MissionSquare Retirement (“Defendant”). Ex. 1, Not. Removal, ECF 25 No. 1-1 (“Compl.”). Defendant removed the action to federal court on January 10, 2023, 26 pursuant to diversity jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1332.1 ECF No. 1. Presently before [27] 1 This action was removed to the Fresno Division but was recently reassigned to the Sacramento 28 Division and this Court on September 15, 2023. See ECF No. 25. 1 the Court is Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss Complaint for Failure to State a Claim, which 2 has been fully briefed. ECF Nos. 7 (“Def.’s Mot.”), 8 (“Pl.’s Opp’n”), 9. For the following 3 reasons, Defendant’s Motion is GRANTED.2 [4] 5 BACKGROUND3 [6] 7 Since May 2006, Plaintiff was employed by Defendant as a Director Relationship 8 Manager and worked remotely. In her position, Plaintiff provided retirement services for 9 key clients. Plaintiff claims that she was denied a work environment free of religious 10 discrimination and was targeted for wrongful termination. For example, Plaintiff alleges 11 the following wage and hour violations: (1) she was not compensated for all the 12 overtime hours she worked, (2) she was misclassified as exempt, (3) Defendant routinely 13 denied her meal periods, (4) Defendant routinely failed to provide her with itemized wage 14 statements that properly and accurately itemized the number of hours she worked at the 15 effective regular rates of pay and the effective overtime rates of pay, (5) Defendant failed 16 to pay her all wages due on termination, and (6) Defendant failed to reimburse her for 17 business expenses. 18 On September 17, 2021, Plaintiff submitted a Religious Accommodation Request 19 to Defendant to obtain an exemption from the COVID-19 vaccine. She alleges that she 20 has a bona fide and sincerely held religious belief that precludes her from obtaining any 21 of the COVID-19 vaccines, and that her sincerely held religious beliefs conflict with 22 Defendant’s policies that require her to receive the COVID-19 vaccine. About a month 23 later, on October 16, 2021, Plaintiff alleges she was wrongfully terminated by Defendant 24 for requesting a religious exemption from the COVID-19 vaccine. Plaintiff states that she 25 /// [26] 2 Because oral argument would not have been of material assistance, the Court declined to set [27] this matter for a hearing and decides this Motion on the briefs. E.D. Local Rule 230(g). 28 3 The following recitation of facts is taken, primarily verbatim, from Plaintiff’s Complaint. 1 offered to be tested for COVID-19 and to wear a mask, but Defendant rejected those 2 proposed accommodations. [3] 4 STANDARD [5] 6 On a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim under Federal Rule of Civil 7 Procedure 12(b)(6),4 all allegations of material fact must be accepted as true and 8 construed in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Cahill v. Liberty Mut. Ins. 9 Co., 80 F.3d 336 , 337–38 (9th Cir. 1996). Rule 8(a)(2) “requires only ‘a short and plain 10 statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief’ in order to ‘give the 11 defendant fair notice of what the . . . claim is and the grounds upon which it rests.’” Bell 12 Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007) (quoting Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41 , 13 47 (1957)). A complaint attacked by a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss does not require 14 detailed factual allegations. However, “a plaintiff’s obligation to provide the grounds of 15 his entitlement to relief requires more than labels and conclusions, and a formulaic 16 recitation of the elements of a cause of action will not do.” Id. (internal citations and 17 quotations omitted). A court is not required to accept as true a “legal conclusion 18 couched as a factual allegation.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting 19 Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555 ). “Factual allegations must be enough to raise a right to relief 20 above the speculative level.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555 (citing 5 Charles Alan Wright & 21 Arthur R. Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure § 1216 (3d ed. 2004) (stating that the 22 pleading must contain something more than “a statement of facts that merely creates a 23 suspicion [of] a legally cognizable right of action”)). 24 Furthermore, “Rule 8(a)(2) . . . requires a showing, rather than a blanket 25 assertion, of entitlement to relief.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555 n.3 (internal citations and 26 quotations omitted). Thus, “[w]ithout some factual allegation in the complaint, it is hard 27 to see how a claimant could satisfy the requirement of providing not only ‘fair notice’ of 28 4 All further references to “Rule” or “Rules” are to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. 1 the nature of the claim, but also ‘grounds’ on which the claim rests.” Id. (citing Wright & 2 Miller, supra, at 94, 95). A pleading must contain “only enough facts to state a claim to 3 relief that is plausible on its face.” Id. at 570. If the “plaintiffs . . . have not nudged their 4 claims across the line from conceivable to plausible, their complaint must be dismissed.” 5 Id. However, “a well-pleaded complaint may proceed even if it strikes a savvy judge that 6 actual proof of those facts is improbable, and ‘that a recovery is very remote and 7 unlikely.’” Id. at 556 (quoting Scheuer v. Rhodes, 416 U.S. 232, 236 (1974)). 8 A court granting a motion to dismiss a complaint must then decide whether to 9 grant leave to amend. Leave to amend should be “freely given” where there is no 10 “undue delay, bad faith or dilatory motive on the part of the movant, . . . undue prejudice 11 to the opposing party by virtue of allowance of the amendment, [or] futility of [the] 12 amendment . . . .” Foman v. Davis, 371 U.S. 178, 182 (1962); Eminence Capital, LLC v. 13 Aspeon, Inc., 316 F.3d 1048, 1052 (9th Cir. 2003) (listing the Foman factors as those to 14 be considered when deciding whether to grant leave to amend). Not all of these factors 15 merit equal weight. Rather, “the consideration of prejudice to the opposing party . . . 16 carries the greatest weight.” Id. (citing DCD Programs, Ltd. v. Leighton, 833 F.2d 183 , 17 185 (9th Cir. 1987)). Dismissal without leave to amend is proper only if it is clear that 18 “the complaint could not be saved by any amendment.” Intri-Plex Techs., Inc. v. Crest 19 Group, Inc., 499 F.3d 1048, 1056 (9th Cir. 2007) (citing In re Daou Sys., Inc., 411 F.3d 20 1006, 1013 (9th Cir. 2005); Ascon Props., Inc. v. Mobil Oil Co., 866 F.2d 1149 , 1160 (9th 21 Cir. 1989) (“Leave need not be granted where the amendment of the complaint . . . 22 constitutes an exercise in futility . . . .”)). [23] 24 ANALYSIS [25] 26 In the operative Complaint, Plaintiff asserts the following causes of action: 27 (1) Failure to Pay Premium Overtime Wages; (2) Willful Misclassification of Employees 28 as Exempt; (3) Failure to Pay for Meal Periods Not Provided; (4) Failure to Provide 1 Accurate Itemized Wage Statements; (5) Failure to Pay All Wages Due on Termination; 2 (6) Failure to Reimburse Business Expenses; (7) Unfair Competition; (8) Discrimination 3 Based on Religion; (9) Failure to Accommodate Religious Exemption; (10) Retaliation; 4 (11) Failure to Prevent Discrimination and Retaliation from Occurring; and (12) Wrongful 5 Termination in Violation of Public Policy. Through the present Motion, Defendant only 6 moves to dismiss the Fourth, Eighth, Ninth, Tenth, Eleventh, and Twelfth Causes of 7 Action, as well as Plaintiff’s requests for relief in the form of injunctive relief and 8 consequential damages. See Def.’s Mot., at 2. The Court will address each of these 9 contentions in turn. 10 A. Fourth Cause of Action: Failure to Provide Accurate Itemized Wage Statements [11] 12 Defendant argues that Plaintiff’s Fourth Cause of Action is time-barred. See 13 Def.’s Mot., at 6. California Labor Code § 226(e)(1) states that 14 [a]n employee suffering injury as a result of a knowing and intentional failure by an employer to comply with subdivision 15 (a) is entitled to recover the greater of all actual damages or fifty dollars ($50) for the initial pay period in which a violation 16 occurs and one hundred dollars ($100) per employee for each violation in a subsequent pay period, not to exceed an 17 aggregate penalty of four thousand dollars ($4,000), and is entitled to an award of costs and reasonable attorney's fees. [18] 19 California law provides a one-year statute of limitations if the plaintiff seeks penalties but 20 a three-year statute of limitations if the plaintiff seeks actual damages. See Boumaiz v. 21 Charter Commc’ns LLC, No. 2:19-cv-06997-JLS-ADS, 2021 WL 2189481 , at *4 (C.D. 22 Cal. May 19, 2021) (citing, in part, Cal. Civ. Proc. Code §§ 338 , 340). 23 In her Complaint, Plaintiff seeks “to recover liquidated damages of $50.00 for the 24 initial pay period in which the violation occurred, and $100.00 for each violation in 25 subsequent pay periods pursuant to Cal. Lab. Code § 226 (e), in an amount to be proven 26 at trial . . .” Compl. ¶ 59. Although she claims that she is seeking “liquidated damages,” 27 Plaintiff uses the statutory language pertaining to penalties. Therefore, the one-year 28 statute of limitations applies. Because Plaintiff was terminated on October 19, 2021, see [1] id. ¶ 19 , but did not file her Complaint until November 29, 2022, her claim for statutory 2 penalties is time-barred.5 Accordingly, Plaintiff’s Fourth Cause of Action is DISMISSED 3 with leave to amend. 4 B. Eighth, Ninth, Tenth, Eleventh, and Twelfth Causes of Action: Religious Discrimination, Failure to Accommodate Religious 5 Exemption, Retaliation, Failure to Prevent Discrimination and Retaliation, and Wrongful Termination in Violation of Public Policy [6] 7 Defendant argues that the Eighth, Ninth, Tenth, Eleventh, and Twelfth Causes of 8 Action fail to state a claim because Plaintiff has not alleged sufficient facts that she has a 9 legally protected religious belief. See Def.’s Mot., at 6–8. California’s Fair Employment 10 and Housing Act (“FEHA”) prohibits an employer, in part, from discharging an employee 11 from employment or discriminating against an employee “in compensation or in terms, 12 conditions, or privileges of employment” because of religious creed “unless the employer 13 . . . demonstrates that it has explored any available reasonable alternative means of 14 accommodating the religious belief or observance . . . but is unable to reasonably 15 accommodate the religious belief or observance without undue hardship[.]” See Cal. 16 Gov’t Code §§ 12940(a), (l). An employer must also “take all reasonable steps 17 necessary to prevent discrimination and harassment from occurring[,]” and cannot 18 “discharge, expel, or otherwise discriminate against any person because the person has 19 opposed any practices forbidden under” FEHA. Id. §§ 12940(h), (k). 20 “Religious creed” is defined as “any traditionally recognized religion as well as 21 beliefs, observances, or practices, which an individual sincerely holds and which occupy 22 in his or her life a place of importance parallel to that of traditionally recognized 23 religions.” 2 Cal. Code Regs. § 11060. In determining whether a FEHA claimant’s 24 belief, observance, or practice constitutes a legally protected religious creed, courts 25 objectively analyze whether: (1) the plaintiff’s beliefs “address[] fundamental and 26 ultimate questions having to do with deep and imponderable matters”; (2) those beliefs [27] 5 Plaintiff also seeks a permanent injunction under this cause of action but that claim fails for 28 reasons set forth below. See infra Part C. 1 are “comprehensive in nature . . . consist[ing] of a belief-system as opposed to isolated 2 teaching”; and (3) those beliefs “can be recognized by the presence of certain formal 3 and external signs.” See Friedman v. S. Cal. Permanente Med. Grp., 102 Cal. App. 4th 4 39, 69 (2002). 5 Here, Defendant argues that “Plaintiff does not plead any facts whatsoever to 6 establish that her alleged ‘religious beliefs’ constitute legally-cognizable religious beliefs 7 subject to FEHA’s protection.” Def.’s Mot., at 7. The Court agrees. Instead of 8 addressing whether her belief system fits the aforementioned criteria, Plaintiff simply 9 alleges that she “submitted a Religious Accommodation Request to [Defendant] to gain 10 exemption from the Covid vaccine,” and that she “has a bona fide and sincerely held 11 religious belief that precludes her from obtaining any of the COVID-19 vaccines.” See 12 Compl. ¶¶ 18–19, 92–95. Plaintiff not only “has made conclusory allegations that [s]he 13 had a sincerely held religious belief preventing [her] from obtaining the COVID-19 14 vaccination, [but] [s]he has failed to allege that [s]he held a religious belief that would be 15 recognized as a religious creed and thus protected under FEHA.” Borrello v. 16 Respironics Cal., LLC, No. 23-cv-580-GPC-WVG, 2023 WL 5986135 , at *12 (S.D. Cal. 17 Sept. 14, 2023). Accordingly, Plaintiff’s Eighth, Ninth, Tenth, Eleventh, and Twelfth 18 Causes of Action are each DISMISSED with leave to amend. 19 C. Prayer for Injunctive Relief 20 In her Prayer for Relief, Plaintiff seeks, in part, “a preliminary and permanent 21 injunction ordering Defendants to disclose Plaintiff’s payroll records and to prevent 22 Defendants from committing such illegal acts in the future.” Compl., at 25 ¶ 14. 23 Defendant argues that as a matter of law, Plaintiff lacks standing to pursue injunctive 24 relief because she is no longer employed by Defendant. See Def.’s Mot., at 10. Plaintiff 25 does not dispute this but instead, she contends “that it would be premature to strike such 26 a remedy at this stage of the litigation.” Pl.’s Opp’n, at 12. However, it is well-settled law 27 that “[f]ormer employees lack standing to bring a claim for injunctive relief against their 28 employers because such employees do not stand to benefit from the injunction.” Byrd v. 1 Masonite Corp., 215 F. Supp. 3d 859, 865 (C.D. Cal. 2016) (citing, in part, Wal-Mart 2 Stores, Inc. v. Dukes, 564 U.S. 338, 364 (2011)) (dismissing the plaintiff’s accurate wage 3 statement claim to the extent it sought injunctive relief); see also Achal v. Gate Gourmet, 4 Inc., 114 F. Supp. 3d 781 , (N.D. Cal. 2015) (dismissing the plaintiff’s prayer for injunctive 5 relief because “the Ninth Circuit has held that a former employee lacks standing to seek 6 injunctive relief on [FEHA claims]—at least where he or she is not seeking 7 reinstatement—because the former employee ‘would not likely benefit’ from any such 8 relief.”) (citation omitted). Accordingly, Plaintiff’s prayer for injunctive relief is 9 DISMISSED with leave to amend. 10 D. Consequential Damages 11 The Complaint’s Prayer for Relief also requests “an award of consequential 12 damages in Plaintiff’s favor and against Defendants, according to proof[.]” Compl. at 24 13 ¶ 2. Defendant argues that consequential or special damages are not available under 14 any of the claims brought in this action but even if they were, Plaintiff failed to plead any 15 supporting facts, allegations, or theories. See Def.’s Mot., at 10–12. Plaintiff’s only 16 response to these arguments is that she “is entitled to seek lost wages as a 17 consequence of being wrongfully terminated.” Pl.’s Opp’n, at 12. However, Plaintiff’s 18 Prayer of Relief already requests “compensatory damages for lost wages and 19 employment benefits in an amount according to proof,” Compl. at 25 ¶ 5, so it is unclear 20 what she means by “consequential damages.” Furthermore, consequential damages are 21 generally available in breach of contract actions. See, e.g., Global Hawk Ins. Co. (RRG) 22 v. Wesco Ins. Co., 424 F. Supp. 3d 848 , 854–55 (C.D. Cal. 2019). Accordingly, 23 Plaintiff’s prayer for consequential damages is DISMISSED with leave to amend. [24] 25 CONCLUSION [26] 27 For the foregoing reasons, Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss, ECF No. 7, is 28 GRANTED with leave to amend. Not later than twenty (20) days after the date this 1 | Memorandum and Order is electronically filed, Plaintiff may (but is not required to) file an 2 || amended complaint. If no amended complaint is timely filed, the causes of action 3 | dismissed by virtue of this Memorandum and Order will be deemed dismissed with 4 | prejudice upon no further notice to the parties. 5 IT IS SO ORDERED. 6 | Dated: October 18, 2023 7 □ late JES. Whip AX XC - SENIOR UNITED STATES URTRICT JUDGE