(PC) Kiger v. Johnson

[7] 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA [10] 11 JOHNATHAN HOWARD KIGER, No. 2:23-cv-1263 KJM DB P 12 Plaintiff, 13 v. ORDER 14 TRACY JOHNSON, et al., 15 Defendants. [16] 17 Plaintiff is a state prisoner proceeding pro se with a civil rights action pursuant to 42 18 U.S.C. § 1983 . Plaintiff claims that defendants improperly handled his legal mail, deprived him 19 of the right to access the court, failed to provide him adequate medical treatment, and retaliated 20 against him in violation of his constitutional rights. Presently before the court is plaintiff’s motion 21 to proceed in forma pauperis (ECF No. 2), motion to appoint counsel (ECF No. 3), and his 22 complaint (ECF No. 1) for screening. For the reasons set forth below, the court will grant the 23 motion to proceed in forma pauperis, deny the motion to appoint counsel, and dismiss the 24 complaint with leave to amend. 25 IN FORMA PAUPERS 26 Plaintiff has submitted a declaration that makes the showing required by 28 U.S.C. 27 § 1915(a). (ECF No. 2.) Accordingly, the request to proceed in forma pauperis will be granted. 28 //// 1 Plaintiff is required to pay the statutory filing fee of $350.00 for this action. 28 U.S.C. 2 §§ 1914(a), 1915(b)(1). By this order, plaintiff will be assessed an initial partial filing fee in 3 accordance with the provisions of 28 U.S.C. § 1915 (b)(1). By separate order, the court will direct 4 the appropriate agency to collect the initial partial filing fee from plaintiff’s trust account and 5 forward it to the Clerk of the Court. Thereafter, plaintiff will be obligated for monthly payments 6 of twenty percent of the preceding month’s income credited to plaintiff’s prison trust account. 7 These payments will be forwarded by the appropriate agency to the Clerk of the Court each time 8 the amount in plaintiff’s account exceeds $10.00, until the filing fee is paid in full. 28 U.S.C. 9 § 1915(b)(2). SCREENING [10] I. Legal Standards [11] The court is required to screen complaints brought by prisoners seeking relief against a [12] governmental entity or an officer or employee of a governmental entity. See 28 U.S.C. § 13 1915A(a). The court must dismiss a complaint or portion thereof if the prisoner has raised claims [14] that are legally “frivolous or malicious,” that fail to state a claim upon which relief may be [15] granted, or that seek monetary relief from a defendant who is immune from such relief. See 28 [16] U.S.C. § 1915A(b)(1) & (2). [17] A claim is legally frivolous when it lacks an arguable basis either in law or in fact. [18] Neitzke v. Williams, 490 U.S. 319, 325 (1989); Franklin v. Murphy, 745 F.2d 1221, 1227-28 (9th [19] Cir. 1984). The court may, therefore, dismiss a claim as frivolous where it is based on an [20] indisputably meritless legal theory or where the factual contentions are clearly baseless. Neitzke, [21] 490 U.S. at 327 . The critical inquiry is whether a constitutional claim, however inartfully [22] pleaded, has an arguable legal and factual basis. See Franklin, 745 F.2d at 1227 . [23] Rule 8(a)(2) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure “requires only ‘a short and plain [24] statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief,’ in order to ‘give the [25] defendant fair notice of what the . . . claim is and the grounds upon which it rests.’” Bell [26] AtlanticCorp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007) (quoting Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41 , 47 [27] (1957)). [28] 1 However, in order to survive dismissal for failure to state a claim a complaint must 2 contain more than “a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action;” it must contain 3 factual allegations sufficient “to raise a right to relief above the speculative level.” Bell Atlantic, [4] 550 U.S. at 555 . In reviewing a complaint under this standard, the court must accept as true the 5 allegations of the complaint in question, Hospital Bldg. Co. v. Rex Hospital Trustees, 425 U.S. 6 738, 740 (1976), construe the pleading in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, and resolve all 7 doubts in the plaintiff’s favor. Jenkins v. McKeithen, 395 U.S. 411, 421 (1969). 8 The Civil Rights Act under which this action was filed provides as follows: 9 Every person who, under color of [state law] . . . subjects, or causes to be subjected, any citizen of the United States . . . to the deprivation 10 of any rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the Constitution . . . shall be liable to the party injured in an action at law, suit in equity, 11 or other proper proceeding for redress. [12] 42 U.S.C. § 1983 . The statute requires that there be an actual connection or link between the 13 actions of the defendants and the deprivation alleged to have been suffered by plaintiff. See 14 Monell v. Dept. of Social Servs., 436 U.S. 658 (1978); Rizzo v. Goode, 423 U.S. 362 15 (1976). “A person ‘subjects’ another to the deprivation of a constitutional right, within the 16 meaning of § 1983, if he does an affirmative act, participates in another's affirmative acts or 17 omits to perform an act which he is legally required to do that causes the deprivation of which 18 complaint is made.” Johnson v. Duffy, 588 F.2d 740, 743 (9th Cir. 1978). 19 Moreover, supervisory personnel are generally not liable under § 1983 for the actions of 20 their employees under a theory of respondeat superior and, therefore, when a named defendant 21 holds a supervisorial position, the causal link between him and the claimed constitutional 22 violation must be specifically alleged. See Fayle v. Stapley, 607 F.2d 858, 862 (9th Cir. 1979); 23 Mosher v. Saalfeld, 589 F.2d 438, 441 (9th Cir. 1978). Vague and conclusory allegations 24 concerning the involvement of official personnel in civil rights violations are not sufficient. See 25 Ivey v. Board of Regents, 673 F.2d 266, 268 (9th Cir. 1982). 26 II. Allegations in the Complaint 27 Plaintiff states the events giving rise to the claim occurred while he was incarcerated by 28 the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (“CDCR”) at Folsom State Prison. 1 (ECF No. 1 at 1.) He has identified the following defendants: (1) Tracy Johnson, warden at 2 Folsom State Prison; (2) O. Arguinzoni, sergeant at Folsom State Prison; (3) John Doe (1-10), 3 mailroom staff at Folsom State Prison; and (4) Jane Doe (1-10), mailroom staff at Folsom State 4 Prison. (Id. at 2.) 5 Plaintiff alleges that standard procedure at Folsom State Prison provides that when 6 inmates receive legal or confidential mail they are given a ducat and the inmate is responsible for 7 picking up and signing for the item of mail. When the inmate picks up and signs for the item of 8 mail, the mail is logged into the inmate’s legal and/or confidential mail log. He states this 9 procedure was not followed on three occasions in July and August 2022. 10 Plaintiff further claims that “[i]nmates may receive confidential correspondence from a 11 legitimate Legal Service organization that consists of an established group of attorneys (Appellate 12 Defenders Inc.) involved in the representation of offenders in judicial proceedings.” (Id.) He 13 states staff should open the mail in the presence of the inmate it was addressed to at the time of 14 delivery. 15 Plaintiff states that on July 12, 2022, his “Legal and/or Confidential Mail from the 16 Appellate Defenders Inc. was delivered to [his] housing cell Open and Unsigned for.” (Id. at 3.) 17 He states the mail “was blatantly thrown into [his] housing cell without even confirming” that it 18 was his cell. (Id.) The item of mail “was stamped as Received on July 06, 2022” meaning it was 19 “delivered Six (6) days later than the date received.” (Id.) Plaintiff states the mail was from his 20 attorney’s office and need to be completed and returned within a specific time frame. Due to the 21 six-day delay plaintiff had to immediately fill out and return the legal material. (Id.) 22 Plaintiff alleges that on July 26, 2022, his legal and/or confidential mail from the Alaska 23 Innocence Project was delivered to his cell opened and unsigned for. (Id. at 4.) On August 29, 24 2022, his legal and/or confidential mail from the California Department of Corrections and 25 Rehabilitation was delivered to his cell opened and unsigned for. (Id.) He further states that 26 inmates “may receive Confidential Correspondence from All state (CA Department of 27 Corrections and Rehabilitation) and federal officials appointed by the Governor or the President 28 of the United States” and prison officials are required to open the letter in the presence of the 1 inmate. Plaintiff alleges that after each incident he filed a grievance about the mishandling of his 2 legal and/or confidential mail. (Id. at 4-5.) 3 Plaintiff states that he suffered emotional stress and panic as a result of the late arrival of 4 his legal mail. (Id. at 5.) He allges that the repeated failure to properly process his mail caused 5 “emotional distress that resulted in physical chest pains.” (Id. at 12.) Plaintiff claims that the 6 mishandling of his mail also violated his right to access the court. (Id. at 7-8.) He further states 7 that he was subjected to mail delays in retaliation for filing grievances regarding the mishandling 8 of his confidential and/or legal mail. (Id. at 9-10.) 9 Plaintiff seeks ten million dollars in compensation for the violation of his rights. (Id. at 10 13.) 11 III. Failure to State a Claim 12 A. Right to Send and Receive Mail 13 Plaintiff claims defendants violated his right because three items of mail was not opened 14 in his presence in compliance with proper procedure for legal mail. (ECF No. 1 at 3-5.) 15 Prisoners have “a First Amendment right to send and receive mail.” Witherow v. Paff, 52 16 F.3d 264, 265 (9th Cir. 1995) (per curiam). Nevertheless, prison officials have a legitimate 17 governmental interest in imposing certain restraints on inmate or detainee correspondence to 18 maintain order and security. See Procunier v. Martinez, 416 U.S. 396, 413 (1974), overturned on 19 other grounds by Thornburgh v. Abbott, 490 U.S. 401, 413-14 (1989). The Ninth Circuit, 20 “recognize[s] that prisoners have a protected First Amendment interest in having properly marked 21 legal mail [including civil mail] opened only in their presence.” Hayes, 849 F.3d at 1211. “[A] 22 plaintiff need not allege a longstanding practice of violating his First Amendment rights in order 23 to state a claim for relief on a direct liability theory.” Id. at 1212. Isolated incidents of 24 interference without any evidence of improper motive or interference with the inmate’s right to 25 counsel or access to the courts fails to show a constitutional violation. Smith v. Maschner, 899 26 F.2d 940, 944 (10th Cir. 1990). “Two or three pieces of mail opened in an arbitrary or capricious 27 way suffice to state a claim.” Id. at 1211 (quoting Merriweather v. Zamora, 569 F.3d 307 , 318 28 (6th Cir. 2009)) (internal quotations omitted). 1 Additionally, the Sixth Amendment prohibits guards from reading prisoner legal mail and 2 protects the right of a prisoner to be present while legal mail relating to criminal proceedings is 3 opened. Mangiaracina v. Penzone, 849 F.3d 1191 (9th Cir. 2017). However, merely negligent 4 conduct on the part of prison officials is not sufficient to state a claim. Id. 5 The allegations are not sufficiently specific to show that plaintiff’s rights were violated by 6 prison officials’ handling of his mail. In the complaint, plaintiff has stated mail was confidential 7 and has indicated that the items of mail mishandled by prison officials was from (1) Appellate 8 Defenders Inc.; (2) the Alaska Innocence Project; and (3) from CDCR. (ECF No. 1 at 3-4.) In 9 order to state a claim, plaintiff must “clarify who sent the mail or whether it was properly marked 10 as ‘legal mail.’” Hayes v. Idaho Corr. Ctr., 849 F.3d 1204, 1211 (9th Cir. 2017). 11 “Mail to and from a prisoner’s attorney is legal mail.” Mills v. Rather, 1:21-cv-00977 12 SAB (PC), 2021 WL 3472164 , at *1 (E.D. Cal. Aug. 6, 2021). Mail from the court or mail from 13 public agencies or public officials is not legal mail. Keenan v. Hall, 83 F.3d 1083, 1094 (9th Cir. 14 1996); Hayes v. Idaho Corr. Ctr., 849 F.3d at 1211; Mann v. Adams, 846 F.2d 589, 590-91 (9th 15 Cir. 1988). In any amended complaint, plaintiff should also specify whether he is presently being 16 represented by Appellate Defenders Inc. and/or the Alaska Innocence Project. The court notes 17 that mail from CDCR is not legal mail. 18 Additionally, to the extent plaintiff claims that prison officials’ interference with his mail 19 violated applicable regulations or policies, there is no implied private right to sue civilly for 20 violation of Title 15 of the California Code of Regulations. See Holt v. Gardner, No. 1:19-cv21 0772 LJO SAB (PC), 2020 WL 130527 , at *4 (E.D. Cal. Jan. 10, 2020) (“[E]ven if [an item of 22 mail] constitutes ‘legal mail’ under CDCR regulations, that does not mean the mail also 23 constitutes ‘legal’ mail entitled to federal constitutional protections.”) (citing Mann, 855 F.2d at 24 640). 25 B. Access to the Court 26 Plaintiff claims that defendants mishandling his mail has violated his right to access the 27 courts. (ECF No. 1 at 7-8.) 28 //// 1 The First Amendment guarantees the right to “petition the Government for a redress of 2 grievances.” U.S. Const. amend. I. “It is well settled that the right to access the courts is 3 subsumed within the right to petition.” Laws v. City of Seattle, No. C09-033JLR, 2009 WL 4 3836122, at *3 (W.D. Wash. Nov. 12, 2009) (citing Bill Johnson’s Rests., Inc. v. Nat’l Labor 5 Relations Bd., 461 U.S. 731, 741 (1983)). 6 The right of access to the courts applies to nonfrivolous direct criminal appeals, habeas 7 corpus proceedings, and § 1983 actions. Lewis v. Casey, 518 U.S. 343 , 353 n.3, 354-55 (1977). 8 To state a First Amendment claim of denial of access to the courts, plaintiff must allege facts 9 showing that he suffered an “actual injury” as a result of the defendants’ alleged actions, by 10 explaining how the challenged official acts or omissions hindered plaintiff’s efforts to pursue a 11 nonfrivolous legal claim. Lewis v. Casey, 518 U.S. 343, 351-55 (1996). Actual injury may be 12 shown if the alleged shortcomings “hindered his efforts to pursue a legal claim,” such as having 13 his complaint dismissed “for failure to satisfy some technical requirement,” or if he “suffered 14 arguably actionable harm that he wished to bring before the courts.” Id. Lewis, 518 U.S. at 351 . 15 Further, plaintiff must demonstrate that each defendant intentionally and actively misused their 16 power to deny plaintiff access to the courts. Roman v. Allison, No. 1:11-cv-0730 MJS (PC), [17] 2012 WL 293380 , at *2 (E.D. Cal. Jan. 31, 2012); Funches v. Ebbert, 638 F. Supp. 2d 1014 , 1019 18 (S.D. Ill. 2009) (citing Daniels v. Williams, 474 U.S. 327 (1986)). 19 Plaintiff alleges that the mishandling of his mail caused him to fear that he would miss 20 deadlines. (ECF No. 1 at 7-8.) Such an allegations is not sufficient to state a claim. In any 21 amended complaint, plaintiff must state facts showing that he was hindered in pursuing a 22 nonfrivolous legal claim. 23 C. Retaliation 24 Plaintiff has alleged that after he submitted a grievance notifying prison officials that his 25 legal and/or confidential mail had been mishandled, defendants retaliated by continuing to 26 mishandle his legal mail. (ECF No. 1 at 9-10.) 27 “Within the prison context, a viable claim of First Amendment retaliation entails five 28 basic elements: (1) An assertion that a state actor took some adverse action against an inmate (2) 1 because of (3) that prisoner’s protected conduct, and that such action (4) chilled the inmate’s 2 exercise of his First Amendment rights, and (5) the action did not reasonably advance a legitimate 3 correctional goal.” Rhodes v. Robinson, 408 F.3d 559, 567-68 (9th Cir. 2005) (footnote and 4 citations omitted). 5 Plaintiff has alleged officials mishandles his confidential and/or legal mail because he 6 filed grievances complaining of such action. However, plaintiff has not connected this action to 7 any named defendant. As set forth in further detail below, in order to state a claim, plaintiff must 8 connect the harm to a specific named defendant. Accordingly, the allegations are not sufficient to 9 state a claim. 10 D. Medical Care 11 Plaintiff claims that his right to medical care was violated because he felt emotional 12 distress that resulted in chest pain due to the mishandling of his mail. (ECF No. 1 at 12.) 13 The Eighth Amendment prohibits the infliction of “cruel and unusual punishments.” U.S. 14 Const. amend. VIII. The unnecessary and wanton infliction of pain constitutes cruel and unusual 15 punishment prohibited by the Eighth Amendment. Whitley v. Albers, 475 U.S. 312, 319 (1986); 16 Ingraham v. Wright, 430 U.S. 651, 670 (1977); Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 105-06 (1976). 17 Neither accident nor negligence constitutes cruel and unusual punishment, as “[i]t is obduracy 18 and wantonness, not inadvertence or error in good faith, that characterize the conduct prohibited 19 by the Cruel and Unusual Punishments Clause.” Whitley, 475 U.S. at 319 . 20 If a prisoner’s Eighth Amendment claim arises in the context of medical care, the prisoner 21 must allege and prove “acts or omissions sufficiently harmful to evidence deliberate indifference 22 to serious medical needs.” Estelle, 429 U.S. at 106 . An Eighth Amendment medical claim has 23 two elements: “the seriousness of the prisoner’s medical need and the nature of the defendant’s 24 response to that need.” McGuckin v. Smith, 974 F.2d 1050, 1059 (9th Cir. 1992), overruled on 25 other grounds by WMX Techs., Inc. v. Miller, 104 F.3d 1133 (9th Cir. 1997) (en banc). 26 A medical need is serious “if the failure to treat the prisoner’s condition could result in 27 further significant injury or the ‘unnecessary and wanton infliction of pain.’” McGuckin, 974 28 F.2d at 1059 (quoting Estelle, 429 U.S. at 104 ). Indications of a serious medical need include 1 “the presence of a medical condition that significantly affects an individual’s daily activities.” Id. 2 at 1059-60. By establishing the existence of a serious medical need, a prisoner satisfies the 3 objective requirement for proving an Eighth Amendment violation. Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 4 825, 834 (1994). 5 If a prisoner establishes the existence of a serious medical need, he must then show that 6 prisoner officials responded to the serious medical need with deliberate indifference. See Id. at 7 834. In general, deliberate indifference may be shown when prison officials deny, delay, or 8 intentionally interfere with medical treatment, or may be shown by the way in which prison 9 officials provide medical care. Hutchinson v. United States, 838 F.2d 390, 393-94 (9th Cir. 10 1988). 11 Plaintiff has not alleged any facts that would show that defendants were aware that he was 12 suffering from chest pains. Thus, he cannot show that defendant’s response to his medical need 13 was deficient. In order to state a claim, plaintiff must allege facts showing that defendants had 14 knowledge of his chest pain and failed to take proper action to treat his medical issue. 15 E. Defendants 16 To state a claim under § 1983, a plaintiff must allege two essential elements: (1) that a 17 right secured by the Constitution or laws of the United States was violated and (2) that the alleged 18 violation was committed by a person acting under color of state law. See West v. Atkins, 487 19 U.S. 42 , 48 (1988); Ketchum v. Alameda Cnty., 811 F.2d 1243, 1245 (9th Cir. 1987). Under § 20 1983, plaintiff must link the named defendants to their participation in the violation at issue. 21 Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 676-77 (2009); Simmons v. Navajo County Ariz., 609 F.3d 22 1011, 1020-21 (9th Cir. 2010); Ewing v. City of Stockton, 588 F.3d 1218, 1235 (9th Cir. 2009); 23 Jones v. Williams, 297 F.3d 930, 934 (9th Cir. 2002). 24 The complaint does not state any facts connecting the alleged harms to any named 25 defendant. See Johnson v. Duffy, 588 F.2d 740, 743 (9th Cir. 1978) (a person subjects another to 26 the deprivation of a constitutional right if he does an act, participates in another’s act or omits to 27 perform an act he is legally required to do that causes the alleged deprivation). In any amended 28 //// 1 complaint, plaintiff must state facts explaining what action, or inaction, each named defendant 2 took that violated his rights. 3 Plaintiff has named John and Jane Doe defendants in this action. The use of John Does in 4 pleading practice is generally disfavored – but it is not prohibited. See Gillespie v. Civiletti, 629 5 F.2d 637, 642 (9th Cir. 1980); Wakefield v. Thompson, 177 F.3d 1160, 1163 (9th Cir. 1999); 6 Lopes v. Viera, 543 F. Supp.2d 1149, 1152 (E.D. Cal. 2008). However, “John Doe” defendant 7 liability must also be properly alleged. A plaintiff may use “Doe” designations to refer to 8 defendants whose names are unknown; however, he must number them in the complaint, e.g., 9 “John Doe 1,” “John Doe 2,” so that each numbered John Doe refers to a specific person. If 10 plaintiff chooses to file an amended complaint, he shall either name the defendants involved or 11 list the Doe defendants involved and describe what each did to violate his rights. If plaintiff can 12 only list these defendants as John Doe, plaintiff should allege specific acts that each Doe 13 defendant did, such as “John Doe 1 did X” and John Doe 2 did Y.” Alexander v. Tilton, No. 14 1:07-cv-0759 LJO DLB, 2009 WL 464486 , *5 (E.D. Cal. Feb. 24, 2009). 15 AMENDING THE COMPLAINT 16 Plaintiff is advised that in an amended complaint he must clearly identify each defendant 17 and the action that defendant took that violated his constitutional rights. The court is not required 18 to review exhibits to determine what plaintiff’s charging allegations are as to each named 19 defendant. The charging allegations must be set forth in the amended complaint, so defendants 20 have fair notice of the claims plaintiff is presenting. That said, plaintiff need not provide every 21 detailed fact in support of his claims. Rather, plaintiff should provide a short, plain statement of 22 each claim. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a). 23 Any amended complaint must show the federal court has jurisdiction, the action is brought 24 in the right place, and plaintiff is entitled to relief if plaintiff’s allegations are true. It must 25 contain a request for particular relief. Plaintiff must identify as a defendant only persons who 26 personally participated in a substantial way in depriving plaintiff of a federal constitutional right. 27 Johnson v. Duffy, 588 F.2d 740, 743 (9th Cir. 1978) (a person subjects another to the deprivation 28 //// 1 of a constitutional right if he does an act, participates in another’s act or omits to perform an act 2 he is legally required to do that causes the alleged deprivation). 3 In an amended complaint, the allegations must be set forth in numbered paragraphs. Fed. 4 R. Civ. P. 10(b). Plaintiff may join multiple claims if they are all against a single defendant. Fed. 5 R. Civ. P. 18(a). If plaintiff has more than one claim based upon separate transactions or 6 occurrences, the claims must be set forth in separate paragraphs. Fed. R. Civ. P. 10(b). 7 The federal rules contemplate brevity. See Galbraith v. County of Santa Clara, 307 F.3d 8 1119, 1125 (9th Cir. 2002) (noting that “nearly all of the circuits have now disapproved any 9 heightened pleading standard in cases other than those governed by Rule 9(b)”); Fed. R. Civ. P. 10 84; cf. Rule 9(b) (setting forth rare exceptions to simplified pleading). Plaintiff’s claims must be 11 set forth in short and plain terms, simply, concisely and directly. See Swierkiewicz v. Sorema 12 N.A., 534 U.S. 506, 514 (2002) (“Rule 8(a) is the starting point of a simplified pleading system, 13 which was adopted to focus litigation on the merits of a claim.”); Fed. R. Civ. P. 8. 14 An amended complaint must be complete in itself without reference to any prior pleading. 15 E.D. Cal. R. 220. Once plaintiff files an amended complaint, all prior pleadings are superseded. 16 Any amended complaint should contain all of the allegations related to his claim in this action. If 17 plaintiff wishes to pursue his claims against the defendant, they must be set forth in the amended 18 complaint. 19 By signing an amended complaint, plaintiff certifies he has made reasonable inquiry and 20 has evidentiary support for his allegations, and for violation of this rule the court may impose 21 sanctions sufficient to deter repetition by plaintiff or others. Fed. R. Civ. P. 11. 22 MOTION TO APPOINT COUNSEL 23 Plaintiff has filed a motion requesting the appointment of counsel to represent him in this 24 action. (ECF No. 3.) The United States Supreme Court has ruled that district courts lack 25 authority to require counsel to represent indigent prisoners in § 1983 cases. Mallard v. United 26 States Dist. Court, 490 U.S. 296, 298 (1989). In certain exceptional circumstances, the district 27 court may request the voluntary assistance of counsel pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915 (e)(1). Terrell 28 //// 1 v. Brewer, 935 F.2d 1015, 1017 (9th Cir. 1991); Wood v. Housewright, 900 F.2d 1332 , 1335-36 2 (9th Cir. 1990). 3 The test for exceptional circumstances requires the court to evaluate the plaintiff’s 4 likelihood of success on the merits and the ability of the plaintiff to articulate his claims pro se in 5 light of the complexity of the legal issues involved. See Wilborn v. Escalderon, 789 F.2d 1328 , 6 1331 (9th Cir. 1986); Weygandt v. Look, 718 F.2d 952, 954 (9th Cir. 1983). Circumstances 7 common to most prisoners, such as lack of legal education and limited law library access, do not 8 establish exceptional circumstances that would warrant a request for voluntary assistance of 9 counsel. 10 In support of his motion to appoint counsel, plaintiff argues he is unable to afford counsel, 11 his imprisonment limits his ability to litigate, he has limited law library access, he has limited 12 knowledge of the law, and a trial will likely involve conflicting testimony and counsel would 13 better enable him to present evidence, cross examine witnesses, and afford him a fair trial. (ECF 14 No. 3.) Plaintiff’s arguments show nothing more than circumstances common to most inmates. 15 Thus, his arguments do not support a finding of exceptional circumstances sufficient to warrant 16 the appointment of counsel. Additionally, at the pleading stage the court cannot ascertain 17 plaintiff’s likelihood of success on the merits. Accordingly, the court will deny the motion to 18 appoint counsel without prejudice to its renewal at a later stage of the proceedings. 19 CONCLUSION 20 For the reasons set forth above, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that: 21 1. Plaintiff’s request for leave to proceed in forma pauperis (ECF No. 2) is granted. 22 2. Plaintiff is obligated to pay the statutory filing fee of $350.00 for this action. Plaintiff 23 is assessed an initial partial filing fee in accordance with the provisions of 28 U.S.C. 24 § 1915(b)(1). All fees shall be collected and paid in accordance with this court’s order to the 25 Director of the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation filed concurrently 26 herewith. 27 3. Plaintiff’s motion to appoint counsel (ECF No. 3) is denied without prejudice. 28 4. Plaintiff’s complaint (ECF No. 1) is dismissed with leave to amend. 1 5. Plaintiff is granted thirty days from the date of service of this order to file an amended 2 | complaint that complies with the requirements of the Civil Rights Act, the Federal Rules of Civil 3 | Procedure, and the Local Rules of Practice. The amended complaint must bear the docket 4 | number assigned to this case and must be labeled “First Amended Complaint.” 5 6. Failure to comply with this order will result in a recommendation that this action be 6 | dismissed. 7 || Dated: October 24, 2023 [9] 10 ORAH BARNES UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE [14] 1S | pp:2 6 DB/DB Prisoner Inbox/Civil Rights/S/kige1263.sern