Bindman v. MH Sub I, LLC

[3] 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA [6] 7 BORIS BINDMAN, Case No. 19-cv-02614-SI 8 Plaintiff, ORDER DENYING MOTION TO 9 v. COMPEL ARBITRATION AND STAY ACTION 10 MH SUB I, LLC, et al., Re: Dkt. No. 29 11 Defendants. [12] 13 Before the Court is a motion by defendant MH Sub I, LLC d/b/a Internet Brands 14 (“Martindale”) to compel arbitration. Dkt. No. 29 (“Motion”). Pursuant to Civil Local Rule 7-1(b), 15 the Court finds the matter appropriate for resolution without oral argument and VACATES the 16 December 20, 2019 hearing. Having considered the papers and for good cause shown, defendant’s 17 motion is DENIED. Additionally, plaintiff’s objections to evidence are OVERRULED. Dkt. No. 18 34 at 311 (“Opp’n”). [19] 20 BACKGROUND 21 This lawsuit arises from Mr. Bindman’s purchase and use of Martindale’s online lead 22 generation services for attorneys. Motion at 11; see also Dkt. No. 1 ¶ 26 (“Complaint”). Martindale 23 owns legal websites available to consumers. Dkt. No. 29-1 ¶ 2 (“Stack Decl.”). Consumers visit 24 Martindale’s websites and can request to speak to an attorney. Complaint ¶ 21. Consumers seeking 25 representation complete and submit a form identifying their legal issue and provide their contact 26 information. Id. Martindale then connects attorneys with potential clients, called “leads.” Stack [27] 1 Decl. 4 2. When Martindale identifies a lead, it sends an attorney customer an email with the lead’s 2 || name, contract information, and legal issue. /d. Attorney customers receive leads either on an 3 individual (“pay-per-lead”) basis or a flat rate. Complaint ¥ 22. 4 Plaintiff Mr. Bindman, an attorney, signed up for lead services on a “pay-per-lead” basis. 5 Complaint § 26. Plaintiff alleges that soon after submitting an initial deposit and agreeing to an 6 auto-renewal amount, he received unsatisfactory leads. Jd. at {| 26-27. If leads fall within certain 7 || criteria (e.g. incorrect contact information, lead is not within the attorney customer’s subscribed 8 || legal or geographical practice area, etc.), the lead may be deemed deficient. /d. at ] 23. The attorney 9 customer can dispute leads and, if deemed deficient, the attorney will receive a credit from 10 || Martindale for the deficient lead. Jd. Plaintiff alleges he received deficient leads, timely disputed 11 them, and requested credit, but Martindale systematically rejected his credit requests. Complaint ae 12 | 927. . □ 13 Prior to signing up for its lead generation services, Martindale asserts plaintiff completed a v 14 “Contact Us” form on one of its websites. Motion at 11-12; Stack Decl. 7; Dkt. No. 29-1 at 27 15 (Ex. C — Entry #15361 Quick Contact Form). The “Contact Us” Form states that “[b]y clicking the Q 16 ‘Submit’ button, you agree to the Terms of Use.” Dkt. No. 29-1 at 14 (Ex. A “Contact Us” Form): [18] Oo) ai ml Os 19 Past [mated Come l-1mt-] c-fe (=720 [21] 22 □□ tele] □ □□ □□□ [23] 24 [Professional Profiles [1] Website Services C1 Other Ls Pay Per Load (]__ Ngage Live Chat Services EES eee 26 . ae _, «= . processing of your data in tho Uriind Stator ana tha lovol of dafa protection may ha iifeorttarntheso nyaur county [28] 1 The words “Terms of Use” hyperlink to a document titled “Terms of Use.” Id. at 16 (Ex. B – Terms 2 of Use). The Terms of Use state: 3 These terms, including any schedules and supplemental terms (collectively, these “Terms of Use” or this “TOU”) applies to our sites and services on which we display 4 or post a direct link to this TOU. If there is any conflict between this TOU any supplemental terms to a site or service, the supplemental terms will control. This 5 TOU does not apply to those sites and services that do not display or link to this TOU, or that have their own terms of use. [6] 7 Id. The Terms of Use also contain a section titled “Dispute Resolution; Arbitration” that outlines a 8 30-day information resolution process followed by arbitration. Id. at 23. It states: 9 If we are unable to mutually agree upon a resolution after the 30-day period, you agree that any claim you may have against us regarding these Terms of Use or our 10 sites and services will be resolved through binding arbitration administered by JAMS and governed by the then current JAMS Streamlined Arbitration Rules and 11 Procedures. . . . We prefer to resolve our issues with you directly and, accordingly, you agree to arbitrate with us only in your individual capacity, not as a representative 12 or member of a class. 13 Dkt. No. 29-1 at 23 (Ex. B – Terms of Use). The Terms of Use designate Los Angeles County, 14 California as a forum for any arbitration and that “any claims, causes of action or disputes not subject 15 to Section 16 [sic] (Dispute Resolution; Arbitration) will be brought exclusively in courts located 16 within the county of Los Angeles, California.” Id. at 24. 17 Soon after Mr. Bindman contacted Martindale via the “Contact Us” Form, Martindale sent 18 him an advertising proposal with the number of leads per month, the geographical and practice area 19 parameters for leads, and the price per lead (“Advertising Proposal”). Motion at 15; Dkt. No. 29-1 20 at 29 (Ex. D – Advertising Proposal). The Advertising Proposal, shown below, includes language, 21 under the title “Plan Summary and Terms” stating “Previous Terms and Conditions still apply.” Id. [27] 1 Plan Summary and Terms 2 This Contract amends the existing Contract Agreement between the Company and Nolo. Previous Terms and Conditions still apply [3] For Network Listings, Company will receive non-exclusive consumer Inquiries and a non-exclusive listing for 4 the practice areas and geographies noted below 5 . Network campaigns and listing [7] 8 DU! and DWI Soh el) $5 View $61.00 9 otal Quarterly Lead 95 Volume [10] 11 The phrase “Previous Terms and Conditions” is not defined and not hyperlinked. Below the table 12 || titled “Network campaigns and listing” in the Advertising Proposal, is a tick box stating, “I have . 13 || read and accept the General Terms and Conditions for this contract.” Jd. at 30. August 20, 2019 Yes 14 Aug 3, 2019 2 Pay Per Lead $1,220.00 [16] 5 lave read and accept the General Terms and Conditions S 17 for this contract _ Z 18 19 || The phrase “General Terms and Conditions” hyperlinks to a document titled “General Terms & 20 Conditions,” which states: 21 These Terms and Conditions (these “Terms”) are offered to you by Nolo and other related entities and affiliates (“Nolo”, “we,” “us,” “our) govern our products and 22 services (“Services”). These Terms, together with each Advertising Campaign (“Advertising Campaign’) and any and all other policies and procedures related to 23 the use of the Services, Nolo.com, or its affiliated websites, (collectively, the “Site”) as updated from time to time by Nolo (“Additional Terms”) constitute a binding, 24 legal agreement between you and Nolo (collectively, the “Agreement”). 25 Motion at 16; Stack Decl. 49; Dkt. No. 29-1 at 32 (Ex E. — General Terms and Conditions); Dkt. 26 No. 34-2 at 5 (Ex. | — General Terms & Conditions). Section 13 of the General Terms and 27 Conditions states: “This Agreement contains the final and entire agreement regarding your use of 28 the Services and supersedes all previous and contemporaneous written agreements.” Dkt. No. 29-1 1 at 34 (Ex E. — General Terms and Conditions). The General Terms and Conditions do not refer to 2 arbitration, but instead provide: 3 Both parties agree that this Agreement, as well as any and all claims arising from this Agreement will be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the 4 State of California, without reference to its conflicts of law rules, and the parties irrevocably submit to the exclusive jurisdiction and venue of the courts of Los 5 Angeles County, California, and the Central District Court of California, respectively. 6 || Id. 7 According to Martindale’s records, Mr. Bindman accepted the contract on August 30, 2018. 8 Dkt. No. 29-1 at 36 (Ex. F— Legal Advertising Proposal dated August 30, 2018). The record shows 9 acceptance by IP address, as shown below. Id. wie, (oe) he. ea ee | ar 11 Legal Advertising Proposal zs 12 Contract 1D: 4906691 ‘a Contract Date: □□□□□□ □□□ 2018 [13] 14 Contact Information Company Name: ThE Law Oiices of Bors Binds Plone: at) Bts-F ogo [15] Address: 728 Washingian St Erni: □□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□ □□□ 2a Q 16 Qaiand GA B4SD7 Website: wecoendmanigwicom [17] Z 18 Lead Subseription Company haehy agrees inne Advertising: Campaign Advertsing Campaign’) and Fees and Payment ("Fees”) focite-spactied duration (Teen) [stad □□□□ 19 Acide in al Achyetsing Campa ons is 8 pote page on ihe Molo Welwvork All consumes Miquinie@s will be colectec| Oy Novo and stored In.ap onins □□□□□□□ as wel) assent via emall nottcetion Company may place content (“Cortent') om ther orofie pace thatdesenbes the Company, mehuding hiographies, anicies 20 Dholes and lirksto ine Gocipany's webaile, Atihe end ofthe term, subscripons win payment toe Aulonien ower wil automatically be renewed □□□□□ on ihe Billing cyte listed Below 21 Network Listing | County state Procedure: } Pring □□□□□□□ [22] 23 Payment Information Contract Start Date: August 30, 2078 Renewal Anmount 04 Payment Type: Pay Pes Lead Amount Dune Todiny: $1044.00 25 Automatic Renewal: Yes [26] 07 Contract Acceptance Goriractaccepied by iP: (0G ati? on 2018-0 1600200 pees-Sereral Tec aed Conecillions [28] 1 Under the title “Contract Acceptance” in the record, are the words “General Terms and Conditions” 2 with a hyperlink. Id. 3 After accepting the August 30, 2018 initial Advertising Campaign, Mr. Bindman revised his 4 plan several times, changing the type and number of leads. Motion at 16. Each time Mr. Bindman 5 received a new Advertising Proposal, like the one shown above, he clicked a check box to accept 6 the General Terms and Conditions. Id.; see also Dkt. No. 29-1 at 38-40 (Ex. G – Legal Advertising 7 Proposals dated January 2, 2019, February 21, 2019, and April 12, 2019 respectively). Plaintiff 8 used the lead generation services from August 2018 until his cancellation in early May 2019. 9 Motion at 17. [10] 11 LEGAL STANDARD 12 Arbitration is a matter of contract, and federal policy favors arbitration agreements. AT&T 13 Mobility LLC v. Concepcion, 131 S. Ct. 1740 , 1745 (2011). “In line with these principles, courts 14 must place arbitration agreements on an equal footing with other contracts, and enforce them 15 according to their terms.” Id. (citations omitted). In determining whether the parties here agreed to 16 arbitrate, the Court must determine “(1) whether a valid agreement to arbitrate exists and, if it does, 17 (2) whether the agreement encompasses the dispute at issue.” Chiron Corp. v. Ortho Diagnostic 18 Sys., 207 F.3d 1126, 1130 (9th Cir. 2000). 19 “The Supreme Court has emphasized that the ‘first principle’ of its arbitration decisions is 20 that ‘[a]rbitration is strictly a matter of consent and thus is a way to resolve those disputes—but only 21 those disputes—that the parties have agreed to submit to arbitration.’” Goldman, Sachs & Co. v. 22 City of Reno, 747 F.3d 733, 741-42 (9th Cir. 2014) (quoting Granite Rock Co. v. Int’l Bhd. of 23 Teamsters, 130 S. Ct. 2847 , 2857 (2010)). When determining whether parties have agreed to 24 arbitrate a particular dispute, courts should apply general state-law principles of contract 25 interpretation, while giving due regard to the federal policy in favor of arbitration, resolving 26 ambiguities as to the scope of arbitration in favor of arbitration. Id. at 742; see also AT&T Techs. 27 v. Communs. Workers of Am., 475 U.S. 643, 650 (1986). This policy, however, “is merely an acknowledgment of the FAA’s commitment to 1 ‘overrule the judiciary’s longstanding refusal to enforce agreements to arbitrate and to place such agreements upon the same footing as other contracts.’” Accordingly, 2 the Supreme Court “[has] never held that this policy overrides the principle that a court may submit to arbitration ‘only those disputes . . . that the parties have agreed 3 to submit.’ Nor [has the Court] held that courts may use policy considerations as a substitute for party agreement.” [4] Goldman, Sachs & Co., 747 F.3d at 742 (emphasis in original) (quoting Granite Rock, 130 S. Ct. 5 at 2859 ). [7] DISCUSSION [8] On their face, (1) the Terms of Use agreed to by clicking “SUBMIT” at the bottom of [9] Martindale’s “Contact Us” Form contain an arbitration provision, and (2) the General Terms and [10] Conditions agreed to via a click-box when accepting an Advertising Proposal do not. The parties [11] dispute which of these two sets of terms govern the claims at issue. Martindale argues the Terms of [12] Use apply and compel arbitration of all Mr. Bindman’s claims. Motion at 10-32. In support, [13] Martindale identifies language in the Terms of Use that states “any claim . . . regarding these Terms [14] of Use or our sites and services will be resolved through binding arbitration.” Dkt. No. 29-1 at 23 [15] (Ex. B – Terms of Use). [16] Plaintiff argues the General Terms and Conditions apply. Opp’n at 13. Mr. Bindman points [17] to language stating “[t]hese Terms and Conditions (these ‘Terms’) . . . govern our products and [18] services (‘Services’).” Dkt. No. 29-1 at 32 (Ex. E – General Terms and Conditions). Plaintiff also [19] argues that because the General Terms and Conditions contain an integration clause, reproduced [20] below, they supplant the Terms of Use. Opp’n at 14. Indeed, the General Terms and Conditions [21] state: [22] This Agreement contains the final and entire agreement regarding your use of the 23 Services and supersedes all previous and contemporaneous written agreements. [24] Dkt. No. 29-1 at 34 (Ex E. – General Terms and Conditions). The General Terms and Conditions [25] also state: [26] Both parties agree that this Agreement, as well as any and all claims arising from this 27 Agreement will be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the Angeles County, California, and the Central District Court of California, 1 respectively. [2] Id. [3] “Terms set forth in a writing intended by the parties as a final expression of their agreement [4] with respect to the terms included therein may not be contradicted by evidence of any prior [5] agreement or of a contemporaneous oral agreement.” Cal. Code Civ. Proc. § 1856(a). “[W]hen the [6] parties intend a written agreement to be the final and complete expression of their understanding, [7] that writing becomes the final contract between the parties.” EPA Real Estate Partnership v. Kang, [8] 12 Cal. App. 4th 171, 175 (1992). The Court concludes that the General Terms and Conditions, [9] together with each Advertising Proposal, is the final expression of the parties’ agreement. [10] Indeed, the Terms of Use contain language indicating their lack of permanence. For [11] instance, the Terms of Use state “[i]f there is any conflict between this TOU [Terms of Use] and [12] any supplemental terms to a site or service, the supplemental terms will control.” Dkt. No. 29-1 at [13] 16 (Ex. B – Terms of Use). The Terms of Use also provide that “[t]his TOU does not apply to those [14] sites and services that do not display or link to this TOU, or that have their own terms of use.” Id. [15] The phrase “their own terms of use” is not defined and could be construed as the General Terms and [16] Conditions read and accepted with each Advertising Proposal. [17] Martindale argues that the Advertising Proposal incorporates the Terms of Use because it [18] states that “Previous Terms and Conditions still apply.” Motion at 28; Dkt. No. 38 at 16 (“Reply”). [19] Although in all capital letters, no document defines the phrase “Previous Terms and Conditions.” [20] Nor are the Terms of Use hyperlinked via the text of “Previous Terms and Conditions.” The Court [21] finds these facts attenuate the argument that the phrase “Previous Terms and Conditions” references [22] the Terms of Use. [23] Martindale further argues that the language in the General Terms and Conditions about “any [24] and all other policies and procedures related to the use of the Services, Nolo.com, or its affiliated [25] websites” refers to the Terms of Use. Motion at 29; Reply at 16 n.8. Again, the phrase “other [26] policies and procedures” is undefined and does not explicitly reference the Terms of Use. The Court [27] agrees with plaintiff that ambiguity in this instance should be construed against the drafter, 1 Martindale. See Cal. Civ. Code § 1654 (“In cases of uncertainty not removed by the preceding rules, 2 || the language of a contract should be interpreted most strongly against the party who caused the 3 || uncertainty to exist.”). 4 Therefore, the Court declines to compel arbitration of Mr. Bindman’s claims in this case. 5 || Accordingly, Martindale’s Motion is DENIED. [6] 7 CONCLUSION 8 For the foregoing reasons and for good cause shown, the Court hereby DENIES defendant’s 9 motion to compel arbitration. [10] 11 IT IS SO ORDERED. a 12 13 Dated: December 17, 2019 SUSAN ILLSTON 14 United States District Judge [16] = 17 Z 18