Nucci v. Rite Aid Corporation

[7] 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT [9] NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA [10] SAN JOSE DIVISION [11] 12 KRISTAL NUCCI, et al., Case No. 19-CV-01434-LHK 13 Plaintiffs, ORDER DENYING MOTION TO STRIKE AND GRANTING CLASS 14 v. CERTIFICATION 15 RITE AID CORPORATION, et al., Re: Dkt. Nos. 45, 58 16 Defendants. [17] 18 Plaintiffs Kristal Nucci, Ana Goswick, and Kelly Shaw (“Plaintiffs”) bring this putative 19 class action against Defendants Rite Aid Corporation and Thrifty Payless, Inc. (collectively, 20 “Defendants” or “Rite Aid”). Plaintiffs allege that Defendants required Plaintiffs and putative 21 class members to purchase their own uniforms in violation of California law. Before the Court is 22 Defendants motion to strike Plaintiffs’ expert report and Plaintiffs’ motion for class certification. 23 Having considered the parties’ briefing, the relevant law, and the record in this case, the Court 24 DENIES Defendants’ motion to strike and GRANTS Plaintiffs’ motion for class certification. 25 I. BACKGROUND 26 A. Factual Background 27 Defendants operate retail drug stores throughout the United States, including 1 approximately 544 stores in California. ECF No. 54 (“Robinson Decl.”), Ex. 1 at 11. Plaintiffs 2 are non-exempt employees who worked in California Rite Aid stores at some point during the 3 alleged Class Period from March 13, 2015 through any trial date. Plaintiffs allege that Defendants 4 required non-exempt employees—excluding pharmacists, pharmacy interns, and asset protection 5 agents—to purchase work uniforms without reimbursement in violation of California law. ECF 6 No. 45 at 6-7. 7 In June 2012, Defendants implemented a written company policy concerning dress 8 standards. ECF No. 57-5 (“Ceballos Decl.”), Exs. A and B. According to Defendants’ Store 9 Dress Standards, employees must wear clothing consistent with Defendants’ “Team Colors” of 10 navy blue tops and khaki bottoms. See id.; see also ECF No. 54 (“Robinson Decl.”), Ex. 4 at 11 11 (“Rite Aid has adopted a contemporary ‘Team Colors’ approach for associates who interact with 12 our customers. Our signature navy blue and khaki Team Colors look focuses on comfort, team 13 unity, and helps to project a friendly, neighborhood environment in our stores . . . .”). Rite Aid’s 14 Handbook devotes an entire section to “Team Colors” and provides that “Team Colors attire is 15 mandatory in our store environment.” Robinson Decl., Ex. 4 at 11. Defendants’ Team Colors 16 policy also required employees to wear either a polo, button-down shirt, blouse, sweater, skirt, or 17 slacks and prohibited employees from wearing T-shirts and jeans. Ceballos Decl., Ex. A at 3, 5, 9. 18 Defendants’ official written policies also explain that “[a]ssociates who report to work 19 inappropriately . . . dressed may be asked to leave and change into acceptable clothing or to 20 otherwise correct the violation. In such instances, the time away from work may be without pay.” 21 Robinson Decl., Ex. 4 at 12. 22 Furthermore, Defendants’ written company policy charges store managers and field leaders 23 to communicate and enforce dress standards. Ceballos Decl., Ex. B at 1 (“Store and Pharmacy 24 Managers along with Field Leaders will primarily be responsible for monitoring and enforcing this 25 policy.”). As Defendants’ own corporate representative noted, Defendants’ New Hire Orientation 26 kit is intended to be reviewed by management with every new employee, Ceballos Dep. 38:9– 27 40:7, and the New Hire Orientation kit also admonishes employees to “remember to wear your 1 name badge and dress in Team Colors during working hours,” Robinson Decl., Ex. 10 at 2. 2 At the same time, Defendants’ written company policy allows for what the parties call the 3 “blue vest” alternative. Defendants’ written company policy notes that “[i]n the event an associate 4 is unable to report to work in team colors, Rite Aid will make available a company issued vest, 5 which he/she will be required to wear.” Ceballos Decl., Ex. A at 9; id., Ex. B at 1 (“Each store 6 will be supplied with company issue vests (navy blue) that will be available for those associates 7 who are unable to meet Rite Aid’s navy blue requirement or report to work wearing a color other 8 than navy blue.”). Employees “can wear a blue vest at any time,” and if an associate is not dressed 9 according to Team Colors, wearing a blue vest puts that associate in compliance with Defendants’ 10 dress standards. Ceballos Dep. at 42:9-12, 54:8-10; see also ECF No. 57-6, Ex. 2 at 1640 (2012 11 email regarding Defendants’ Team Colors policy that explains that “[i]t is ok if an associate can’t 12 or won’t convert to team color. They may wear the navy blue vest. These vests will remain 13 available on an ongoing basis.”). 14 Plaintiffs contend, however, that the blue vest policy is not a real alternative to Defendants’ 15 Team Colors approach. In support of this argument, Plaintiffs point to two pieces of evidence. 16 First, Plaintiffs emphasize a recent survey conducted by Defendants that asks Rite Aid California 17 store managers how many blue vests are present in their stores. 471 of 544 California stores 18 responded to this survey. According to those stores, there were no blue vests in 337 stores, only 19 one blue vest in 23 stores, and two blue vests in 26 stores. 20 Second, Plaintiffs point to the expert report of Dr. Jeffery S. Peterson, Ph.D., who 21 conducted a survey of 49 Rite Aid employees in California. ECF No. 54, Ex. 7 (“Peterson 22 Decl.”). Dr. Peterson explained that “[t]he sample size of 49 survey responses is large enough to 23 draw statistical inferences about the population of potential class members” and that “[t]he survey 24 responses are valid and reliable.” Id. ¶ 4. Of the 49 survey responses, 100 percent of respondents 25 said they were required to wear a navy-blue shirt, 98.0 percent of respondents said they were 26 required to wear khaki-colored pants, 95.9 percent of respondents said they purchased a navy-blue 27 shirt to comply with the dress code, 91.8 percent of respondents said they purchased khaki-colored 1 pants to comply with the dress code, 6.1 percent thought they could wear a Rite Aid blue vest 2 instead of a blue shirt on a regular basis, and 30.6 percent of respondents said they saw a Rite Aid 3 blue vest in a store where they worked. Id. ¶ 3. Therefore, Plaintiffs contend that Dr. Peterson’s 4 report demonstrates that Defendants’ blue vest policy was not put into practice such that Plaintiffs 5 and putative class members were required to purchase their own uniforms in violation of 6 California law. 7 In response, Defendants dispute the reliability of this evidence. With respect to the survey 8 of blue vests available in California Rite Aid stores, Defendants argue that the survey only covers 9 “a single date in late 2019,” which “says nothing about vest availability on a classwide basis over 10 the five-year class period.” ECF No. 57. at 17. Defendants also contend that the one-day survey 11 was flawed because store managers answered the survey questions incorrectly and sought to 12 update or modify their responses after the responses were finalized. Id. at 13. Additionally, 13 Defendants argue the survey questions were flawed because the responses did not note that some 14 associate may have taken their vests home, “which means that though they are not present in 15 stores, they are still available for use.” Id. 16 In terms of Dr. Peterson’s expert report, Defendants argue that the report “should be 17 stricken in whole because it is inadmissible, unreliable, and improper pursuant to Federal Rules of 18 Evidence, Rule 702.” ECF No. 58 at 1. Defendants put forth their own expert, Dr. Joseph A. 19 Krock, Ph.D., who objects to Dr. Peterson’s report. ECF No. 57-6, Ex. 1 (“Krock Decl.”). 20 Defendants thus argue that Dr. Peterson’s opinions are “unreliable as they are premised on 21 assumptions and a biased survey.” ECF No. 58 at 2. 22 Moreover, in addition to challenging the validity of Plaintiffs’ evidence, Defendants 23 proffer their own evidence to argue that class certification is unwarranted. Regarding the 24 availability of blue vests in California stores, Defendants provide evidence that in 2012, three 25 years before the beginning of the Class Period, Defendants mailed 16 blue vests in varying sizes to 26 each of its California stores. ECF No. 57-6, Ex. 3 at Rite_Aid_706-750; id., Ex. 5 (“Mee Depo.”) 27 at 32:14-18. According to Defendants, when individual store managers needed additional blue 1 vests, they could place an order and the blue vests would be shipped to that store. Mee Depo. at 2 24:2-19. In subsequent years, Defendants continued to ship hundreds of blue vests in response to 3 individual orders from California stores. ECF No. 57-6 at 128-132; Mee Depo. at 24:2-19. 4 Defendants also obtained sworn declarations from a number of store managers, 5 supervisors, and employees. These declarations suggest that some store managers and supervisors 6 permitted employees to wear colors that were not fully compliant with Defendants’ official written 7 policies. For example, some store managers and employees explained that employees were 8 allowed to wear black-colored or grey-colored shirts and pants as well as navy blue shirts and 9 khaki pants. ECF No. 57-6, Ex. 47 (“Macintosh Decl.”) ¶ 5 (“[I]f employees wear any shade of 10 khaki, brown, black or other dark color pants, as long as they are clean, it is acceptable in my 11 store.”); id., Ex. 39 (“Jung Decl.”) ¶¶ 7, 10 (“I used to wear a pair of gray pants to work that I 12 interpreted to be khaki without issue. . . . I have never been told I was wearing the wrong color of 13 clothing to work.”); ECF No. 57-6, Ex. 46 (“Luna Decl.”) ¶ 4 (“I usually wear blue shirts, but 14 sometimes I wear black shirts. Today was cold so I put on a black sweatshirt. My manager did 15 not say anything to me about wearing the wrong color.”); ECF No. 57-6, Ex. 19 (“Attanasio 16 Decl.”) ¶ 10 (“I have seen some coworkers wear black pants to work at Rite Aid.”) 17 Additionally, Defendants’ declarations also state that some store managers and shift 18 supervisors allowed employees to wear T-shirts and jeans in contravention of Defendants’ official 19 written policies. See, e.g., id., Ex. 17 (“Alexander Decl.”) ¶ 14 (“It is not a problem for me if 20 associates wear jeans or black pants on occasion.”); id., Ex. 49 (“Manning Decl.”) ¶ 15 (“I have 21 seen Rite Aid employees wear jeans and black pants to work, but not often.”); id., Ex. 56 (“Rai 22 Decl.”) ¶ 11 (store leader stating that “[t]he top can be a sweater, blouse, button-down shirt, polo, 23 T-shirt, tunic, cardigan, sweatshirt, vest” and that “[a] blue dress would also be okay.”); id., Ex. 38 24 (“Jhally Decl.”) ¶ 5 (“Most employees wear casual fitting pants but some choose to wear jeans. 25 Both are acceptable to me.”); ECF No. 57-6, Ex. 63 (“Siatunuu Decl.”) ¶ 8 (store leader permitting 26 “a sweater, blouse, button-down shirt, polo, T-shirt, tunic, cardigan, sweatshirt, [or] vest” as a top 27 and permitting “pants, jeans, slacks, corduroys, chinos, capris, or skirts” for bottoms). B. Procedural History [1] On March 19, 2019, Plaintiffs filed this putative class action against Defendants. ECF No. [2] 10. On October 2, 2019, the last day for Plaintiffs to file an amended complaint, Plaintiffs filed [3] the operative Second Amended Complaint. ECF No. 30 (“SAC”). [4] Plaintiffs allege that Defendants compelled Plaintiffs and putative class members to [5] purchase uniforms in violation of California law. Accordingly, the SAC asserts six causes of [6] action: (1) failure to indemnify business expenses in violation of California Labor Code § 2802; [7] (2) failure to provide uniforms in violation of Wage Order No. 7-2001, § 9(A); (3) failure to pay [8] minimum wage in violation of California Labor Code §§ 1194, 1194.2, and 1197 and Wage Order [9] No. 7-2001, § 4(A)); (4) failure to furnish accurate wage statements in violation of Labor Code § [10] 226; (5) waiting time penalties pursuant to California Labor Code §§ 201, 202, and 203; and (6) [11] restitution under California’s Unfair Competition Law, Business and Professions Code § 17200, et [12] seq. SAC ¶¶ 40-76. In addition to these class claims, the SAC also includes a claim for public [13] injunctive relief and a claim under California Private Attorney General’s Act (“PAGA”), [14] California Labor Code § 2698, et seq. Id. ¶¶ 77-90. On October 17, 2019, Defendants filed an [15] answer to the SAC. ECF No. 33. [16] On February 6, 2020, Plaintiffs filed a motion for class certification. ECF No. 45 (“Mot.”). [17] Plaintiffs seek to certify a California class of approximately 26,232 “non-exempt employees, [18] excluding pharmacists, pharmacy interns, and asset protection agents, working in any Rite Aid [19] store in California at any time from March 13, 2015 through the trial date (the ‘Class Period’).” [20] Mot. at 24-25. On March 10, 2020, Defendants filed an opposition to Plaintiffs’ motion for class [21] certification. ECF No. 57 (“Opp.”). On April 3, 2020, Plaintiffs filed a reply. ECF No. 63 [22] (“Reply”).1 [24] 1 On April 10, 2020, Defendants filed objections to new evidence submitted with Plaintiffs’ Reply. 25 ECF No. 66. “New evidence submitted as part of a reply is improper” because “the opposing party is deprived of the opportunity to respond.” Morris v. Guetta, 2013 WL 440127 , at *9 n.8 26 (C.D. Cal. Feb. 4, 2013) (citing Tovar v. U.S. Postal Serv., 3 F.3d 1271 , 1273 n.3 (9th Cir. 1993)). As a result, the Court “will not consider” the “new evidence raised for the first time in reply.” Roe 27 v. Doe, 2009 Wl 1883752 , at *5 (N.D. Cal. June 30, 2009); see also Cubic Telecom Ltd. v. Wang, 2015 WL 12656238 , at *5 (N.D. Cal. Aug. 20, 2015) (“Generally, new evidence or issues raised 1 In addition to the briefing concerning class certification, on March 10, 2020, Defendants 2 filed a motion to strike the report of Plaintiffs’ expert, Dr. Peterson. ECF No. 58 (“MTS”). 3 Plaintiffs filed an opposition to Defendants’ motion to strike on April 3, 2020, ECF No. 64 (“MTS 4 Opp.”), and on April 10, 2020, Defendants filed a reply in support of their motion to strike, ECF 5 No. 65 (“MTS Reply”). 6 II. LEGAL STANDARD 7 Class actions are governed by Rule 23 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Rule 23 8 does not set forth a mere pleading standard. To obtain class certification, Plaintiffs bear the 9 burden of showing that they have met each of the four requirements of Rule 23(a) and at least one 10 subsection of Rule 23(b). Zinser v. Accufix Research Inst., Inc., 253 F.3d 1180 , 1186, amended by [11] 273 F.3d 1266 (9th Cir. 2001). “A party seeking class certification must affirmatively 12 demonstrate . . . compliance with the Rule[.]” Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Dukes, 564 U.S. 338 , 350 13 (2011). 14 Rule 23(a) provides that a district court may certify a class only if: “(1) the class is so 15 numerous that joinder of all members is impracticable; (2) there are questions of law or fact 16 common to the class; (3) the claims or defenses of the representative parties are typical of the 17 claims or defenses of the class; and (4) the representative parties will fairly and adequately protect 18 the interests of the class.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(a). That is, the class must satisfy the requirements of 19 numerosity, commonality, typicality, and adequacy of representation to maintain a class action. 20 Mazza v. Am. Honda Motor Co., Inc., 666 F.3d 581, 588 (9th Cir. 2012). 21 If all four prerequisites of Rule 23(a) are satisfied, the Court must also find that Plaintiffs 22 “satisfy through evidentiary proof” at least one of the three subsections of Rule 23(b). Comcast 23 Corp. v. Behrend, 569 U.S. 27, 33 (2013). Rule 23(b) sets forth three general types of class 24 actions. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(b)(1)–(b)(3). As relevant here, Plaintiffs seek certification under 25 Rule 23(b)(3). A class may be certified under Rule 23(b)(3) if a court finds that “questions of law [27] for the first time on Reply should not be considered.”). 1 or fact common to class members predominate over any questions affecting only individual 2 members, and that a class action is superior to other available methods for fairly and efficiently 3 adjudicating the controversy.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(b)(3). 4 “[A] court’s class-certification analysis must be ‘rigorous’ and may ‘entail some overlap 5 with the merits of the plaintiff’s underlying claim[.]’” Amgen Inc. v. Conn. Ret. Plans & Trust 6 Funds, 568 U.S. 455 , 465–66 (2013) (quoting Dukes, 564 U.S. at 351 ); see also Mazza, 666 F.3d 7 at 588 (“‘Before certifying a class, the trial court must conduct a ‘rigorous analysis’ to determine 8 whether the party seeking certification has met the prerequisites of Rule 23.’” (quoting Zinser, 253 9 F.3d at 1186)). This “rigorous” analysis applies to both Rule 23(a) and Rule 23(b). Comcast, 569 10 U.S. at 34 (discussing how Congress included “addition[al] . . . procedural safeguards for (b)(3) 11 class members beyond those provided for (b)(1) or (b)(2) class members (e.g., an opportunity to 12 opt out)” and how a court has a “duty to take a ‘close look’ at whether common questions 13 predominate over individual ones”). 14 Nevertheless, “Rule 23 grants courts no license to engage in free-ranging merits inquiries 15 at the certification stage.” Amgen, 568 U.S. at 466 . “Merits questions may be considered to the 16 extent—but only to the extent—that they are relevant to determining whether the Rule 23 17 prerequisites for class certification are satisfied.” Id. If a court concludes that the moving party 18 has met its burden of proof, then the court has broad discretion to certify the class. Zinser, 253 19 F.3d at 1186. 20 III. DISCUSSION 21 In the instant case, Plaintiffs allege class claims for (1) failure to indemnify business 22 expenses in violation of California Labor Code § 2802; (2) failure to provide uniforms in violation 23 of Wage Order No. 7-2001, § 9(A); (3) failure to pay minimum wage in violation of California 24 Labor Code §§ 1194, 1194.2, and 1197 and Wage Order No. 7-2001, § 4(A)); (4) failure to furnish 25 accurate wage statements in violation of California Labor Code § 226; (5) waiting time penalties 26 pursuant to California Labor Code §§ 201, 202, and 203; and (6) restitution under California’s 27 Unfair Competition Law, Business and Professions Code § 17200, et seq. SAC ¶¶ 40-76; Mot. at 1 9. 2 The crux of Plaintiffs’ case, however, centers on the allegation that Defendants required 3 members of the putative class to purchase their own uniforms. Mot. at 9. Plaintiffs argue that “by 4 requiring members of the putative class to purchase their own uniforms, Rite Aid effectively 5 pushes their wages below the legal minimum.” Id. Indeed, “[a]n employee who has ostensibly 6 been paid the minimum wage but has been required to make an expenditure which reduces the 7 employee’s net income below the minimum wage is, in essence, in the same position as an 8 employee who was paid less than the minimum wage at the outset.” Sanchez v. Aerogroup Retail 9 Holdings, Inc., 2013 WL 1942166 , at *10 (N.D. Cal. May 8, 2013). 10 The same is true of Plaintiffs’ claims for inaccurate wage statements and waiting time 11 penalties, which are based in part “on the theory that the amounts Rite Aid failed to reimburse for 12 uniform expenses are themselves wages which, for example, are owed at termination for 13 employment under Labor Code §§ 201 and 202.” Id. at 9–10. Indeed, “[a] number of California 14 courts have held that reimbursements for uniform expenses are wages” and could therefore be 15 subject to Labor Code §§ 201 and 202. Sanchez, 2013 WL 1942166 , at *13 (collecting cases); 16 Espejo v. The Copley Press, Inc., 13 Cal. App. 5th 329, 367 (2017) (“[P]ayment to employees for 17 work uniforms is a part of the employees’ compensation and should be considered like any other 18 payment of wages, compensation or benefits.” (quotation marks omitted)). 19 As a result, the Court follows the parties’ arguments and focuses its attention on Plaintiffs’ 20 claim that Defendants failed to provide uniforms in violation of California Labor Code § 2802 and 21 California Industrial Welfare Commission Wage Order No. 7-2001 (“Wage Order 7”). 22 California Labor Code § 2802 provides that “an employer shall indemnify his or her 23 employee for all necessary expenditures or losses incurred by the employee in direct consequence 24 of the discharge of his or her duties.” Cal. Labor Code § 2802 (a). “Consistent with the policy that 25 the employer may not shift onto the employee the cost of doing business, if an employer requires 26 an employee to wear a uniform, he must provide the uniform” pursuant to Wage Order 7. Greer v. 27 Dick’s Sporting Goods, Inc., 2017 WL 1354568 , at *11 (E.D. Cal. Apr. 13, 2017) (quoting Wage 1 Order 7). Section 9(a) of Wage Order 7 defines a “uniform” to include “apparel or accessories of 2 distinctive design or color.” Courts, in turn, interpret “distinctive design or color” to mean “usual 3 and generally usable in the occupation,” in accord with the California Industrial Welfare 4 Commission (“IWC”) and the California Department of Labor Standards Enforcement (“DLSE”). 5 See Becerra v. RadioShack Corp., 2012 WL 6115627 , at *4 (N.D. Cal. Dec. 10, 2012) 6 (interpreting Wage Order 7’s definition of “distinctive design or color” based on IWC and DLSE 7 interpretations); Greer, 2017 WL 1354568 , at *11 (“The Wage Orders define ‘uniform’ to include 8 ‘apparel or accessories of distinctive design or color.’ The principal exception to the rule is that 9 employers are not responsible for providing uniforms if they require ‘basic wardrobe items which 10 are usual and generally usable in the occupation . . . .” (relying on Becerra, 2012 WL 6115627 , at 11 *5); Brown v. Abercrombie & Fitch Co., 2015 WL 9690357 , at *14 (C.D. Cal. July 16, 2015) 12 (“California Labor Code Section 2802 and Wage Order 7 require that an employer must indemnify 13 employees for all necessary expenditures and that uniforms must be provided by that employer. 14 Moreover, apparel of ‘distinctive design or color’ constitutes a uniform. One relevant exception to 15 the category of uniforms for which an employer must pay is a uniform that is ‘generally usable in 16 the employees’ occupation,’ such as a nurse’s white uniform.” (quotation marks omitted) (citing 17 DLSE Opinion Letter No. 1991.02.13)). 18 As a result, to establish classwide liability pursuant to Wage Order 7, Plaintiffs must be 19 able to provide common, classwide proof that (1) the clothing is required by an employer, (2) it is 20 “of distinctive design or color,” and (3) it is not “usual and generally usable in the occupation.” 21 See Morgan v. Wet Seal, Inc., 210 Cal. App. 4th 1341, 1359 (2012) (“Thus, in order to determine 22 whether certain wardrobe items constitute a ‘uniform’ within the meaning of subdivision 9(A) [of 23 Wage Order 7], courts must consider whether the dress code policy requires wardrobe items that 24 are usual and generally usable in the occupation and whether those items have a distinctive design 25 or color.” (quotation marks omitted)). The same is true for a uniform reimbursement claim under 26 Section 2802. Townley v. BJ’s Restaurants, Inc., 37 Cal. App. 5th 179, 185 (2019) (dismissing 27 Section 2802 claim because plaintiff’s counsel conceded that clothing purchases did not satisfy 1 Wage Order 7’s requirement that the clothing be “part of a ‘uniform’” and “generally usable in the 2 [restaurant] occupation”); see also Mot. at 18 n.8 (“Plaintiffs discussion here assumes, without 3 conceding, that the elements of a section 2802 claim are the same as a claim under the Wage 4 Order.”). 5 Here, Plaintiffs argue that their evidence provides a common, classwide method of proof 6 for liability. Specifically, Plaintiffs contend that the Dr. Peterson’s expert report, its underlying 7 survey evidence, the November 2019 survey regarding blue vest availability, and Defendants’ 8 official written policies themselves all supply common, classwide methods of proof regarding 9 Defendants’ liability pursuant to Section 2802 and Wage Order 7. 10 Defendants disagree and move to strike Dr. Peterson’s expert report and its underlying 11 survey evidence. See MTS at 4-11. Additionally, Defendants proffer numerous declarations from 12 Rite Aid employees regarding the store-by-store variation with respect to interpretation and 13 enforcement of Defendants’ dress standards. See ECF No. 57-6. The Court begins by analyzing 14 Defendants’ motion to strike Dr. Peterson’s expert report and its underlying survey evidence 15 before turning to Plaintiffs’ motion for class certification. 16 A. Motion to Strike 17 Dr. Peterson’s report assesses whether a survey conducted by Davis Research could be 18 used to assist in making determinations about liability in the instant case. ECF No. 54, Ex. 7 19 (“Peterson Decl.”) ¶ 1. Specifically, the research objectives of the survey conducted by Davis 20 Research were to determine (1) whether Rite Aid employees thought they had to follow a dress 21 code of a navy-blue shirt and/or khaki pants; (2) whether Rite Aid employees made purchases to 22 comply with that dress code; (3) whether Rite Aid employees thought a blue vest was a valid 23 substitute for a blue shirt or khaki pants; and (4) whether Rite Aid employees potentially had 24 access to a blue vest. Id. ¶ 27. 25 Dr. Peterson explained that Defendants randomly selected 1,217 class members and 26 provided their contact information to Plaintiffs and Davis Research. Id. ¶¶ 30, 41. Dr. Peterson 27 told Davis Research, the organization conducting the survey, to obtain only 50 survey responses 1 from the list of 1,217 class members randomly selected by Defendants. Id. Davis Research made 2 1,145 attempted contacts for the survey, and out of those 1,145 attempted contacts, there were 49 3 “valid” responses, 48 refusals, 214 had invalid or wrong numbers, and 931 were contacted but did 4 not respond. Id. 5 Of these 49 survey responses, 100 percent of respondents said they were required to wear a 6 navy-blue shirt, 98.0 percent of respondents said they were required to wear khaki-colored pants, 7 95.9 percent of respondents said they purchased a navy-blue shirt to comply with the dress code, 8 91.8 percent of respondents said they purchased khaki-colored pants to comply with the dress 9 code, 6.1 percent thought they could wear a Rite Aid blue vest instead of a blue shirt on a regular 10 basis, and 30.6 percent of respondents said they saw a Rite Aid blue vest in a store where they 11 worked. Id. ¶ 3. Dr. Peterson stated that “[t]he sample size of 49 survey responses is large enough 12 to draw statistical inferences about the population of potential class members” and that “[t]he 13 survey responses are valid and reliable.” Id. ¶ 4. 14 Defendants disagree and move to strike Dr. Peterson’s expert report and the underlying 15 survey as inadmissible, unreliable, and improper pursuant to Federal Rule of Evidence 702 and 16 Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 509 U.S. 579 (1993). See MTS at 4-11. Plaintiffs 17 first argue that as a threshold issue, Defendants’ motion to strike should be denied because it 18 violates the Local Rules. MTS Opp. at 2-3. In the alternative, Plaintiffs respond that Defendants’ 19 arguments go to weight and not admissibility, and therefore, the Court should deny Defendants’ 20 motion to strike. Id. at 3-10. 21 Civil Local Rule 7–3(a) states that “[a]ny evidentiary and procedural objections to the 22 motion must be contained within the brief or memorandum.” Defendants’ objections to the 23 evidence submitted in support of the motion for class certification were filed separately from their 24 opposition. Thus, Defendants failed to comply with Civil Local Rule 7–3(a). 25 Courts have refused to consider objections in such circumstances. See Nevarez v. Forty 26 Niners Football Co., LLC, 326 F.R.D. 562 , 591 (N.D. Cal. 2018); Beauperthuy v. 24 Hour Fitness 27 USA, Inc., 772 F. Supp. 2d 1111, 1119 (N.D. Cal. 2011), abrogated on other grounds by Campbell 1 v. City of Los Angeles, 903 F.3d 1090 (9th Cir. 2018) (“The Court finds that Plaintiffs’ two 2 [motions to strike] violate [the] Local Rule[s] and Defendants’ [motion to strike] violates [the] 3 Local Rule[s]. Both parties have attempted to evade the briefing page limits by filing [motions to 4 strike] instead of fully voicing their evidentiary and procedural objections in their opposition and 5 reply briefs as required by the Local Rules. Accordingly, the Court DENIES all [motions to 6 strike] and will only address the evidentiary arguments to the extent they are raised in the parties' 7 briefs.”). Indeed, “[d]enial of a motion as the result of a failure to comply with local rules is well 8 within a district court’s discretion.” Tri-Valley CAREs v. U.S. Dep’t of Energy, 671 F.3d 1113 , 9 1131 (9th Cir. 2012). Accordingly, Defendants’ noncompliance with the Local Rules constitutes 10 an independent basis for denying the motion to strike. 11 Alternatively, even considering the merits, the Court concludes that Defendants’ motion to 12 strike should be denied. See United States v. Vortman, 2017 WL 1493100 , at *3 (N.D. Cal. Apr. 13 26, 2017) (Even when a “motion is procedurally deficient, and the Court has discretion to dismiss 14 the motion on that basis,” courts may exercise their discretion and “analyze the merits” of any 15 such motion “in the interest of resolving motions on the merits.”); see also In re High-Tech 16 Employee Antitrust Litig., 289 F.R.D. 555, 586 (N.D. Cal. 2013) (considering defendants’ motion 17 to strike on the merits even though it was filed separately from the underlying class certification 18 briefing). 19 Typically, “[c]hallenges to survey methodology go to the weight given the survey, not its 20 admissibility.” Wendt v. Host Int’l, Inc., 125 F.3d 806 , 814 (9th Cir. 1997); Southland Sod Farms 21 v. Stover Seed Co., 108 F.3d 1134 , 1143 n. 8 (9th Cir. 1997) (“However, as long as they are 22 conducted according to accepted principles, survey evidence should ordinarily be found 23 sufficiently reliable under Daubert.” (quotation marks omitted)). Indeed, the Ninth Circuit has 24 “made clear that technical inadequacies in a survey, including the format of the questions or the 25 manner in which it was taken, bear on the weight of the evidence, not its admissibility.” Fortune 26 Dynamic, Inc. v. Victoria’s Secret Stores Brand Mgmt., Inc., 618 F.3d 1025, 1036 (9th Cir. 2010). 27 Here, Defendants seek to exclude Dr. Peterson’s report and survey evidence, but their 1 arguments go to weight, not admissibility. Defendants argue that the Court should strike Dr. 2 Peterson’s report and the underlying survey because, according to Defendants, the survey 3 responses were not randomly selected, the sample size was too small, and responses were possibly 4 tainted by self-interest bias. MTS at 5-10. But as Dr. Peterson explained, Defendants randomly 5 selected the 1,217 class members and provided their contact information to Plaintiffs. Peterson 6 Decl. ¶ 41. The list was then randomized again before calling respondents, and each person had 7 an equal chance of being called. Id. Davis Research made 1,145 attempted contacts for the 8 survey, and out of those 1,145 attempted contacts, there were 49 “valid” responses, 48 refusals, 9 214 had invalid or wrong numbers, and 931 were contacted but did not respond. Id. 10 Dr. Peterson’s expert report notes that the survey results exhibited a low margin of error 11 and met generally accepted criteria for “a valid, large-sample confidence interval.” Id. ¶ 53 12 (“[T]he sample is randomly selected and the sample size is greater than 30,” and therefore “[t]he 13 sample size of 49 survey responses meets the criteria for a valid large-sample confidence interval.” 14 (citing McClave, James and Terry Sincich, Statistics, 13th Edition, Pearson: Boston, 2017 p. 15 321)). Additionally, as Dr. Peterson clarified, the 214 non-working invalid telephone numbers 16 were not a potential source of bias because “[a]ccording to peer-reviewed research on wage and 17 hours survey, . . . there is no reason an individual without a working telephone number should be 18 any different than any of the other class members.” Id. ¶ 31. 19 Defendants nonetheless argue that the non-responses were not randomized or 20 representative because Davis Research did not follow up with the 931 respondents who were 21 contacted but did not respond and because 48 putative class members declined to participate in the 22 survey. Defendants claim that Plaintiffs were required to select only 50 class members, attempt to 23 collect responses from them, and then “[i]f any of the 50 selected putative class members had 24 disconnected numbers or were truly unreachable, then randomly select[] replacement names.” 25 MTS at 6 (citing Krock Decl. ¶ 27). However, as Plaintiffs note, “Dr. Krock provides no 26 authority for this . . . proposition,” and Dr. Krock’s method “is contrary to the survey authorities 27 relied on by Dr. Peterson.” MTS Opp. at 5; see Peterson Decl. ¶ 47–48. Furthermore, at bottom, 1 Defendants are merely arguing that Dr. Krock’s methodology is better than Dr. Peterson’s, but at 2 best, such contentions go to weight and not admissibility. Fortune Dynamic, Inc., 618 F.3d at 3 1036 (“[T]echnical inadequacies in a survey, including the format of the questions or the manner 4 in which it was taken, bear on the weight of the evidence, not its admissibility.”). 5 Finally, Defendants argue that Dr. Krock stated that a valid survey must not reveal that it is 6 being used for litigation. MTS at 10. However, as Dr. Peterson noted, “the survey methodology 7 textbook Designing and Conducting Survey Research states that during the initial phase of the 8 survey[,] ‘it is important to inform potential respondents about the purpose of the study in order to 9 convey its importance and alleviate any concerns that potential respondents are likely to have.’” 10 Peterson Decl. ¶ 34. In short, Defendants have not provided evidence establishing that Dr. 11 Peterson’s report should be excluded. 12 Accordingly, Plaintiffs have established that their survey was conducted according to 13 accepted principles, and therefore, Defendants’ arguments that there were “technical inadequacies 14 in a survey, including the format of the questions or the manner in which it was taken, bear on the 15 weight of the evidence, not its admissibility.” Fortune Dynamic, Inc., 618 F.3d at 1036 ; see also 16 Wendt, 125 F.3d at 814 (“Challenges to survey methodology go to the weight given the survey, 17 not its admissibility.” ); Southland Sod Farms, 108 F.3d at 1143 n. 8 (“However, as long as they 18 are conducted according to accepted principles, survey evidence should ordinarily be found 19 sufficiently reliable under Daubert.” (quotation marks omitted)). Indeed, “[w]hat [an expert] did 20 or didn’t take into account in constructing his analysis may be grist for a good cross-examination 21 at trial, but they do not play a material role in deciding whether [the expert’s] work should be 22 admitted under Rule 702.” In re Capacitors Antitrust Litig., 2020 WL 870927 , at *2 (N.D. Cal. 23 Feb. 21, 2020) (quotation marks omitted). 24 As a result, the Court DENIES Defendants’ motion to strike Dr. Peterson’s report and the 25 underlying survey evidence. 26 B. Motion for Class Certification 27 The Court next addresses the substance of Plaintiffs’ motion for class certification. To 1 obtain class certification, Plaintiffs bear the burden of showing that they have met each of the four 2 requirements of Rule 23(a) and at least one subsection of Rule 23(b). Zinser, 253 F.3d at 1186. 3 The four requirements of Rule 23(a) are numerosity, commonality, typicality, and adequacy of 4 representation. Mazza, 666 F.3d at 588 . Here, Plaintiffs must also “satisfy through evidentiary 5 proof” Rule 23(b)(3)’s requirements of predominance and superiority. See Comcast Corp., 569 6 U.S. at 33. 7 As explained above, Rule 23 does not set forth a mere pleading standard, and “[a] party 8 seeking class certification must affirmatively demonstrate . . . compliance with the Rule.” Duke, [9] 564 U.S. at 350 . Put differently, “the district court must determine whether there was 10 ‘significant proof that [a defendant] operated under a general policy.’” Ellis v. Costco Wholesale 11 Corp., 657 F.3d 970, 983 (9th Cir. 2011) (quoting Dukes, 564 U.S. at 353 ). At the same time, 12 though “a district court must consider the merits if they overlap with the [Rule 23] requirements,” 13 id. at 981 (emphasis in original) (citing Dukes, 564 U.S. at 351-52 ), “Rule 23 grants courts no 14 license to engage in free-ranging merits inquiries at the certification stage,” Amgen, 568 U.S. at 15 466; see id. (“Merits questions may be considered to the extent—but only to the extent—that they 16 are relevant to determining whether the Rule 23 prerequisites for class certification are satisfied.”). 17 Here, Defendants primarily argue that Plaintiffs do not satisfy the commonality and 18 predominance requirements. Defendants, however, also marginally argue that Plaintiffs do not 19 satisfy the typicality and adequacy requirements. The Court addresses each Rule 23(a) and Rule 20 23(b)(3) requirement and concludes that Plaintiffs have met their burden to certify their class. 21 1. Numerosity 22 Pursuant to Rule 23(a)(1), Plaintiffs must show that “the class is so numerous that joinder 23 of all members is impracticable.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(a)(1). The parties agree that the proposed 24 class includes approximately 26,000 putative class members. Numerosity is usually satisfied 25 where the class consists of 40 or more members. Twegbe v. Pharmaca Integrative Pharmacy, 26 Inc., 2013 WL 3802807 , *3 (N.D. Cal. July 17, 2013) (“[T]he numerosity requirement is usually 27 satisfied where the class comprises 40 or more members, and generally not satisfied when the 1 class comprises 21 or fewer members.”); Celano v. Marriott Int'l, Inc., 242 F.R.D. 544, 549 (N.D. 2 Cal. 2007 ) (noting same). Plaintiffs have met that bar here, and indeed, Defendants do not dispute 3 that Plaintiffs satisfy Rule 23(a)(1)’s numerosity requirement. The Court now addresses Rule 4 23(a)(2)’s commonality requirement. 5 2. Commonality 6 Rule 23(a)(2) states that “[o]ne or more members of a class may sue or be sued as 7 representative parties on behalf of all members only if . . . there are questions of law or fact 8 common to the class.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(a)(2). This requirement has “been construed 9 permissively, and all questions of fact and law need not be common to satisfy the rule.” Ellis, 657 10 F.3d at 986 (9th Cir. 2011) (internal quotation marks and alteration omitted). Indeed, “for 11 purposes of Rule 23(a)(2), even a single common question will do.” Dukes, 564 U.S. at 359 12 (alteration and quotation marks omitted). 13 At the same time, the United State Supreme Court has cautioned that “any competently 14 crafted class complaint literally raises common ‘questions.’” Dukes, 564 U.S. at 349 (internal 15 citation omitted). Therefore, what matters for class certification “is not the raising of common 16 ‘questions’—even in droves—but rather, the capacity of a class-wide proceeding to generate 17 common answers apt to drive the resolution of the litigation.” Id. at 350 (internal quotation marks 18 omitted). “Commonality requires the plaintiff to demonstrate that the class members have 19 suffered the same injury.” Id. at 349-50 . It is not enough that the class members “have all 20 suffered a violation of the same provision of law.” Id. at 350 . 21 Furthermore, “[w]hether a question will drive the resolution of the litigation necessarily 22 depends on the nature of the underlying legal claims that the class members have raised.” Jimenez 23 v. Allstate Ins. Co., 765 F.3d 1161, 1165 (9th Cir. 2014). As explained previously, to establish 24 classwide liability pursuant to Wage Order 7 and Section 2802, Plaintiffs must be able to provide 25 common, classwide proof that (1) the clothing is required by an employer, (2) it is “of distinctive 26 design or color,” and (3) it is not “usual and generally usable in the occupation.” See Wet Seal, [27] 210 Cal. App. 4th at 1359 (“Thus, in order to determine whether certain wardrobe items constitute 1 a ‘uniform’ within the meaning of subdivision 9(A) [of Wage Order 7], courts must consider 2 whether the dress code policy requires wardrobe items that are usual and generally usable in the 3 occupation and whether those items have a distinctive design or color.” (quotation marks 4 omitted)); Townley, 37 Cal. App. 5th at 185 (dismissing Section 2802 claim because plaintiff’s 5 counsel conceded that clothing purchases did not satisfy Wage Order 7’s requirement that the 6 clothing be “part of a ‘uniform’” and “generally usable in the [restaurant] occupation”); see also 7 Mot. at 18 n.8 (“Plaintiffs discussion here assumes, without conceding, that the elements of a 8 section 2802 claim are the same as a claim under the Wage Order.”). 9 Here, Plaintiffs argue that there are multiple common questions of law and fact. First, 10 Plaintiffs contend that whether putative class members were required to purchase clothing is a 11 classwide question capable of common proof. Specifically, Plaintiffs assert that Defendants’ blue 12 vest policy was never actually implemented such that Plaintiffs were in fact required to purchase 13 clothing in order to satisfy Defendants’ dress standards. Mot. at 27-28. 14 Second, Plaintiffs argue that whether the clothing purchased by putative class members 15 constitutes a “uniform” under Wage Order 7 is a classwide question capable of common proof. In 16 other words, Plaintiffs claim that Defendants’ Team Color policy was implemented consistently 17 across the class such that whether putative class members’ clothing purchases were “of distinctive 18 design and color” and were “usual and generally usable in the occupation” is capable of classwide 19 resolution. Reply at 3-8. 20 In support of these arguments, Plaintiffs point to Dr. Peterson’s expert report and its 21 underlying survey evidence, the November 2019 survey regarding blue vest availability, and 22 Defendants’ official written policies. Plaintiffs claim that these pieces of evidence supply 23 common, classwide methods of proof concerning Defendants’ liability pursuant to Section 2802 24 and Wage Order 7. As discussed more fully below, the Court agrees that Plaintiffs satisfy Rule 25 23(a)(2)’s commonality requirement. 26 a. Whether Defendants Required Plaintiffs To Purchase Clothing Is A Classwide Question [27] 1 First, Plaintiffs’ evidence constitutes significant proof of a common question of whether 2 Plaintiffs were required to purchase clothing as a condition of their employment. This question is 3 material because it “will drive the answer to the plaintiffs’ claims on” the first element of 4 Plaintiffs’ claims for reimbursement under Wage Order 7 and Section 2802. Though Defendants’ 5 official written policies explicitly permit employees to wear a blue vest as an alternative, 6 “Plaintiffs’ theory is that Defendant has a common practice of not following its official policy, and 7 proving at trial whether Defendants’ unofficial policy exists will drive the resolution of the claims 8 of all members of the Class.” Mot. at 28. Plaintiffs have submitted substantial evidence of a 9 common practice of not providing employees with a blue vest, including a November 2019 survey 10 regarding blue vest availability. That survey’s results indicate that at least 337 of Defendants’ 11 stores in California did not have any vests when surveyed, which suggests that the blue vest 12 alternative is not a real option for many employees. As a result, employees would ostensibly need 13 to purchase their own clothing in order to come into compliance with Defendants’ official written 14 policies regarding dress standards. 15 Moreover, Dr. Peterson’s expert report and the underlying survey also establish that 16 whether employees were required to purchase clothing is a classwide question subject to common 17 proof. Specifically, Dr. Peterson’s expert report and the underlying survey noted that among other 18 things, only 6.1 percent of respondents thought they could wear a Rite Aid blue vest instead of a 19 blue shirt on a regular basis, and 30.6 percent of respondents said they saw a Rite Aid blue vest in 20 a store where they worked. Peterson Decl. ¶ 3. Because only 6.1 percent of respondents stated 21 that they thought they could wear a Rite Aid blue vest instead of a blue shirt on a regular basis, the 22 survey provides further evidence that putative class members were subject to a common policy 23 that required them to purchase clothing. This evidence, coupled with the November 2019 survey 24 that indicates that at least 337 of Defendants’ stores in California did not have blue vests available 25 for employee use, tends to show that the question of whether Plaintiffs and putative class members 26 are required to purchase clothing as a condition of employment is a common question. 27 b. Whether Defendants’ Team Color Policy Constitutes A Uniform Under California Law Is Another Classwide Question [1] Furthermore, though “even a single common question will do” “for the purposes of Rule [2] 23(a)(2),” Dukes, 564 U.S. at 359 (alteration and quotation marks omitted), Plaintiffs’ evidence [3] identifies another question common to the class. In addition to the common question concerning [4] whether Defendants required Plaintiffs to purchase clothing, whether Defendants’ Team Colors [5] policy is a uniform and violates California law is another classwide question. [6] To begin, Defendants’ own official written policies require employees to wear navy blue [7] tops and khaki bottoms pursuant to the Team Colors policy. As explained previously, Defendants’ [8] Store Dress Standards state that employees must wear clothing consistent with Defendants’ “Team [9] Colors” of navy blue tops and khaki bottoms. See id.; see also ECF No. 54 (“Robinson Decl.”), [10] Ex. 4 at 11 (“Rite Aid has adopted a contemporary ‘Team Colors’ approach for associates who [11] interact with our customers. Our signature navy blue and khaki Team Colors look focuses on [12] comfort, team unity, and helps to project a friendly, neighborhood environment in our [13] stores . . . .”). [14] Defendants’ Handbook devotes an entire section to “Team Colors” and provides that [15] “Team Colors attire is mandatory in our store environment.” Robinson Decl., Ex. 4 at 11. That [16] official written document also explains that “[a]ssociates who report to work inappropriately [17] . . . dressed may be asked to leave and change into acceptable clothing or to otherwise correct the [18] violation. In such instances, the time away from work may be without pay.” Id. at 12. [19] Furthermore, Defendants’ written company policy charges store managers and field leaders [20] to communicate and enforce dress standards. Ceballos Decl., Ex. B at 1 (“Store and Pharmacy [21] Managers along with Field Leaders will primarily be responsible for monitoring and enforcing this [22] policy.”). As Defendants’ own corporate representative noted, Defendants’ New Hire Orientation [23] kit is intended to be reviewed by management with every new employee, Ceballos Dep. 38:9– [24] 40:7, and the New Hire Orientation kit also admonishes employees to “remember to wear your [25] name badge and dress in Team Colors during working hours,” Robinson Decl., Ex. 10 at 2. [26] Moreover, Plaintiffs provide other significant evidence that store managers and supervisors [27] 1 communicate these written policies to employees across the class. Specifically, Dr. Peterson’s 2 expert report and the underlying survey noted that 100 percent of respondents said they were 3 required to wear a navy-blue shirt, 98.0 percent of respondents said they were required to wear 4 khaki-colored pants, 95.9 percent of respondents said they purchased a navy-blue shirt to comply 5 with the dress code, and 91.8 percent of respondents said they purchased khaki-colored pants to 6 comply with the dress code. Peterson Decl. ¶ 3. This evidence is consistent with the proposition 7 that Defendants have their store managers and supervisors accurately enforce the official written 8 policies regarding Team Colors. Accordingly, determining whether Defendants’ Team Colors 9 policy constitutes a uniform pursuant to Wage Order 7 and Section 2802 is a common, classwide 10 question. 11 Defendants’ only response is that numerous declarations from Rite Aid employees show 12 that individual store managers and supervisors had discretion in implementing Defendants’ official 13 written policies such that there was no common dress standard communicated across the entire 14 class. Opp. at 15–22. To be sure, Defendants’ proffered declarations do note that some store 15 managers and supervisors allowed employees to wear clothing that was not fully compliant with 16 Defendants’ written policies. 17 Nonetheless, even these declarations show how store managers and supervisors generally 18 enforced Defendants’ written official policies across the class. In particular, declarants 19 consistently noted that Defendants’ dress standard was blue shirts and khaki pants. Though that 20 policy was enforced differently on the margins—for example, jeans of a khaki color were 21 sometimes permitted, or different shades of blue or even black were allowed by some store 22 managers and supervisors—Defendants’ employee declarations consistently state that Defendants’ 23 official dress code policies required blue tops and khaki bottoms. See, e.g., Alexander Decl. ¶ 4–7 24 (describing dress standards as blue and khaki); Macintosh Decl. ¶ 5 (“Employees in my store are 25 encouraged to wear navy blue tops and brown or khaki pants unless they are wearing a Rite Aid 26 vest.”); Luna Decl. ¶ 4 (“My understanding of Rite Aid’s team colors is blue and beige or 27 khaki.”); Attanasio Decl. ¶ 5 (“My understanding of the store dress standards of dark blue shirts 1 and khaki bottoms.”); Siatunuu Decl. ¶ 6 (“I also had verbal conversations with [associates] about 2 the new team colors approach. I told them to wear navy blue and khaki.”). 3 As a result, the Court “rejects Defendants’ reliance on evidence of minor variations in how 4 . . . policies were implemented at different facilities.” Shaw v. AMN Healthcare, Inc., 326 F.R.D. 5 247, 269 (N.D. Cal. 2018). The fact of the matter is that Plaintiffs have identified official written 6 policies regarding dress standards and that those policies directed store managers and supervisors 7 to implement and enforce the written dress standards. Additionally, survey evidence indicates that 8 these policies were communicated consistently across the class such that 100 percent of 9 respondents said they were required to wear a navy-blue shirt, 98.0 percent of respondents said 10 they were required to wear khaki-colored pants, 95.9 percent of respondents said they purchased a 11 navy-blue shirt to comply with the dress code, and 91.8 percent of respondents said they 12 purchased khaki-colored pants to comply with the dress code. Peterson Decl. ¶ 3. Accordingly, 13 the Court holds that whether Defendants’ dress code constitutes a uniform under Wage Order 7 14 and Section 2802 is another question capable of classwide resolution. 15 Many courts have reached a similar conclusion. Sevilla v. Aaron’s, Inc., 2019 WL 16 2879874, at *12 (C.D. Cal. Mar. 25, 2019) (“The question of whether logoed apparel qualifies as a 17 necessary expense under section 2802 is a factual question common to all members of the 18 Business Expense Reimbursement Subclass. Its answer will ‘drive resolution of the action in one 19 stroke,’ whether in favor of Plaintiff or Defendant.” (citation omitted)); Greer v. Dick's Sporting 20 Goods, Inc., , 2017 WL 1354568 , at *12 (E.D. Cal. Apr. 13, 2017) (“[Defendant] instituted a 21 ‘Look Policy’ that dictated what employees may wear. . . . Moreover, although the policy may not 22 have been expressly required, [Defendant] maintained a de facto policy by explaining that 23 compliance was ‘extremely important’ and that non-compliance was a basis for 24 dismissal. . . . These common, underlying policies provide common proof relevant to classwide 25 resolution, and these common questions predominate over any individual inquiry to which 26 [Defendant] points.”). 27 For example, in Brown v. Abercrombie & Fitch Co., the plaintiffs brought a putative class 1 action alleging that the defendants coerced or compelled employees to purchase clothing in 2 violation of California law. 2015 WL 9690357 , at *10 (C.D. Cal. July 16, 2015). The Brown 3 plaintiffs argued that “despite Defendants’ formal written policy of not requiring employees to 4 purchase or wear Abercrombie clothes, managers coerce store employees to purchase 5 Abercrombie clothing.” Id. at 11. 6 The Brown court certified the class and concluded that the plaintiffs had satisfied Rule 7 23(a)(2)’s commonality requirement. Specifically, “Abercrombie’s written ‘Look Policy,’ which 8 dictates what an employee may wear while working,” constituted “evidence of a common practice 9 or informal policy of pressuring employees to purchase Abercrombie clothing.” Id. at 12. This 10 Look Policy was explained at the orientation for all new associates. Id. Additionally, “and 11 perhaps most importantly, Plaintiffs point to various communications among Abercrombie 12 management regarding the importance of ‘pushing’ or ‘driving’ sales of AAA clothing items to 13 employees.” Id. 14 The same is true in the instant case. Here, Defendants’ written official policy requires 15 employees to wear navy blue tops and khaki bottoms and compels store managers and supervisors 16 to explain the policy to all new associates and to implement and enforce the policy. Furthermore, 17 as in Brown, Plaintiffs here point to evidence—in the instant case, Dr. Peterson’s expert report and 18 the underlying survey evidence—that Defendants actually required putative class members to 19 purchase clothing that conformed with Defendants’ official written policy. See Peterson Decl. ¶ 3. 20 Thus, Plaintiffs “have not merely provided anecdotal evidence of individual experiences 21 but have set forth at least some evidence of a broader, company-wide policy that was disseminated 22 downward from top management to store associates.” Brown, 2015 WL 9690357 , at *13. This 23 fact distinguishes the instant case from Morgan v. Wet Seal, 210 Cal. App 4th 1341 (2012), a case 24 upon which Defendants heavily rely. Opp. at 19–20. 25 In Wet Seal, the plaintiffs merely submitted several emails from a single district director. 26 210 Cal. App. 4th at 1351–52. Here, Plaintiffs submit not only Defendants’ own written official 27 policies regarding dress standards; rather, Plaintiffs proffer survey evidence that indicates 1 Defendants communicated a consistent policy across the class requiring employees to purchase 2 clothing in compliance with Defendants’ written dress standards. “Thus, while the plaintiffs in 3 Wet Seal failed to adequately evidence a common policy or practice, Plaintiffs here have 4 supported their assertion that such a common practice or informal policy may exist (and proving 5 the existence of that policy or practice at trial won’t depend wholly on individual testimony.” 6 Brown, 2015 WL 9690357 , at *13; Greer v. Dick’s Sporting Goods, Inc., 2017 WL 1354568 , at 7 *12 (E.D. Cal. Apr. 13, 2017) (distinguishing Wet Seal on a similar basis). 8 Accordingly, the Court concludes that Plaintiffs have satisfied Rule 23(a)(2)’s 9 commonality requirement. The Court next addresses whether Plaintiffs satisfy Rule 23(b)(3)’s 10 predominance requirement. 11 3. Predominance 12 Rule 23(b)(3)’s predominance requirement asks whether “the questions of law or fact 13 common to the members of the class predominate over any questions affecting only individual 14 members.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(b)(3). In other words, the “Rule 23(b)(3) predominance inquiry 15 tests whether proposed classes are sufficiently cohesive to warrant adjudication by representation.” 16 Amchem Prods., Inc. v. Windsor, 521 U.S. 591, 623 (1997). The predominance inquiry is “far 17 more demanding” than the commonality test under Rule 23(a)(2). Id. at 624 . 18 Specifically, “[t]he predominance inquiry asks whether the common, aggregation-enabling, 19 issues in the case are more prevalent or important than the non-common, aggregation-defeating, 20 individual issues.” Tyson Foods, Inc. v. Bouaphakeo, 136 S. Ct. 1036, 1045 (2016). To meet the 21 predominance requirement, “common questions must be a significant aspect of the case that can 22 be resolved for all members of the class in a single adjudication.” Berger v. Home Depot USA, 23 Inc., 741 F.3d 1061, 1068 (9th Cir. 2014). For the purposes of Rule 23, a “common” question is 24 one that is “capable of classwide resolution.” Dukes, 564 U.S. at 350 . In contrast, an “individual” 25 question is one for which “members of a proposed class will need to present evidence that varies 26 from member to member.” Tyson Foods, 136 S. Ct. at 1045 (quotation marks omitted). 27 “Predominance is not, however, a matter of nose-counting.” Torres v. Mercer Canyons 1 Inc., 835 F.3d 1125, 1134 (9th Cir. 2016) (citing Jimenez, 765 F.3d at 1165 ). “Rather, more 2 important questions apt to drive the resolution of the litigation are given more weight in the 3 predominance analysis over individualized questions which are of considerably less significance 4 to the claims of the class.” Id. Indeed, “Rule 23(b)(3) . . . does not require a plaintiff seeking 5 class certification to prove each element of her claim is susceptible to classwide proof. What the 6 rule does require is that common questions predominate over any questions affecting only 7 individual class members.” Amgen, 568 U.S. at 469 (quotation marks, citations, and internal 8 alterations omitted). 9 Put differently, “[w]here, after adjudication of the classwide issues, plaintiffs must still 10 introduce a great deal of individualized proof or argue a number of individualized legal points to 11 establish most or all of the elements of their individual claims, such claims are not suitable for 12 class certification under Rule 23(b)(3).” Sonner v. Schwabe N. Am., Inc., 2019 WL 4266808 , at 13 *6 (C.D. Cal. July 2, 2019) (quoting Klay v. Humana, Inc., 382 F.3d 1241, 1255 (11th Cir. 2004)); 14 Quesada v. Banc of Am. Inv. Servs., Inc., 2013 WL 623288 , at *5 (N.D. Cal. Feb. 19, 2013) 15 (same); Vasquez v. Leprino Foods Co., 2020 WL 1527922 , at *13 (E.D. Cal. Mar. 31, 2020) 16 (“[C]ommon issues likely will not predominate if a great deal of individualized proof would need 17 to be introduced to address most or all of the elements of a claim, or a number of individualized 18 legal points would need to be established after common questions were resolved, or the resolution 19 of an overarching common issue breaks down into an unmanageable variety of individual legal 20 and factual issues.” (quotation marks, citations, and internal alterations omitted)). 21 Courts are thus required “to take a ‘close look’ at whether common questions predominate 22 over individual ones,” Comcast, 569 U.S. at 34 (citation omitted), “begin[ning] . . . with the 23 elements of the underlying cause of action,” Erica P. John Fund, Inc. v. Halliburton Co., 563 U.S. 24 804, 809 (2011). Of course, plaintiffs need not show at the certification threshold that 25 predominant questions will be answered in their favor. Amgen, 568 U.S. at 468 . 26 Here, Plaintiffs have established that common questions predominate over individual ones. 27 To state a claim for clothing reimbursement under Wage Order 7 and Section 2802, the clothing 1 must be (1) required by an employer, (2) “of distinctive design or color,” and (3) not “usual and 2 generally usable in the occupation.” See Wet Seal, 210 Cal. App. 4th at 1359 . As noted above, the 3 Court found that Plaintiffs had provided significant proof of common questions regarding (1) 4 whether Defendants required Plaintiffs to purchase clothing as a condition of employment, and (2) 5 whether Plaintiffs had to purchase specific clothing that could constitute a uniform under 6 California law. Defendants’ official written policies, the November 2019 survey regarding blue 7 vest availability, and Dr. Peterson’s expert report and underlying survey demonstrate that whether 8 a common policy was communicated across all class members is capable of classwide resolution. 9 Importantly, these common questions are not merely peripheral, but rather, go directly to 10 liability on a classwide basis because they are capable of answering whether the clothing was 11 (1) required by an employer, (2) “of distinctive design or color,” and (3) not “usual and generally 12 usable in the occupation.” See Wet Seal, 210 Cal. App. 4th at 1359 . Indeed, “more important 13 questions apt to drive the resolution of the litigation are given more weight in the predominance 14 analysis.” Torres, 835 F.3d at 1134 . In other words, common questions predominate because 15 “after adjudication of classwide issues,” Plaintiffs would not have to “introduce a great deal of 16 individualized proof or argue a number of individualized legal points to establish most or all of the 17 elements of their individual claims. Sonner, 2019 WL 4266808 , at *6 (quotation marks omitted). 18 Defendants again point to their declarations from employees that state that Defendants’ 19 written policies were sometimes enforced differently depending on individual store managers and 20 supervisors’ preferences. However, as explained previously, “Plaintiffs do not merely rely on the 21 perceptions of individual employees and potentially atypical oral instructions from managers.” 22 Brown, 2015 WL 9690357 , at *18. Rather, Plaintiffs’ proof includes Defendants’ own official 23 written policies and surveys and reports evidencing that Defendants’ official written policies were 24 largely implemented and communicated on a consistent basis across the class. Thus, where 25 “Plaintiffs have presented evidence of a company-wide policy or practice,” even small variations 26 regarding “how that policy or practice was conveyed to employees, and the fact that some 27 employees may not have actually succumbed to the pressure exerted upon them . . . do not 1 necessarily defeat class certification.” Id.; see Shaw., 326 F.R.D. at 269 (rejecting “Defendants’ 2 reliance on evidence of minor variations in how . . . policies were implemented at different 3 facilities” and “find[ing] that common issues predominate over individualized inquiries”). 4 Defendants raise two more predominance arguments, both of which the Court rejects. 5 First, Defendants claim that predominance is not satisfied as to Plaintiffs’ derivative wage claims. 6 Opp. at 23–25. Specifically, Defendants claim that individualized issues regarding store 7 managers’ enforcement of Team Colors and individual employees’ wages would overwhelm any 8 common issues. As the Court concluded, however, whether Defendants implemented and 9 communicated a common dress code policy across the class and failed to reimburse employees for 10 clothing purchases made pursuant to that policy are common, classwide questions. Additionally, 11 because “reimbursements for uniform expenses are wages,” “[a]n employee who has ostensibly 12 been paid the minimum wage but has been required to make an expenditure which reduces the 13 employee’s net income below the minimum wage is, in essence, in the same position as an 14 employee who was paid less than the minimum wage at the outset.” Sanchez, 2013 WL 1942166 , 15 at *10, 13. In other words, the existence and enforcement of Defendants’ Team Colors policy 16 would have a direct bearing on Defendants’ liability pursuant to Plaintiffs’ derivative claims, 17 which weighs heavily in favor of finding predominance. See Torres, 835 F.3d at 1134 (“[M]ore 18 important questions apt to drive the resolution of the litigation are given more weight in the 19 predominance analysis.”). Therefore, Plaintiffs have identified common questions that would 20 drive the resolution of Plaintiffs derivative wage claims such that common issues predominate 21 over individualized inquiries. 22 Second, Defendants assert that Plaintiffs fail to establish a trial plan, which Defendants 23 assert is problematic for calculating individualized damages. Opp. at 25 (citing Tyson Foods, Inc. 24 v. Bouaphakeo, 136 S. Ct. 1036 (2016)). Rule 23, however, does not require a plaintiff to offer a 25 trial plan to certify a class, and the Ninth Circuit has explicitly declined to “graft[] a requirement 26 for a trial plan onto [Rule 23].” Chamberlan v. Ford Motor Co., 402 F.3d 952 , 961 n.4 (9th Cir. 27 2005); see also, e.g., Lao v. H&M Hennes & Mauritz, L.P., 2019 WL 7312623 , at *7 (N.D. Cal. 1 Dec. 30, 2019) (same); United States ex rel. Terry v. Wasatch Advantage Grp., LLC, 327 F.R.D. 2 395, 419 (E.D. Cal. Jul. 30, 2018), leave to appeal denied sub nom. United States v. Wasatch 3 Advantage Grp., LLC, No. 18-80091, 2018 WL 6118456 (9th Cir. Oct. 17, 2018) (same); Martino 4 v. Ecolab, Inc., 2016 WL 614477 , at *10 (N.D. Cal. Feb. 16, 2016) (same). Indeed, this Court has 5 previously observed “that no formal trial plan is required by Rule 23.” See Dunbar v. Google, 6 Inc., 2012 WL 6202797 , at *21 n.4 (N.D. Cal. 2012); see also In re Arris Cable Modem Consumer 7 Litig., 327 F.R.D. 334, 374 (N.D. Cal. 2018), leave to appeal denied sub nom. Reyna v. Arris Int’l 8 PLC, No. 18-80099, 2018 WL 6167340 (9th Cir. Nov. 8, 2018) (same). 9 Additionally, and just as importantly, “[t]ime and time again, [the Ninth Circuit] has 10 reaffirmed the principle that the need for individual damages calculations does not doom a class 11 action” and that “[t]he Supreme Court’s ruling in Tyson Foods has not disturbed [this] precedent.” 12 Ridgeway v. Walmart, 946 F.3d 1066, 1086 (9th Cir. 2020) (quotation marks omitted) (collecting 13 cases). 14 Finally, in any event, Plaintiffs have “submitted a viable method for managing this case as 15 a class action” because “common proof can be used to determine Defendant[s]’ liability” and 16 “Plaintiff[s] plan[] to use statistical evidence, including surveys or representative testimony, or 17 both, of class members to determine damages at trial.” Sullivan v. Kelly Servs., Inc., 268 F.R.D. 18 356, 365 (N.D. Cal. 2010). “This type of evidence is commonly accepted by courts for calculating 19 damages in large class actions.” Id. (collecting cases). Therefore, the Court rejects Defendants’ 20 argument regarding a trial plan and individualized damages. 21 Accordingly, the Court concludes that in the instant case, “common, aggregation-enabling, 22 issues . . . are more prevalent or important than [any] non-common, aggregation-defeating, 23 individual issues.” Tyson Foods, 136 S. Ct. at 1045 (2016). As a result, Plaintiffs have 24 demonstrated that common issues predominate over individualized inquiries. The Court now turns 25 to the Rule 23(a)(3)’s typicality requirement. 26 4. Typicality 27 Under Rule 23(a)(3), a representative party must have claims or defenses that are “typical 1 of the claims or defenses of the class.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(a)(3). Typicality is satisfied “when 2 each class member’s claim arises from the same course of events, and each class member makes 3 similar legal arguments to prove the defendants’ liability.” Rodriguez v. Hayes, 591 F.3d 1105 , 4 1122 (9th Cir. 2010) (citations omitted). This requirement is “permissive and requires only that 5 the representative’s claims are reasonably co-extensive with those of the absent class members; 6 they need not be substantially identical.” Hanlon v. Chrysler Corp., 150 F.3d 1011, 1029 (9th Cir. 7 1998). “Defenses unique to a class representative counsel against class certification only where 8 they threaten to become the focus of the litigation.” Rodriguez, 591 F.3d at 1124 . “The purpose 9 of the typicality requirement is to assure that the interest of the named representative aligns with 10 the interests of the class.” Hanon v. Dataproducts Corp., 976 F.2d 497, 508 (9th Cir. 1992). 11 Plaintiffs argue that Nucci, Goswick, and Shaw are typical plaintiffs because they were 12 subjected to the Team Colors policy and were required to wear and purchase navy blue tops and 13 khaki bottoms. Mot at 25. Plaintiffs argue that Defendants’ written Team Colors policy is 14 evidence that Defendants had an official policy or practice regarding dress standards and that the 15 survey evidence indicates that in practice, Defendants required putative class members to abide by 16 Defendants’ Team Colors policy and wear and purchase navy blue tops and khaki bottoms. Id. at 17 26. 18 Defendants conclusorily respond that Nucci, Goswick, and Shaw are not typical of the 19 class because other employees may have chosen to purchase and wear navy blue tops and khaki 20 bottoms for a number of different reasons and that sometimes, employees were to wear non-Team 21 Colors clothing to work. Opp. at 22-23. The Court disagrees with Defendants and concludes that 22 Plaintiffs satisfy the typicality requirement. 23 “Merely because a named plaintiff’s experience varied somewhat from that of each class 24 member, their claims are not necessarily atypical if they were subject to a common practice or 25 policy.” Brown, 2015 WL 9690357 , at *15. “[V]ariations among facilities are not inconsistent 26 with Plaintiffs’ theory” that Defendants’ official written policies were put into practice by store 27 managers and supervisors. Shaw v. AMN Healthcare, Inc., 326 F.R.D. 247 , 273 (N.D. Cal. 2018). 1 Indeed, Defendants’ own employee declarations consistently explain that Defendants’ dress code 2 involves some iteration of blue tops and khaki bottoms. 3 Moreover, though Defendants’ employee declarations state that they were sometimes 4 permitted to wear non-Team Colors clothing to work, no declaration states that a significant 5 number of employees were never required to wear Team Colors-compliant clothing to work. 6 Indeed, Defendants’ declarations appear to note that employees were largely allowed to wear non7 compliant clothing on a mostly occasional basis. See, e.g., ECF No. 57-6, Ex. 17 (“Alexander 8 Decl.”) ¶ 14 (“I have seen hourly associates come to work in jeans or black pants. In those 9 instances, the associates typically call me in advance and say their khakis are being washed and 10 won’t be dry in time for work. It is not a problem for me if associates wear jeans or black pants on 11 occasion.”); Manning Decl. ¶ 15 (“I have seen Rite Aid employees wear jeans and black pants to 12 work, but not often.”); ECF No. 57-6, Ex. 26 (“Castro Decl.”) ¶ 10 (“I allow associates to wear 13 non-blue jackets or sweatshirts when it is cold in the store.”). 14 This is important because unless a store manager or supervisor never enforced Defendants’ 15 Team Colors policy, class members would still have to, at some point, come into compliance with 16 Defendants’ common policy to purchase and wear compliant clothing as a condition of their 17 employment. Defendants have provided no evidence that their store managers or supervisors 18 never enforced Defendants’ Team Colors policy, and as such, the minor variations in enforcement 19 across stores is not enough to defeat typicality in light of Defendants’ common policy and 20 practice. See, e.g., Kamar v. Radio Shack Corp., 254 F.R.D. 387, 396 (C.D. Cal. 2008) (“Given 21 the common policy, the fact that there have been variations in meetings attended, scheduled shifts, 22 and actual hours of work does not defeat typicality.”); Brown, 2015 WL 9690357 , at *15 (“Merely 23 because a named plaintiff’s experience varied somewhat from that of each class member, their 24 claims are not necessarily atypical if they were subject to a common practice or policy.”); Novoa 25 v. GEO Grp., Inc., 2019 WL 7195331 , at *13 (C.D. Cal. Nov. 26, 2019) (“Although their 26 situations were not identical, they all have the same theory of injury, which if proven, could 27 establish their California wage law, unfair competition, and unjust enrichment claims.”). 1 As a result, the Court concludes Plaintiffs’ claims are typical of the class. The Court now 2 analyzes whether Plaintiffs have satisfied the adequacy requirement. 3 5. Adequacy 4 Rule 23(a)(4) requires “the representative parties [to] fairly and adequately protect the 5 interests of the class.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(a)(4). In the Ninth Circuit, to test the adequacy of a 6 class representative, a court must answer two questions: “(1) do the named plaintiffs and their 7 counsel have any conflicts of interest with other class members; and (2) will the named plaintiffs 8 and their counsel prosecute the action vigorously on behalf of the class?” Staton v. Boeing Co., [9] 327 F.3d 938, 957 (9th Cir. 2003) (citing Hanlon, 150 F.3d at 1020 ). 10 Defendants first argue that Plaintiffs cannot adequately protect the interests of the class 11 because non-exempt managers are included in the class. Opp. at 23. According to Defendants, 12 this constitutes a conflict of interest because store managers were responsible for implementing 13 Defendants’ official written policies. Id. The Court disagrees. 14 “[C]lass representatives fail to meet the adequacy standard when the ‘conflicts between the 15 class members are serious and irreconcilable.” Kempen v. Matheson Tri-Gas, Inc., 2016 WL 16 4073336, at *6 (N.D. Cal. Aug. 1, 2016) (quoting Breeden v. Benchmark Lending Grp., Inc., 229 17 F.R.D. 623 , 629 (N.D. Cal. 2005)). Any conflicts between Plaintiffs and class members are not 18 “serious and irreconcilable” because Plaintiffs’ primary interests, like class members’ interests, are 19 in proving that Defendants’ written policies are unlawful. As numerous courts have concluded, 20 “[s]imply because the team managers implemented [Defendants’] allegedly unlawful policies does 21 not mean” that there is a conflict of interest because “[t]here is no indication that Plaintiffs are 22 placing legal blame on the team managers’ shoulders.” Vasquez v. Leprino Foods Co., 2020 WL 23 1527922, at *111 (E.D. Cal. Mar. 31, 2020) (collecting cases). Indeed, as this Court has held, 24 courts typically find a conflict of interest where “plaintiffs assigned ‘partial responsibility for 25 [illegal action] to their supervisors, and simultaneously sought to represent said supervisors.” 26 Delgado v. Marketsource, Inc., 2018 WL 6706041 , at *8 (N.D. Cal. Dec. 20, 2018) (quoting 27 Hughes v. WinCo Foods, 2012 WL 34483 , at *7 (C.D. Cal. Jan. 4, 2012). 1 When, on the other hand, “Plaintiffs . . . advanc[e] claims that attack [Defendants’] 2 [common] policies, and those policies allegedly violated the team managers’ . . . rights in the same 3 way that they affected the rights of Plaintiffs and the rest of the class,” Plaintiffs do not have a 4 conflict of interest with managers or supervisors. Vasquez, 2020 WL 1527922 , at *11; see also 5 Schuyler v. Morton’s of Chicago, Inc., 2011 WL 13274238 , at *5 (C.D. Cal. June 13, 2011) (“This 6 potential conflict of interest within the class does not touch upon the subject matter of this case 7 because Plaintiff is contending that it is Defendant, not the individual General Managers, that set 8 all policies, procedures, and standards with regard to employee exemption classification. 9 Specifically, the crux of Plaintiffs’ argument is that he performed the same tasks and 10 responsibilities as all of the putative class members according to company policy and procedures. 11 As such, the Court finds that the conflict that may exist does not render Plaintiff inadequate 12 because the conflict, if any, is minimal, and the adequacy requirement, therefore, has been met.” 13 (citations omitted)); Perez v. Wells Fargo & Co., 2016 WL 4180190 , at *8 (N.D. Cal. Aug. 8, 14 2016) (holding that Plaintiff satisfied adequacy because “she suffered the same injury as that 15 purportedly suffered by the putative members of the class,” notwithstanding Defendants’ argument 16 that class representatives’ interests “conflict with putative class members, who, as management17 level employees, may have caused the issues about which [named plaintiff] now complains”). As 18 a result, Defendants’ first adequacy argument fails. 19 Defendants’ remaining adequacy argument centers on the assertion that Goswick was 20 solicited for the class action and is therefore an inadequate representative. Opp. at 23. There is, 21 however, “nothing unethical about solicitation in class action cases per se; only when that 22 solicitation violates ethical rules will it preclude a finding of adequacy.” English v. Apple Inc., [23] 2016 WL 1188200 , at *13 n.16 (N.D. Cal. Jan. 5, 2016) (quoting Newberg on Class Action § 3:78 24 (5th ed.)); see also Zaklit v. Nationstar Mortg. LLC, 2017 WL 3174901 , at *14 (C.D. Cal. July 24, 25 2017) (“Even assuming that plaintiffs were solicited by counsel, that does not undermine a finding 26 of adequacy. There is nothing inherently improper with the recruitment of class representatives.” 27 (citations omitted)); Hilsley v. Ocean Spray Cranberries, Inc., 2018 WL 6300479 , at *7 (S.D. Cal. 1 Nov. 29, 2018) (same) (collecting cases). Here, Defendants provide no evidence that Goswick or 2 class counsel violated an ethical rules, and accordingly, the Court rejects Defendants’ argument. 3 As a result, the Court holds that Plaintiffs have satisfied Rule 23(a)(4)’s adequacy 4 requirement. The Court concludes its analysis with Rule 23(b)(3)’s superiority requirement. 5 6. Superiority 6 Rule 23(b)(3) provides four factors that a court must consider in determining whether a 7 class action is superior to other methods of adjudication. These factors are: 8 (A) the class members' interests in individually controlling the prosecution or defense of separate actions; 9 (B) the extent and nature of any litigation concerning the controversy already begun by or against class members; 10 (C) the desirability or undesirability of concentrating the litigation of the claims in the particular forum; and 11 (D) the likely difficulties in managing a class action. 12 Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(b)(3). “[T]he purpose of the superiority requirement is to assure that the class is 13 the most efficient and effective means of resolving the controversy.” Wolin v. Jaguar Land Rover 14 N. Am., LLC, 617 F.3d 1168, 1175 (9th Cir. 2010) (quoting 7A Charles Wright, Arthur Miller & 15 Mary Kay Kane, Federal Practice and Procedure, § 1779 at 174 (3d ed. 2005)). “In cases in which 16 plaintiffs seek to recover relatively small sums and the disparity between litigation costs and the 17 recovery sought may render plaintiffs unable to proceed individually, ‘class actions may permit 18 the plaintiffs to pool claims which would be uneconomical to bring individually.’” Moore v. Ulta 19 Salon, Cosmetics & Fragrance, Inc., 311 F.R.D. 590, 622 (C.D. Cal. 2015) (quoting Local Joint 20 Executive Bd. Of Culinary/Bartender Tr. Fund v. Las Vegas Sands, Inc., 244 F.3d 1152 , 1163 (9th 21 Cir. 2001)). 22 Defendants do not contest that Plaintiffs satisfy the superiority requirement. Additionally, 23 the Court concludes that Plaintiffs have satisfied all four superiority factors. First, the Ninth 24 Circuit has observed that “[w]here damages suffered by each putative class member are not large,” 25 the “interest of each member in individually controlling the prosecution or defense of separate 26 actions . . . weighs in favor of certifying a class action.” Zinser, 253 F.3d at 1190 (internal 27 quotation marks omitted). Such is the case here. The first factor thus weighs in favor of 1 certification. 2 Second, regarding “the extent and nature of any [other] litigation concerning the 3 controversy, the Court is not aware of any other actions against Defendant related to the claims at 4 issue in the instant case.” In re Arris Cable Modem Consumer Litig., 327 F.R.D. at 374. Thus, the 5 second factor also weighs in favor of certification. Id. 6 Third, the desirability of concentrating the litigation in a particular forum, also militates in 7 favor of granting certification. Concentrating litigation in this district is desirable because the 8 challenge is under California law and the proposed class is composed of California employees. 9 See McKenzie v. Fed. Exp. Corp., 275 F.R.D. 290, 302 (C.D. Cal. 2011) (“Here, there is no reason 10 to believe that concentrating this action in this Court is undesirable, especially considering that the 11 challenge is under California law, and the proposed class is composed of only hourly employees in 12 California.”). 13 Finally, the fourth factor, which concerns the difficulty of managing a class action, 14 depends largely on whether Plaintiffs’ case “rises and falls [on] common evidence.” In re High15 Tech Emp. Antitrust Litig., 985 F.Supp.2d 1167, 1228 (N.D. Cal. 2013). This factor overlaps with 16 the Court’s commonality, typicality, and predominance analysis. Therefore, the Court finds that 17 the fourth factor weighs in favor of certification. 18 Overall, after weighing the four superiority factors, the Court concludes that Plaintiffs have 19 satisfied Rule 23(b)(3)’s superiority requirement. Thus, because the Court finds that Rule 23(a) 20 and Rule 23(b)(3) have been satisfied, the Court GRANTS Plaintiffs’ motion for class 21 certification. 22 IV. CONCLUSION 23 For the foregoing reasons, the Court DENIES Defendants’ motion to strike and GRANTS 24 Plaintiffs’ motion for class certification. Plaintiffs have satisfied the requirements of Rule 23(a) 25 and Rule 23(b)(3), and the Court CERTIFIES the following Rule 23(b)(3) class: All non-exempt 26 employees, excluding pharmacists, pharmacy interns, and asset protection agents, working in any 27 Rite Aid store in California at any time from March 13, 2015 through the trial date. 1 IT IS SO ORDERED. 2 Dated: June 14, 2020 3 ______________________________________ LUCY H. KOH 4 United States District Judge