Esquer v. StockX, LLC

[7] 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT [9] NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA [10] SAN JOSE DIVISION [11] 12 LAURA ESQUER, Case No. 19-CV-05933-LHK 13 Plaintiff, ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANT’S MOTION TO TRANSFER VENUE 14 v. Re: Dkt. No. 20 15 STOCKX, LLC, 16 Defendant. [17] 18 Defendant StockX, LLC brings a motion to transfer venue pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1404 (a). 19 ECF No. 20. Having considered the submissions of the parties, the relevant law, and the record in 20 this case, the Court GRANTS Defendant’s motion. 21 I. BACKGROUND 22 A. Factual Background 23 Plaintiff Laura Esquer is a resident of San Jose, California and brings this action on behalf 24 of herself and a putative class of California residents (collectively, “Plaintiffs”). ECF No. 1 25 (“Compl.”) ¶¶ 17, 66. Defendant StockX, LLC is a Michigan limited liability company with its 26 principal place of business in Detroit, Michigan. Id. ¶ 26 . 27 Defendant operates a website that allows users to buy and sell “like-new merchandise.” Id. 1 ¶ 26. On July 26, 2019, Defendant purportedly discovered a breach of 6.8 million customer 2 records from Defendant’s website. Id. ¶ 49 . The breach was reported in the media in August 3 2019. Id. ¶¶ 2 , 4–5, 52. Plaintiff Esquer created an account with Defendant in early to mid-2019 4 and alleges that her information was stolen in the data breach. Id. ¶¶ 18-20 . 5 Plaintiffs contend that Defendant knew about the breach but informed its users to change 6 their passwords because of “system updates.” Id. ¶¶ 3, 51 . Plaintiffs claim that Defendant failed 7 to take adequate data-security measures and to detect and respond to the breach. Id. ¶¶ 6–9. 8 Plaintiffs also allege that Defendant failed to follow data-security guidance from the Federal Trade 9 Commission (“FTC”). Id. ¶¶ 46–48. As a result, Plaintiffs state that the proposed class has 10 suffered or will likely suffer injuries including unauthorized charges, theft of personal information, 11 time and effort to regain access to accounts and correct records, and diminution in the value of 12 their personal data. Id. ¶ 10 . 13 B. Procedural History 14 Plaintiff Esquer filed the instant putative class action on September 23, 2019, on behalf of 15 herself and a proposed class comprising “all citizens of California whose Customer Data was 16 stolen from StockX during the Data Breach.” Id. ¶ 66 . Plaintiffs bring three claims: (1) a claim 17 under California Civil Code § 1798.81.5 for failure to maintain “reasonable security” of personal 18 information; (2) a claim under the Declaratory Judgment Act, 28 U.S.C. § 2207 , for a declaratory 19 judgment; and (3) a claim under the California Unfair Competition Law, Cal. Civ. Code §§ 15200 20 et seq., premised on violations of California Civil Code section 1798.81.5 and the Federal Trade 21 Commission Act. Id. ¶¶ 78–104. Plaintiffs seek declaratory and injunctive relief, as well as 22 attorney’s fees and costs. Id. at 23–24. 23 In addition to the instant case, five other putative class actions have been filed in federal 24 court, four of which were filed prior to this case: three in the Eastern District of Michigan, one in 25 the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, and one in the Southern District of Florida.1 ECF No. 20 [26] 27 1 The five class actions are No. 1:19-cv-23285-UU, ECF No. 1 (S.D. Fla. Filed Aug. 6, 2019); McBride v. StockX, L.L.C., No. 2:19-cv-03685-PBT (E.D. Pa. filed Aug. 15, 2019); I.C. ex rel. 1 (“Mot.”) at 1, 6–8; ECF No. 20-1 (“Rollins Decl.”) ¶¶ 2–7. Although Defendant sought 2 multidistrict litigation (“MDL”) consolidation, on December 18, 2019, the United States Judicial 3 Panel on Multidistrict Litigation denied Defendant’s request to consolidate litigation in the Eastern 4 District of Michigan. In re StockX Customer Data Security Breach Litig., 412 F. Supp. 3d 1363 , 5 1364 (J.P.M.L 2019). On January 13, 2020, the parties to the Southern District of Florida case 6 stipulated to transfer venue to the Eastern District of Michigan. Mot. at 7; Rollins Decl. ¶ 3. On 7 March 2, 2020, the four cases in the Eastern District of Michigan were consolidated before Judge 8 Victoria Roberts. Reply at 1. Defendant has also moved to transfer the Eastern District of 9 Pennsylvania action to the Eastern District of Michigan; that motion remains pending as of the 10 date of this Order. See McBride v. StockX, LLC, No. 2:19-cv-03685-PBT (E.D. Pa May 6, 2020), 11 ECF No. 12. 12 On January 24, 2020, Defendant moved to transfer the instant case to the Eastern District 13 of Michigan. See Mot. Plaintiffs opposed on February 21, 2020. See ECF 26-3 (“Opp’n”). 14 Defendant filed its reply on March 9, 2020. See ECF 30-3 (“Reply”). 15 II. LEGAL STANDARD 16 A motion to transfer venue from one district to another is governed by 28 U.S.C. 17 § 1404(a), which states: “For the convenience of parties and witnesses, in the interest of justice, a 18 district court may transfer any civil action to any other district or division where it might have 19 been brought.” 28 U.S.C. § 1404 (a). Generally, the party seeking transfer bears the burden of 20 showing that transfer is appropriate. Jones v. GNC Franchising, Inc., 211 F.3d 495, 499 (9th Cir. 21 2000). 22 Under the plain text of the statute, the moving party must make two showings in order to 23 justify transfer. First, the transferee forum must be one in which the case “might have been 24 brought.” Hoffman v. Blaski, 363 U.S. 335, 344 (1960). “In determining whether an action ‘might [25] 26 Chaudhri, et al. v. StockX, Inc., No. 2:19-cv-12441-VAR-EAS (E.D. Mich. filed Aug. 19, 2019); M.S. ex rel. Shakarchi v. StockX, Inc., No. 2:19-cv-12761-BAF-MJH (E.D. Mich. filed Sept. 20, 27 2019); and Harrington v. StockX, Inc., No. 2:19-cv-13704-BAF-EAS (E.D. Mich. filed Dec. 17, 2019). 1 have been brought’ in a district, the court looks to whether the action initially could have been 2 commenced in that district.” Hatch v. Reliance Ins. Co., 758 F.2d 409, 414 (9th Cir. 1985). 3 Second, provided the case could have been brought in the proposed transferee forum, the movant 4 must persuade the court that considerations of “convenience of parties and witnesses” and “the 5 interest of justice” weigh in favor of transfer. Earth Island Inst. v. Quinn, 56 F. Supp. 3d 1110 , 6 1117 (N.D. Cal. 2014). The Ninth Circuit has identified a number of specific but non-exhaustive 7 factors which “the court may consider” in analyzing those overarching statutory considerations: 8 “(1) the location where the relevant agreements were negotiated and executed, (2) the state that is 9 most familiar with the governing law, (3) the plaintiff’s choice of forum, (4) the respective parties’ 10 contacts with the forum, (5) the contacts relating to the plaintiff’s cause of action in the chosen 11 forum, (6) the differences in the costs of litigation in the two forums, (7) the availability of 12 compulsory process to compel attendance of unwilling non-party witnesses, . . . (8) the ease of 13 access to sources of proof,” (9) “the presence of a forum selection clause,” if any; and (10) “the 14 relevant public policy of the forum state, if any.” Jones, 211 F.3d at 498–99. 15 A district court is not restricted to the pleadings on a motion transfer and may consider, 16 inter alia, “undisputed facts supported by affidavits, depositions, stipulations, or other relevant 17 documents.” FastCap, LLC v. Snake River Tool Co., LLC, No. 15-CV-02764-JSC, 2015 WL 18 6828196, at *2 (N.D. Cal. Nov. 6, 2015). Section 1404(a) affords the court significant discretion 19 to transfer the case based on an “individualized, case-by-case consideration of convenience and 20 fairness.” Stewart Org., Inc. v. Ricoh Corp., 487 U.S. 22, 29 (1988) (quoting Van Dusen, 376 21 U.S. 612 , 622 (1964)). 22 III. DISCUSSION 23 In the instant motion, Defendant seeks to transfer this case to the Eastern District of 24 Michigan. As set forth below, the Court finds that this case “might have been brought” in the 25 Eastern District of Michigan and that the convenience of the parties and the interests of justice 26 favor transfer. 27 A. The Instant Case Might Have Been Brought in the Eastern District of Michigan 1 The first requirement for transfer, as set forth in 28 U.S.C. § 1404 , is that the transferee 2 forum must be one in which the case “might have been brought.” Hoffman, 363 U.S. at 344 . An 3 action might have been brought in a district court if “(1) [the district court] has subject matter 4 jurisdiction; (2) defendants would have been subject to personal jurisdiction; and (3) venue would 5 have been proper.” Duffy v. Facebook, Inc., No. 16-CV-06764-JSC, 2017 WL 1739109 , at *3 6 (N.D. Cal. May 4, 2017). 7 Plaintiffs and Defendant agree that the instant action could have been brought in the 8 Eastern District of Michigan. Opp’n at 6 (“Plaintiff does not dispute that this case could have 9 been brought in the Eastern District of Michigan.”); Mot. at 10–11. The Court agrees and 10 addresses in turn each of the three elements: (1) subject matter jurisdiction, (2) personal 11 jurisdiction, and (3) venue. 12 As to the first element, the Court agrees that the Eastern District of Michigan would have 13 subject matter jurisdiction pursuant to the Class Action Fairness Act, 28 U.S.C. § 1332 (d)(2). The 14 Class Action Fairness Act vests federal courts with original jurisdiction over class actions that 15 meet the following prerequisites: (1) “the matter in controversy exceeds the sum or value of 16 $5,000,000, exclusive of interest and costs”; (2) the parties meet minimal requirements for 17 diversity such that “any member of a class of plaintiffs is a citizen of a State different from any 18 defendant”; and (3) the class equals to or exceeds 100 individuals in the aggregate. 28 U.S.C. 19 § 1332(d). Those requirements are satisfied here. First, Plaintiffs allege that the amount in 20 controversy “exceeds $5 million exclusive of interest and costs.” Compl. ¶ 14. Second, the 21 number of members of the proposed class is greater than 100. Id. Third, at least one class 22 member is a citizen of a different state from Defendant: Plaintiff Esquer is a citizen of California, 23 id. ¶ 17, whereas Defendant is a Michigan limited liability company with its principal place of 24 business in Michigan, id. ¶ 26; Rollins Decl. ¶ 11. Accordingly, the Eastern District of Michigan 25 would have subject matter jurisdiction under the Class Action Fairness Act. 26 As to the second element, Defendant StockX, LLC would be subject to personal 27 jurisdiction in Michigan as a Michigan limited liability corporation with its principal place of 1 business in Michigan, as set forth above. 2 As to the third element, venue would be proper in the Eastern District of Michigan. The 3 venue statute, 28 U.S.C. § 1391 , provides that a civil action may be brought in a “judicial district 4 in which any defendant resides, if all defendants are residents of the State in which the district is 5 located.” The sole defendant in this case, StockX, LLC, is a resident of Detroit, which lies within 6 the Eastern District of Michigan. Rollins Decl. ¶ 11. 7 In sum, the Eastern District of Michigan would have had both subject matter jurisdiction 8 and personal jurisdiction, and venue would have been appropriate there. The Court thus concludes 9 that the instant case “might have been brought” in the Eastern District of Michigan. See 28 U.S.C. 10 § 1404(a). 11 B. Convenience and the Interest of Justice Favor Transfer 12 The Court now turns to the second requirement for transfer: that considerations of 13 “convenience of parties and witnesses” and “the interest of justice” weigh in favor of transfer. 14 Below, the Court analyzes these statutory factors as well as other considerations that the parties 15 have raised. The Court ultimately finds that Defendants have met their burden of justifying 16 transfer from this court to the Eastern District of Michigan. 17 1. Convenience Factors 18 Section 1404(a) provides for transfer to a more convenient forum, “not to a forum likely to 19 prove equally convenient or inconvenient.” Adobe Sys. Inc. v. Childers, No. 5:10-cv-0357120 JF/HRL, 2011 WL 566812 , at *9 (N.D. Cal. Feb. 14, 2011) (quoting Van Dusen, 376 U.S. at 646). 21 Thus, transfer “should not be granted if the effect is simply to shift the inconvenience to the 22 plaintiff.” Id. (citing Decker Coal Co. v. Commonwealth Edison Co, 805 F.2d 834, 843 (9th Cir. 23 1986)). The Court considers Plaintiffs’ choice of forum, the convenience to parties and witnesses, 24 and the access to sources of proof. 25 a. Plaintiffs’ Choice of Forum 26 The parties dispute how much deference is due to Plaintiffs’ choice of forum. Generally, a 27 defendant “must make a strong showing of inconvenience to warrant upsetting the plaintiff's 1 choice of forum.” Decker Coal, 805 F.2d at 843 . In the case of a class action, however, a 2 plaintiff’s choice is given less weight when there are not significant contacts between the forum 3 and the allegations of the complaint. Lou v. Belzberg, 834 F.2d 730, 739 (9th Cir. 1987). 4 Nonetheless, even in a class action, “[i]n judging the weight to be accorded [plaintiff’s] choice of 5 forum, consideration must be given to the extent of both [plaintiff’s] and the [defendants’] 6 contacts with the forum, including those relating to [plaintiff’s] cause of action.” Id. at 739 . 7 Where “there is no evidence that plaintiffs engaged in forum shopping and both plaintiffs and 8 defendant have significant contacts with the Northern District of California, plaintiffs’ choice of 9 forum carries significant weight.” Roling v. E*Trade Sec., LLC, 756 F. Supp. 2d 1179 , 1186 10 (N.D. Cal. 2010). 11 Here, Plaintiff Esquer is a resident of this forum, where she signed up for Defendant’s 12 service. Compl. ¶¶ 16, 17. She seeks to represent a California class. Id. ¶ 66. In addition, 13 Plaintiffs argue that Defendant has “significant contacts dedicated toward data security in this 14 District” because Defendant utilized “third-party data incident and forensic experts” located in 15 California in order to investigate the data breach. Opp’n at 7. On the other hand, Defendant, 16 including its servers, data centers, and employees, are all located in Michigan. Rollins Decl. ¶ 16. 17 Under these facts, the Court agrees that Plaintiffs’ choice of forum is entitled to at least some 18 weight. See, e.g., Doe v. Epic Games, Inc., No. 19-cv-03629-YGR, 2020 WL 376573 , at *8 (N.D. 19 Cal. Jan. 23, 2020) (giving “at least some deference” to plaintiff’s choice of forum when plaintiff 20 sought to represent a nationwide class and a California subclass after downloading a videogame in 21 the chosen forum). 22 Defendant cites a case from this Court to argue that Plaintiffs’ choice of forum does not 23 warrant much weight in this situation. Mot. at 16–17 (citing Park v. Dole Fresh Vegetables, Inc., [24] 964 F. Supp. 2d 1088, 1094 (N.D. Cal. 2013)). However, Defendant’s reliance on Park is 25 misplaced. In Park, the Court assigned “less deference than is generally given” to the plaintiff’s 26 choice of forum because the plaintiff was not a resident of the forum; the conduct giving rise to the 27 claim occurred in another forum; the plaintiff sued on behalf of a nationwide, rather than a state1 only, class; and the plaintiff had originally filed in a different forum. 964 F. Supp. 2d at 1094–95. 2 Those facts are all distinguishable from the instant case. Thus, Park is inapposite. 3 In sum, the Court finds that Plaintiffs’ choice of this forum is due “at least some 4 deference,” and this factor weighs against transfer. See Epic Games, 2020 WL 376573 , at *8. 5 b. Convenience of Parties and Witnesses 6 To evaluate convenience to witnesses, “courts must consider not only the number of 7 witnesses, but also the nature and quality of their testimony.” United States ex rel. Tutanes-Luster 8 v. Broker Sols., Inc., No. 17-CV-04384-JST, 2019 WL 1024962 , at *5 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 4, 2019) 9 (citation omitted). Further, “courts generally give less consideration to the convenience of party 10 witnesses or witnesses employed by a party because these witnesses can be compelled by the 11 parties to testify regardless of where the litigation will occur.” Epic Games, 2020 WL 376573 , at 12 *8. Because the convenience of non-party witnesses is generally given greater weight, the Court 13 considers first non-party witnesses and then parties and party witnesses. 14 The only potential non-party witnesses explicitly identified by either side are Defendant’s 15 security consultants, who Plaintiffs argue reside in this District. Opp’n at 9–10. However, 16 Defendant disputes that they are “key non-party witnesses,” because they were only retained by 17 Defendant’s counsel for purposes of the litigation. Reply at 5. Moreover, Defendant argues that 18 their testimony would not be discoverable as such testimony would likely be protected under the 19 attorney-client privilege or the attorney work product doctrine. Id. 20 The Court declines to wade unnecessarily into any discovery dispute. However, Defendant 21 bears the burden of showing that transfer is appropriate. Jones, 211 F. 3d at 499 . In this instance, 22 Defendant has not shown that the investigation of security consultants hired by Defendant to 23 investigate the data breach is not relevant to Plaintiffs’ claims that Defendant failed to adequately 24 prevent the data breach. Based on the record before the Court, the Court finds that the 25 convenience of these non-party witnesses weighs against transfer. 26 Defendant also mentions, without providing further detail, that there are “former StockX 27 employees in the Detroit metropolitan area” who are potential non-party witnesses. To justify 1 transfer, the burden rests on the moving party to “name the witnesses, state their location, and 2 explain their testimony and its relevance.” Hendricks v. StarKist Co., No. 13-cv-729-YGR, 2014 3 WL 1245880 , at *3 (quoting Costco Wholesale Corp. v. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co., 472 F. Supp. 2d 4 1183, 1193 (S.D. Cal. 2007)). Accordingly, the Court does not consider these unnamed, non-party 5 witnesses for Defendant. In sum, the convenience of non-party witnesses weighs against transfer. 6 As for the parties and party witnesses, the Court finds that transfer will substantially 7 enhance the convenience of litigation. Plaintiff Esquer resides in California, Compl. ¶ 17, and 8 thus she will suffer a greater burden traveling to trial in Detroit than remaining in San Jose. On 9 the other hand, Defendant identifies at least six Detroit-based employees as potential witnesses 10 and argues that the greater number weighs in favor of transfer. Reply at 4–5. 11 Moreover, the unique circumstances of a pending, consolidated case in the transferee court 12 provide further significant convenience and efficiency, which weighs heavily in favor of transfer. 13 Transferring this case would allow Plaintiffs’ counsel to share the burden of discovery, and, if the 14 case is consolidated with the other four cases, transfer would likely obviate much of the need for 15 Plaintiff Esquer to travel. Transfer would also greatly limit the travel and litigation costs for 16 Defendant. Therefore, the convenience to the parties weighs strongly in favor of transfer. See 17 Schwartz v. Frito-Lay N. Am., Inc., No. C-12-02740(EDL), 2012 WL 8147135 , at *5 (N.D. Cal. 18 Sept. 12, 2012) (finding that the “inconvenience to Defendant of having to litigate the same issues 19 in multiple courts” outweighed the inconvenience to the plaintiff of traveling to another court to 20 give evidence). 21 When the Court considers the convenience to non-party witnesses together with the 22 convenience to the parties and party witnesses, the Court finds this factor weighs in favor of 23 transfer. 24 c. Ease of Access to Evidence 25 Defendant argues that because evidence, in the form of “StockX’s computer systems and 26 company records” is located at the company’s headquarters in Michigan, this factor weighs in 27 favor of transfer. Mot. at 14. 1 As an initial matter, both parties agree that records are likely to be produced electronically. 2 Id.; Opp’n at 11. Generally, “in this type of case where electronic discovery is the norm (both for 3 electronic information and digitized paper documents), ease of access is neutral given the 4 portability of the information.” Lax, 65 F. Supp. 3d at 780. Plaintiffs thus argue that technological 5 advances in the ease of producing documents mitigate any advantage to a particular forum. Opp’n 6 at 11. Nevertheless, Defendant cites a recent, factually analogous case that involved a “high-level 7 breach of corporate systems and attendant relevant corporate policies and practices,” in which 8 transfer was granted because the records at the defendant’s headquarters might be “difficult or 9 expensive to duplicate or transfer.” Sacklow v. Saks Inc., 377 F. Supp. 3d 870, 879 (M.D. Tenn. 10 2019). Although the instant case presents a factually similar scenario, where Defendant alleges 11 some information relevant to the data breach may be difficult or expensive to duplicate or transfer 12 from Defendant’s headquarters in Michigan, the Court assumes that the vast majority of the 13 documents will likely be electronically producible. See Joubert v. Lienhard, No. 19-CV-0265114 LHK, 2020 WL 1233938 , at *5 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 13, 2020). (finding that “speculative, unidentified 15 costs” of data production did not weigh in favor of transfer “particularly given the advancements 16 in electronic discovery”). Accordingly, the Court finds that this factor is neutral. 17 2. The Interest of Justice 18 The Court next considers the “interest of justice.” Courts have interpreted the “interest of 19 justice” to encompass various “public factors.” See Piper Aircraft Co. v. Reyno, 454 U.S. 235 , 20 241 (1981). In the instant case, the parties have raised four such factors: the local interest in the 21 controversy, familiarity with governing law, judicial economy, and court congestion. Here, the 22 Court finds that the interest of justice greatly favors transfer, and the Court addresses each of these 23 factors in turn. 24 a. Local Interest in the Controversy 25 The Court first considers the “local interest in having localized controversies decided at 26 home.” Decker Coal, 805 F.2d at 843 (quoting Piper Aircraft, 454 U.S. at 241 n.6. Both 27 California, where Plaintiff Esquer and the putative California class members reside, and Michigan, 1 where Defendant is headquartered, have a local interest in this litigation. Courts in this district, 2 when “considering a similar split of interests between fora[,] have concluded that this factor is 3 neutral.” Olosoni v. HRB Tax Group, Inc., No, 19-cv-03610-SK, 2019 WL 7576681 , at *5 (N.D. 4 Cal. Nov. 27, 2019) (collecting cases). Similarly, the Court begins from a presumption that this 5 factor is neutral. 6 Plaintiffs contend that California’s interest is greater because this action is filed under 7 California law on behalf of a California class, and seeks to protect the California public. Opp’n at 8 14 (citing Imran v. Vital Pharmaceuticals, Inc., No. 18-CV-05758-JST, 2019 WL 1509180 , at *6 9 (N.D. Cal. Apr. 5, 2019)). In Imran, the court found that California’s interest in protecting its 10 citizens from improper business practices outweighed the interest of Florida, where the defendant 11 company was headquartered and where other two other class actions were pending. 2019 WL 12 1509180, at *6. The Imran court noted in its analysis that the plaintiffs had brought claims under 13 California law on behalf of a putative class of California consumers, in addition to claims under 14 New York law. Id. at *1, 6 . 15 The instant case bears a strong resemblance to Imran. Plaintiffs bring a claim for 16 declaratory judgment under federal law; a California unfair competition claim based on violations 17 of state law and the Federal Trade Commission Act; and a California statutory claim for failure to 18 maintain reasonable security of personal information. Compl. ¶¶ 13, 66, 78–84, 96–104; Opp’n at 19 14. Defendant argues that litigation concerning the data breach has been initiated nationwide and 20 asserts federal claims and claims based on the laws of other states, which limits California’s 21 interests. Reply at 8. However, the Imran court likewise considered California’s interest to be 22 significant for a California-only class bringing claims predominantly under California law, even 23 when five class-action lawsuits were pending in three other different federal districts. Imran, 2019 24 WL 1509180 at *1, 6. 25 Accordingly, the Court finds that this factor weighs slightly against transfer.2 [26] 27 2 The other two cases Plaintiffs cite as justification for California’s interest in enforcing its laws are inapposite because they seek to resolve conflict of law issues rather than venue. Opp’n at 14. 1 b. Familiarity with Governing Law 2 Plaintiffs raise claims under both California law and federal law, and Plaintiffs seek to 3 certify a class under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23. 4 For issues of federal law, federal district courts are “presumed to be equally familiar with 5 the applicable statutes.” Desert Survivors v. U.S. Dep’t of the Interior, No. 16-CV-01165-JCS, [6] 2016 WL 3844332 , at *4 (N.D. Cal. July 15, 2016). Therefore, federal law issues are neutral with 7 regard to transfer. 8 For issues of California law, Plaintiffs assert that judges in this District are more familiar 9 with California consumer protection laws than judges in Eastern District of Michigan. Opp’n at 10 14. However, “courts outside of California are fully capable of applying California law.” Roling, [11] 756 F. Supp. 2d at 1186 . Indeed, the consolidated case in the Eastern District of Michigan already 12 includes claims under California law. Consolidated Class Action Complaint, In re StockX 13 Consumer Data Security Breach Litig., No. 2:19-cv-12441-VAR-EAS (E.D. Mich. May 11, 14 2020), ECF No. 24 (“Consol. Compl.”), at ¶¶ 209, 226. Plaintiffs further argue that novel issues 15 of state law may arise in the event that Defendant moves to compel arbitration. Opp’n at 14–15. 16 The Court need not take into account Plaintiffs’ speculation regarding arbitration when Defendant 17 has not in fact moved to compel arbitration in any of the six cases currently pending that have 18 arisen from the instant data breach. 19 In sum, the Court finds this factor to be neutral. 20 c. Judicial Economy 21 The Court finds that the most dispositive consideration in this case is judicial economy. [22] 23 In Eiess v. USAA Federal Savings Bank, the court held that California rather than Texas law should govern a claim because Texas law ran counter to a fundamental California policy that 24 renders unenforceable a waiver of a claim for public injunctive relief. 404 F. Supp. 3d 1240 , 1257–60 (N.D. Cal. 2019). In Walter v. Hughes Communications, Inc., the court found that the 25 ability to seek punitive damages and injunctive relief under consumer protection laws meant that California had a stronger interest than Maryland in having its laws apply. 682 F. Supp. 2d 1031 , 26 1042 (N.D. Cal. 2010). By contrast, in the instant case, the parties are not contesting the application of California law, and transfer would not affect the conflict of laws analysis. See 27 Ferens v. John Deere Co., 494 U.S. 516 , 522–23 (1990) (quoting Van Dusen, 376 U.S. at 635– 637). 1 Specifically, Defendant argues that four other cases arising from the same data breach have been 2 consolidated in the Eastern District of Michigan, and transfer would “eliminate the risk of 3 inconsistent rulings, conserve judicial resources, reduce litigation costs,” and ensure that all the 4 actions are “coordinated and subject to the same discovery and pleading timetables.” Mot. at 19; 5 Reply at 8. “The feasibility of consolidation is a significant factor in a transfer decision, although 6 even the pendency of an action in another district is important because of the positive effects it 7 might have in possible consolidation of discovery and convenience to witnesses and parties.” A.J. 8 Indus., Inc. v. U.S. Dist. Court for Cent. Dist. of Cal., 503 F.2d 384 , 386–87 (9th Cir.1974) 9 (internal citations omitted). 10 Judicial economy is served when courts transfer an action to a venue where other actions 11 based on similar facts and allegations have already been consolidated. For example, a court in this 12 District granted transfer to the Eastern District of New York where three other class actions with 13 similar allegations had been consolidated. Schwartz, 2012 WL 8147135 , at *1. The consolidated 14 case in New York brought California law claims, had California plaintiffs, and proposed a 15 California subclass. Id. Correspondingly the court found that consolidation would be feasible. Id. 16 at *5. Similarly, in Hawkins v. Gerber Products Co., the Southern District of California granted 17 transfer of a false advertising class action to the District of New Jersey, where five other actions 18 had been consolidated. 924 F. Supp. 3d 1208 , 1211–12 (S.D. Cal. 2013). The court found that 19 transfer would “serve the interest of justice due to the possible consolidation of discovery and the 20 conservation of time, energy and money, and the avoidance of the possibility of inconsistent 21 judgments.” Id. at 1214 . 22 Here, the four cases in the Eastern District of Michigan have already been consolidated. 23 Reply at 1. The consolidated complaint brings California law claims on behalf of a California 24 plaintiff and putative California subclasses. Consol. Compl. ¶¶ 24–31 (discussing California 25 plaintiff); ¶ 131(i)–(j) (defining California subclasses); ¶¶ 209, 226 (asserting California law 26 claims). Because it is likely that the instant case could be consolidated as well, the Court agrees 27 that principles of judicial economy strongly favor transfer. 1 The “first-to-file” rule provides an additional justification for transferring the instant case 2 under principles of judicial economy. Under this rule, “when cases involving the same parties and 3 issues have been filed in two different districts, the second district court has discretion to transfer, 4 stay, or dismiss the second case in the interest of efficiency and judicial economy.” Cedars-Sinai 5 Medical Center v. Shalala, 125 F.3d 765 , 769 (9th Cir. 1991). The first-to-file rule “serves the 6 purpose of promoting efficiency well and should not be disregarded lightly.” Goldfield Corp. v. 7 Hartford Acc. & Indem. Co., No. 14-CV-0134-TOR, 2014 WL 4060317 , at *3 (E.D. Wash. Aug. 8 15, 2014) (quoting Church of Scientology of California v. U.S. Dept. of Army, 611 F.2d 738 , 750 9 (9th Cir. 1979), overruled on other ground by Animal Legal Def. Fund v. FDA, 836 F.3d 987 (9th 10 Cir. 2016)). The rule “is primarily meant to alleviate the burden placed on the federal judiciary by 11 duplicative litigation and to prevent the possibility of conflicting judgments.” Id. Here, the first 12 consumer class action arising from the StockX data breach was filed in the Southern District of 13 Florida on August 6, 2019 and has now been consolidated in the Eastern District of Michigan. See 14 Class Action Complaint, Casey v. StockX, LLC, No. 1:19-cv-23285-UU, ECF No. 1 (S.D. Fla. 15 Aug. 6, 2019); Rollins Decl. ¶ 3; Reply at 1. The instant suit and the first-filed suit, which has 16 now been consolidated, both involve substantially similar claims and involve the same parties. 17 Although neither party raised this rule, the rule provides a similar rationale militating in favor of 18 transfer on principles of comity and judicial efficiency. 19 To get around this result, Plaintiffs argue that consolidation of the instant case with the 20 consolidated action in the Eastern District of Michigan would present two conflicts: first, the other 21 actions include requests for damages, whereas the instant action seeks only injunctive and 22 declaratory relief; and second, the putative classes in some of the consolidated cases include only 23 minors.3 Opp’n at 12–13. Yet the operative consolidated complaint for the four cases in the 24 Eastern District of Michigan seeks declaratory and injunctive relief, as well as monetary damages. [25] 26 3 Plaintiffs additionally argue that peculiarities of California and Ninth Circuit law may be significant in the event that Defendant moves to compel arbitration. Opp’n at 12–13. However, as 27 the Court explained above, Defendant has not moved to compel arbitration in any of the six pending cases, and the Court need not speculate regarding this hypothetical scenario. 1 Consol. Compl. ¶¶ 263–70. Additionally, the consolidated complaint proposes a subclass of adult 2 citizens of California and a subclass of minor citizens of California. Id. ¶ 131(i)–(j). Therefore, 3 the Court finds that the litigation in the Eastern District of Michigan is a likely candidate for 4 consolidation with the instant case, and that the above differences cited by Plaintiffs would not 5 cause any conflict with the consolidated action. 6 The Court therefore finds that this factor weighs strongly in favor of transfer. 7 d. Court Congestion 8 Courts evaluate congestion by comparing the median time to disposition or to trial in the 9 two fora. Arreola v. Finish Line, No. 14-CV-03339-LHK, 2014 WL 6982571 , at *11 (N.D. Cal. 10 Dec. 9, 2014). Plaintiffs contend that a transfer to the Eastern District of Michigan would place 11 this case in a more congested district, because the median time for a civil case to reach trial in that 12 district is 29.1 months, as opposed to 22.8 months in the Northern District of California. Opp’n at 13 15–16. Defendant, relying on the same statistics, counters that the two districts have nearly 14 equivalent median times to disposition: 8.7 months in the Northern District of California and 8.6 15 months in the Eastern District of Michigan. Reply at 10. The Court is unable to draw any 16 meaningful distinction between the two fora based on these numbers. Compare Roling 756 F. 17 Supp. 2d at 1187 (finding no significant difference between 6.4 months to disposition and 9.4 18 months to disposition) with Arreola, 2014 WL 6982571 , at *11 (holding that, taken together, a 19 2.6-month shorter average time to disposition and a 9.7-month shorter average time to trial tipped 20 slightly in favor of transfer). Accordingly, the Court finds the congestion factor to be neutral. 21 3. Balancing the Factors 22 The Court finds that Defendant has met its burden to justify transfer to the Eastern District 23 of Michigan. Although the Plaintiffs’ choice of forum and the local interest in the litigation weigh 24 slightly against transfer, the Court finds that the judicial economy and convenience of the parties 25 in transferring this action to the same district as the pending, consolidated class action weighs 26 heavily in favor of transfer. These factors are entitled to the greatest weight, for the “central 27 purpose” of the court’s inquiry “is to ensure that the trial is convenient.” Piper Aircraft, 454 U.S. 1 at 256 . 2 || IV. CONCLUSION 3 For the foregoing reasons, the Motion to Transfer is GRANTED. The Clerk shall 4 || TRANSFER the above-captioned case to the United States District Court for the Eastern District 5 of Michigan. 6 || ITISSO ORDERED. [7] 8 Dated: June 26, 2020 □□□ Ch LUCY M KOH 10 United States District Judge [11] a 12 [13] «44 [17] Z 18 [27] 28 16 Case No. 19-CV-05933-LHK