Crown Energy Services, Inc. v. Zurich American Insurance Company

[3] 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA [6] 7 CROWN ENERGY SERVICES, INC., et al., Case No. 19-cv-06334-EMC 8 Plaintiffs, ORDER DENYING PLAINTIFFS’ 9 v. MOTION FOR PARTIAL SUMMARY JUDGMENT AND GRANTING 10 ZURICH AMERICAN INSURANCE DEFENDANTS’ CROSS-MOTION COMPANY, et al., FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT [11] Defendants. Docket Nos. 59, 67 [14] 15 I. INTRODUCTION 16 In this action, Plaintiffs Crown Energy Services, Inc. (d/b/a Able Engineering Services) 17 and Crown Building Maintenance Co. (d/b/a Able Building Maintenance) (collectively “Able”) 18 sue Defendants Zurich American Insurance Co., Zurich Services Corp., and Does 1-50 19 (collectively “Defendants”) for breach of contract and breach of the implied covenant of good 20 faith and fair dealing. At issue are Defendants’ responsibilities under multiple insurance policies. 21 The motions currently before the Court concern the coverage terms of two commercial general 22 liability (“CGL”) policies that Zurich American Insurance Co. (“Zurich”) issued to Able starting 23 in 2013. The parties dispute whether the policies’ Self-Insured Retention (“SIR”) endorsements— 24 under which Able was responsible for paying the first $500,000 in compensation and defense costs 25 for each incident arising under the CGL policies before Zurich’s coverage kicked in—apply not 26 only to Able, but to third-party “additional insureds” as well. 27 Able has moved for summary judgment on its first cause of action, alleging Zurich’s 1 on Able’s first cause of action (and Zurich’s analogous counterclaim for declaratory judgment on 2 the CGL issue), as well as Able’s fifth cause of action, alleging Zurich’s breach of the covenant of 3 good faith and fair dealing. Prior to the motion hearing, the parties completed four rounds of 4 briefing; see Docket No. 59 (“Able Mot.”), Docket No. 67 (“Zurich Mot.”), Docket No. 69 (“Able 5 Reply”), and Docket No. 71 (“Zurich Reply”). For the reasons given below, the Court GRANTS 6 Zurich’s cross-motion for summary judgment on Able’s first claim and DENIES Able’s motion 7 for partial summary judgment on the same claim. The Court also GRANTS Zurich’s motion for 8 summary judgment on Able’s fifth claim. 9 II. BACKGROUND 10 A. Factual Background 11 The Able companies “provide stationary engineering” services (such as HVAC repair) and 12 “building maintenance and janitorial services to clients on a nationwide basis.” Able Mot. at 1. 13 “The scope of Able’s activities requires a comprehensive insurance program, inclusive of 14 Commercial General Liability[,] to meet its needs across multiple jurisdictions.” Id. Such 15 coverage was especially important because, in the period relevant to this action, Able had agreed 16 “to defend and indemnify its clients, building owners and property managers, against claims 17 arising from [Able]-provided janitorial and building engineering services.” Zurich Mot. at 1. 18 Able therefore contracted with Zurich “to buy general liability insurance and to ensure that such 19 insurance covered [Able’s] clients as additional insureds on a primary, first-dollar basis.”1 Id. 20 From April 2013 until April 2014, Able was insured under Zurich Policy No. GLO 5747214-00; 21 for the coverage period spanning April 2014 to April 2015, the policy was reissued as GLO 22 5747214-01. FAC ¶ 11. Able also obtained worker’s compensation coverage from Zurich during 23 the same period—coverage that is at issue elsewhere in this litigation but not in the pending 24 motions. See id.; Able Mot. at 1. 25 Prior to Able’s agreement with Zurich, Able had maintained a primary insurance policy [27] 1 “Primary insurance refers to the first layer of [insurance] coverage, whereby liability attaches immediately upon the happening of the occurrence that gives rise to liability.” Zurich Mot. at 1 1 with another provider in which Able “and its additional insured clients received first-dollar 2 defense and indemnity from the insurance company.” Zurich Mot. at 1. Under the new policies 3 with Zurich, “Able maintain[ed] a $500,000 Self-Insured Retention on [its] General Liability 4 Coverage which [wa]s inclusive of defense costs.” Able Mot. at 1. The main purpose of this 5 change, as discussed below, was to reduce Able’s insurance premiums. 6 To put the dispute in context, the Court first addresses self-insured retentions generally. 7 “Liability insurance policies often contain a ‘deductible’ or a ‘self-insured retention’ (SIR) 8 requiring the insured to bear a portion of a loss otherwise covered by the policy.”2 Croskey et al., 9 Cal. Practice Guide: Insurance Litigation § 7:378 (2020). An SIR (also known as a “retained 10 limit”) “refers to a specific sum or percentage of loss that is the insured's initial responsibility and 11 must be satisfied before there is any coverage under the policy.” Id. at § 7:384 (emphasis in 12 original). As a result, “a true [SIR] expressly limits the duty to indemnify to liability in excess of 13 a specified amount and expressly precludes any duty to defend until the insured has actually paid 14 the specified amount.”3 Id. at § 7:385.1 (internal quotation omitted) (emphasis in original). “The 15 effect of a policy provision requiring the insured to retain the first portion of a loss is that the 16 insurer is essentially providing excess insurance.” Id. at § 7:387 (emphasis in original). In sum, 17 “no coverage attaches unless and until the insured becomes legally obligated for a loss in excess of 18 the SIR. Until then, the insurer has no duty to defend or indemnify.” Id. (emphasis in original). 19 Able notes that, in contrast to a typical primary-insurance policy, an SIR allows the insured 20 “to choose defense counsel and manage its defense costs” during litigation. See Able Mot. at 1. [21] 2 Deductibles tend to be “more common in personal liability and first party property insurance” [22] while “SIRs are more common in commercial liability insurance.” Croskey et al., Cal. Practice Guide: Insurance Litigation § 7:384 (2020). [23] 3 “Unless [an SIR] policy provides otherwise, the insured must bear its own defense costs until the [24] SIR is exhausted.” Id. at § 7:387.1 (emphasis in original). A deductible in a traditional insurance policy without an SIR, in contrast, “relates to the damages for which the insured is indemnified, [25] not to defense costs. The insurer is fully responsible for defense costs regardless of the amount of the deductible so long as there is a potential for coverage under the policy.” Id. at § 7:379 [26] (emphasis in original). Another difference between a deductible and an SIR is that a deductible effectively “reduces policy limits (e.g., if there is a $500,000 policy limit and a $50,000 [27] deductible, the insured has only $450,000 coverage)” but an insured’s “policy limits apply on top 1 But the main benefit of an SIR-based policy is that it reduces premium payments. As the court in 2 Forecast Homes, Inc. v. Steadfast Insurance Co., 181 Cal. App. 4th 1466 (2010), explains, “the 3 primary purpose of an SIR provision is to allow the named insured to contain its insurance costs. 4 As with deductibles, the more risk the named insured claims for itself, the lower the premiums 5 will be.” Id. at 1483 . 6 The record here suggests that reducing premium payments (and so incurring greater risk of 7 liability) was, in fact, Able’s motivation in contracting with Zurich for the contested CGL policies. 8 In its moving papers, Zurich explains that, prior to its becoming Able’s CGL insurer, Able 9 maintained a standard primary-insurance policy that provided Able “and its additional insured 10 clients . . . first-dollar defense and indemnity” with a $10,000 deductible. Zurich Mot. at 1, 4 11 (citing Tenero Decl., Exs. 4 and 5). In 2013, however, Able retained Marsh Risk & Insurance 12 Services (“Marsh”) as an insurance broker to contract with Zurich for the SIR-based policy.4 Id. 13 Soliciting a quote from Zurich on a CGL program, Marsh explained in an email that Able had 14 “previously purchased insurance with relatively low retentions and as a result began to trade 15 dollars with the insurance companies they dealt with.” Id. at 4 (quoting Tenero Decl., Ex. 3). 16 Through Marsh, Able thus sought from Zurich a “high retention” program, with options of 17 $250,000 and $500,000 SIR amounts. Id. (quoting Tenero Decl., Ex. 3). 18 But this new arrangement evidently unnerved some of Able’s clients, who would only be 19 indemnified from loss resulting from Able’s work if Able in fact paid the potentially high SIR 20 amount under the CGL policies. In other words, Able’s clients, as additional insureds, risked 21 losing the benefit of Zurich policies for costs and losses below the SIR limit. In communications 22 with Able, for example, Marsh noted that it was “anticipating some push back from certain 23 certificate holders [i.e., clients of Able] who will initially reject the new $500,000 SIR on the GL 24 policy.” Id. at 9 (quoting Tenero Decl., Ex. 14 at MARSH-CES-003911).5 In discussions with [25] 4 An insurance broker “acts as a middleman between the insured and the insurer . . . whereas an [26] ‘insurance agent’ is one who represents an insurer under an employment by it.” Zurich Mot. at 3 n.3 (internal quotation omitted). [27] 1 another insurer, however, Marsh expressed hope that “very few[] property manager cert holders 2 will reject Able’s SIR status for GL.” Id. (quoting Tenero Decl., Ex. 15 at MARSH-CES3 004522). But in an exchange with Zurich, Marsh again noted that because of Able’s adoption of 4 the SIR policy Marsh and/or Able “anticipate[d] some certificate issues” with Able’s clients. Id. 5 at 30 (quoting Tenero Decl., Ex. 3). Marsh therefore requested of Zurich, in addition to the SIR6 based program Able was seeking, “a matching deductible policy” that would serve as a safety net 7 for clients concerned about indemnification through the SIR.6 See id. (quoting Tenero Decl., Ex. 8 3). In its final quote to Marsh, Zurich offered such a matching deductible policy, the purpose of 9 which “was ‘to certify coverage to those of Able’s clients who require[d] proof of first-dollar 10 [general liability] insurance.’” Id. at 8 (quoting Tenero Decl., Ex. 8). 11 In subsequent discussions among the companies, Zurich explained to Marsh that, with 12 respect to Able’s prospective CGL policy, “Zurich’s coverage attaches on top of Able’s SIR,” 13 which, Zurich added, “should give some comfort to the umbrella carrier.” Id. at 4 (quoting Tenero 14 Decl., Ex. 6 at MARSH-CES-0028942). After Able and Zurich had agreed on the CGL policy, 15 Marsh conveyed to Able that Zurich was also prepared to “issue an accommodation GL policy for 16 those certificate holders who absolutely reject the high SIR status on the main policy.” Id. at 8 17 (quoting Tenero Decl., Ex. 13 at MARSH-CES-003835). But shortly after the 2013 CGL policy 18 had taken effect, one of Able’s large clients, the Shorenstein Company, expressed concern to 19 Zurich and Marsh that Able might fail to pay damages under the SIR amount, thereby exposing [21] explains that “[t]hese same contracts required [Able] to verify compliance with these insurance requirements by producing a certificate of insurance.” Id. Additional insureds “often do not [22] receive the actual endorsement” of the policy confirming their status as such, “but rather are notified by way of a certificate of insurance.” Id. at 31 (quoting Pardee Constr. Co. v. Ins. Co. of [23] the W., 77 Cal. App. 4th 1340, 1347 (2000). [24] 6 A “matching deductible policy” is also known as a “fronting” policy, where the amount of the deductible is equal to the policy’s liability limits. See Croskey et al., supra, at § 1:53.10. In a [25] fronting arrangement, insurers “issue policies that do not transfer the risk of loss from the policyholder to the insurer; e.g., where the policyholder or an affiliate . . . agrees to indemnify the [26] insurer for any loss paid by the insurer.” Id. (emphasis in original). Fronting policies can be useful to additional insureds “because the insurance company is responsible in the first instance to [27] pay a loss covered by [the insurer’s] policy,” while the policyholder “retain[s] the risk (and 1 Shorenstein to additional risk. See id. at 9 (citing Tenero Decl., Ex. 16 at MARSH-CES-003899). 2 Zurich clarified to Shorenstein that the latter’s additional-insured status on the CGL meant that it 3 would be defended for any covered liability “first by Able within the SIR and subsequently by 4 Zurich once a claim gets into the excess.” Id. (quoting Tenero Decl., Ex. 16 at MARSH-CES5 003898). When Shorenstein continued to oppose the arrangement, Zurich reiterated that “Zurich’s 6 coverage attaches over Able’s SIR and it isn’t appropriate for us to guarantee what Able does 7 within its SIR limits.” Id. at 10 (quoting Tenero Decl., Ex. 18 ¶¶ 1-5). Shorenstein and Able 8 evidently managed to resolve Shorenstein’s concerns in subsequent negotiations among 9 themselves. See id. at 32. 10 B. Procedural Background 11 “At issue in this litigation are fifty-five underlying bodily injury claims asserted against 12 [Able’s] clients,” e.g., by patrons of client shopping centers who suffered slip-and-fall accidents 13 due to Able’s allegedly negligent janitorial work. See Zurich Mot. at 1. For example, during the 14 relevant coverage period Ms. Silvia Neri “slipped and fell in the lobby of a property owned by the 15 Irvine Company” in Orange County, California. See Able Mot. at 8, 6. At the time, “Able was 16 under contract with The Irvine Company to perform janitorial services at the Property,” id. at 8, 17 and had “agreed to defend and indemnify The Irvine Company against claims ‘arising from or 18 relating to . . . performance of the Services,’” Zurich Mot. at 12 (quoting Tenero Decl., Ex. 28 at 19 NERI01800). “In her lawsuit, Ms. Neri alleged that the Irvine Company negligently maintained 20 the marble floor near the elevators and that such negligence caused her to fall.” Id. Pursuant to 21 their agreement, “The Irvine Company tendered defense and indemnity of the Neri action to 22 [Able],” id., which in turn “tendered the lawsuit to Zurich,” Able Mot. at 8. In response, Zurich 23 “acknowledged the status as additional insured of The Irvine Company under the policy, but it 24 declined to accept the additional insured tender as Able had not satisfied the $500,000” SIR. Id. 25 In other words, “Zurich stated that until the SIR had been exhausted, Zurich had no obligation to 26 defend/indemnify The Irvine Company under its policy as an additional insured.” Id. Able and 27 the Irvine Company subsequently pursued their own defenses to the Neri action. Zurich Mot. at 1 and defense costs. Id. 2 The other representative claims underlying this action follow the same pattern. See Able 3 Mot. at 6-9; Zurich Mot. at 11-17. “In not one of these cases did [Able] incur and pay $500,000 or 4 more in defense fees, costs[,] and indemnity on behalf of itself and/or an additional insured.” 5 Zurich Mot. at 3. In all of them “Zurich either failed to provide a coverage decision or adopted the 6 posture that it [was] not required to make a coverage determination and/or contribute to the 7 settlement of claims until Able exhaust[ed] its Self-Insured Retention.” Able Mot. at 9. The 8 parties do not dispute that “Able has paid the required premiums . . . in full” and, with the 9 exception of the disputed SIR requirements, has otherwise “satisfied all conditions for coverage.” 10 Id. at 2; see also Zurich Mot. at 8 n.6 (disputing the amount that Able paid in premiums during the 11 coverage period but acknowledging that the premiums had been discharged). 12 Able originally filed this action in the Superior Court of San Francisco County. Docket 13 No. 1-1, Ex. 1. Defendants removed the case to this Court based on diversity jurisdiction. Docket 14 No. 1. 15 C. CGL Policy Terms 16 The key provisions in the two CGL policies at issue here are substantially identical.7 Both 17 policies identify Crown Building Maintenance Co. as the named insured on their first pages. 18 Docket No. 67-4 (“Tenero Decl.”), Ex. 11 at ZUR000001. The contract’s preamble states that 19 “[t]hroughout this policy the words ‘you’ and ‘your’ refer to the Named Insured shown in the 20 Declarations, and any other person or organization qualifying as a Named Insured under this 21 policy.” Id. at ZUR000037. It goes on to explain, however, that “[t]he word ‘insured’ means any 22 person or organization qualifying as such under Section II – Who Is An Insured.” Id. The parties 23 do not dispute any provisions in Section II, but they do contest a number of terms in the policies’ 24 supplemental endorsements. These include Endorsement A, titled “Additional Insured – 25 Automatic”: [27] 7 As a result, the Court generally cites only to the earlier of the two policies, GLO 5747214-00. This endorsement modifies insurance provided under the: [1] Commercial General Liability Coverage Part [2] A. Section II – Who Is An Insured is amended to include as an 3 additional insured any person or organization whom you are required to add as an additional insured on this policy under a 4 written contract or written agreement. Such person or organization is an additional insured only with respect to liability for “bodily 5 injury”, “property damage” or “personal and advertising injury” caused, in whole or in part, by: [6] 1. Your acts or omissions; or [7] 2. The acts or omissions of those acting on your behalf, [8] In the performance of your ongoing operations or “your work” as 9 included in the “products-completed operations hazard”, which is the subject of the written contract or written agreement. [10] However, the insurance afforded to such additional insured only 11 applies to the extent permitted by law. 12 Id. at ZUR000023; see also Able Mot. at 3 (identifying two other “Additional Insured” 13 endorsements that similarly include “All Persons and Organizations Where Required by Written 14 Contract or Agreement”). As explained above, Able was contractually required to add its clients 15 in the underlying actions, property owners and managers, as additional insureds in Able’s CGL 16 policies. And since the underlying actions involve claims for “bodily injury” resulting from 17 Able’s “work” (i.e., its janitorial and building-maintenance services), Able’s clients have the status 18 of additional insureds under this endorsement. 19 Other provisions in the policies similarly distinguish between the policies’ named insured 20 and additional insureds. For example, Section IV of the main policy form, concerning “CGL 21 Conditions,” contains an industry-standard “Separation of Insureds” clause: 22 7. Separation Of Insureds 23 Except with respect to the Limits of Insurance, and any rights or duties specifically assigned in this Coverage Part to the first Named 24 Insured, this insurance applies: 25 a. As if each Named Insured were the only Named Insured; and 26 b. Separately to each insured against whom claim is made or “suit” is brought. [27] 1 The policies also give prominent place to the SIR endorsement. Near the top of the 2 endorsement’s first page, under the bolded title “Self Insured Retention,” the form states: 3 THIS ENDORSEMENT CHANGES THE POLICY. PLEASE READ IT CAREFULLY. [4] This endorsement modifies insurance provided under the: [5] Commercial General Liability Coverage Part 6 Employee Benefits Liability Coverage Part Liquor Liability Coverage Part 7 Stop Gap Employers Liability Coverage Part 8 Under the provisions of this endorsement, you are responsible for payment of all or part of “defense costs” in addition to Self 9 Insured Retention (SIR) Amounts. 10 Id. at ZUR000058. The form then contains a schedule of SIR amounts, with several different 11 payment options. Able selected the first option and set an SIR amount of $500,000: 12 SCHEDULE – SELF INSURED RETENTION AMOUNTS 13 You may select only one choice of Option 1, 2, 3 or 4 below. In addition, Option 5 may or may not be selected. [14] [X] Option $ 500,000 Per Incident – You Pay Defense 15 1 Costs Within SIR [16] 17 Id. At the bottom of the schedule, the form elaborates on the implications of this selection: [18] The insurance provided by this policy is subject to the following additional provisions, which in the event of conflict with any other [19] provisions elsewhere in the policy, shall control the application of the insurance to which this endorsement applies: [20] I. Your Obligations – Self Insured Retention [21] A. The Self Insured Retention (SIR) Amount(s) shown [22] above in the SCHEDULE – SELF INSURED RETENTION AMOUNTS of this endorsement apply as follows: [23] 1. Option 1 Per Incident – You Pay Defense Costs [24] Within SIR [25] If Option 1 is selected, it is a condition precedent to our liability that you make actual payment of “self insured [26] retention” and “defense costs” for each “incident”, until you have paid “self insured retention” and “defense costs” equal [27] to the Per Incident – You Pay Defense Costs Within SIR 1 The Per Incident – You Pay Defense Costs Within SIR amount is the most you will pay for “self insured retention” 2 and “defense costs” arising out of each “incident”, regardless of: [3] a. The number of persons of organizations making 4 claims or bringing “suits” because of the “incident”; or 5 b. The number of coverages applicable to the “incident” under this policy, except for any “defense costs” we may 6 elect to pay. 7 If any final judgment or settlement and “defense costs” are less than such Self Insured Retention Amount(s), we shall 8 have no obligation to pay “self insured retention” or “defense costs” under this policy. [9] 10 Id. at ZUR000059. The endorsement thus provides that the SIR “changes the policy,” that it 11 “control[s] the application of the insurance” program “in the event of conflict with any other 12 provisions elsewhere in the policy,” and that Able’s payment of the SIR “is a condition precedent 13 to [Zurich’s] liability” under the policy (emphasis added). 14 The endorsement contains a number of other important provisions, including restrictions 15 on who may pay the SIR amount, e.g., if the named insured is unable to discharge it: 16 B. Payments By Others Payments by others, including but not limited to additional 17 insureds or insurers, do not serve to satisfy your “self insured retention” obligations or your obligations for payment of “defense 18 costs”. . . . 19 E. Your Insolvency or Bankruptcy To the fullest extent allowable by law, your satisfaction of 20 the “self insured retention” and any applicable “defense costs”, as a condition precedent to our liability, applies regardless of your 21 insolvency or bankruptcy. 22 Id. at ZUR000061. These subsections emphasize that Able itself, as the policy’s named insured, is 23 the only party permitted to satisfy the SIR amount, even in the event of Able’s “insolvency or 24 bankruptcy.” The endorsement goes on reiterate Zurich’s lack of responsibility under the policy if 25 Able fails to satisfy the requirements of the SIR: 26 II. Our Rights and Obligations Excess of the Self Insured Retention [27] In the event of your refusal to respond to your obligations for 1 the payment of “self insured retention” or “defense costs” for any reason, we shall not make payments for you, nor in any 2 event shall we be required to substitute for you as respects your responsibility for payment of these “self insured 3 retention” or “defense costs”. 4 B. Damages/Defense Costs Excess of the Self Insured Retention – Per Incident [5] We shall be liable only for the amount of covered damages 6 and if applicable, “defense costs” in excess of the Self Insured Retention Amount(s) shown in the SCHEDULE – 7 SELF INSURED RETENTION AMOUNTS of this endorsement, subject to the Limits of Insurance and other 8 applicable provisions of our policy. We shall have no obligations under this policy unless you have satisfied your 9 “self insured retention” obligations. 10 Id. at ZUR000063. The provision states that Able’s failure to pay the SIR amount “for any 11 reason” absolves Zurich of any “responsibility for payment of these ‘self insured retention’ or 12 ‘defense costs.’” 13 The SIR form concludes with a series of definitions of “Defense Costs,” “Incident,” and 14 “Self Insured retention”: 15 IV. Definitions 16 A. “Defense Costs” means: 17 Expenses directly allocable to specific claims and shall include but not be limited to all Supplementary Payments as 18 defined under the policy; all courts costs, fees and expenses; costs for all attorneys, witnesses, experts, depositions, 19 reported or recorded statements, summonses, service of process, legal transcripts or testimony, copies of any public 20 records; alternative dispute resolution; interest; investigative services, medical examinations, autopsies, medical costs 21 containment, declaratory judgment, subrogation and other fees, costs or expenses reasonably chargeable to the 22 investigation, negotiation, settlement or defense of a claim or a loss under the policy. However, the fees, charges and costs 23 of a claim service provider are not considered “defense costs”. [24] B. “Incident”, for purposes of this endorsement only, 25 means: 26 As defined or used in our policy, an “occurrence”, offense, claim, accident, act, error or omission, common cause, 27 disease or any other such event that is or is alleged to be the 1 C. “Self Insured retention” means: 2 The amount of amounts which you must pay for all covered damages which you shall become legally obligated to pay 3 because of the coverages included in the policy to which this endorsement is attached, sustained by one or more persons or 4 organizations. 5 Id. at ZUR000064-ZUR000065. The endorsement’s definition of “Self Insured retention” thus 6 purports to limit the SIR’s application to damages that “you,” the named insured, “become legally 7 obligated to pay” under the CGL policies. 8 III. LEGAL STANDARD 9 A. Summary Judgment 10 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56 provides that a “court shall grant summary judgment 11 [to a moving party] if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and 12 the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). An issue of fact is 13 genuine only if there is sufficient evidence for a reasonable jury to find for the non-moving party. 14 See Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248-49 (1986). “The mere existence of a 15 scintilla of evidence in support of the [non-moving party’s] position will be insufficient; there 16 must be evidence on which the jury could reasonably find for the [nonmoving party].” Id. at 252 . 17 At the summary judgment stage, evidence must be viewed in the light most favorable to the non18 moving party and all justifiable inferences are to be drawn in the non-movant's favor. See id. at 19 255. 20 As explained above, the parties' cross-motions for summary judgment call on the Court to 21 interpret Zurich’s insurance policies. The “interpretation of an insurance policy is a question of 22 law.” Waller v. Truck Ins. Exch., Inc., 11 Cal. 4th 1, 18 (1995). As such, “cases involving 23 interpretation of insurance contracts . . . are particularly amenable to summary judgment.” N.H. 24 Ins. Co. v. R.L. Chaides Constr. Co., Inc., 847 F. Supp. 1452, 1455 (N.D. Cal. 1994) (internal 25 quotation omitted). “Summary judgment may be inappropriate in a contract case,” however, “if 26 there is a dispute over a material fact necessary to interpret the contract.” United Pac. Ins. Co. 27 v. Kilroy Indus., 608 F. Supp. 847, 850 (C.D. Cal. 1985). 1 B. Contract Interpretation 2 “While insurance contracts have special features,” the California Supreme Court has 3 emphasized that “they are still contracts to which the ordinary rules of contractual interpretation 4 apply.” Bank of the W. v. Superior Court, 2 Cal. 4th 1254, 1264 (1992). 5 The fundamental rules of contract interpretation are based on the premise that the interpretation of a contract must give effect to the 6 mutual intention of the parties. . . . Such intent is to be inferred, if possible, solely from the written provisions of the contract. The 7 clear and explicit meaning of these provisions, interpreted in their ordinary and popular sense, unless used by the parties in a technical 8 sense or a special meaning is given to them by usage, controls judicial interpretation. A policy provision will be considered 9 ambiguous when it is capable of two or more constructions, both of which are reasonable. But language in a contract must be 10 interpreted as a whole, and in the circumstances of the case, and cannot be found to be ambiguous in the abstract. Courts will not 11 strain to create an ambiguity where none exists. 12 Waller v. Truck Ins. Exch., Inc., 11 Cal. 4th 1, 18-19 (1995) (internal quotations omitted); see also 13 Bank of the W., 2 Cal. 4th at 1264-65 (providing a similar overview). 14 The California Supreme Court has also explained that where policy language is not clear 15 and explicit ambiguities are “resolved by interpreting the ambiguous provisions in the sense the 16 promisor (i.e., the insurer) believed the promisee understood them at the time of formation.” 17 Montrose Chem. Corp. v. Admiral Ins. Co., 10 Cal. 4th 645, 667 (1995). “If application of this 18 rule does not eliminate the ambiguity, ambiguous language is construed against the party who 19 caused the uncertainty to exist.” Id. Where ambiguity continues to persist, courts are to “resolve 20 it against the insurer” as a last resort. See id. 21 IV. DISCUSSION 22 Able does not dispute that the SIR endorsement applies where a party brings a claim 23 against Able itself and Able seeks indemnification from Zurich under the CGL policies. The 24 essential issue in the pending motions is whether the SIR endorsement also applies to third-party 25 claims against Able’s additional insureds (i.e., its clients as contractual indemnitees). This issue 26 “is common to all of the challenged claims concerning the CGL program” and “is solely a 27 question of policy interpretation.” Able Mot. at 1. 1 “does not apply to additional insureds,” but only to itself as the CGL policies’ named insured. Id. 2 Zurich counters that Able’s satisfaction of the SIR prior to Zurich’s duty to defend or indemnify 3 additional insureds is a “condition precedent to coverage” under the policies, and that Zurich 4 “does not owe . . . defense or indemnity” to any insured, including additional insureds, until Able 5 first pays the $500,000 SIR amount to resolve an incident otherwise covered by the policies. 6 Zurich Mot. at 2-3. Zurich further argues that because it has not committed breach of the 7 insurance contracts Able’s claim for breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing 8 fails as a matter of law. Id. at 3. 9 A. Breach of Contract (First Cause of Action) 10 1. Able’s Arguments 11 In arguing that the SIR endorsement applies only to claims for which Able (and not its 12 clients) is liable, Able relies on what it purports to be the plain language of the CGL policies. 13 Able asserts that the distinction throughout the policies between the named insured and additional 14 insureds is crucial; some provisions apply exclusively to the named insured and some only to 15 additional insureds. See Able Mot. at 2. In particular, Able contends that, because the SIR 16 provision is addressed solely to the named insured (i.e., to “you”), “[a] plain reading of the policy 17 leads to the conclusion that only the Named Insured’s coverage is affected by the SIR 18 endorsement.” Id. at 5. Able points out that “the endorsement prevents anyone else, including 19 specifically ‘additional insureds,’ from making any payments under the SIR.” Id.; see also id. at 20 13 (concluding, from this provision, that the SIR “applies only to claims against the Named 21 Insured”). It also puts special emphasis on the endorsement’s definition of the SIR, which refers 22 to “[t]he amount or amounts which you must pay for all covered damages which you shall become 23 legally obligated to pay because of the coverages included in the policy.” Id. at 5 (emphasis in 24 original). Able further notes that satisfaction of the SIR is described elsewhere in the policies as 25 “a condition precedent to [Zurich’s] liability [requiring] that you make actual payment . . . until 26 you have paid ‘self insured retention’ and ‘defense costs.’” Id. at 13 (emphasis in original). 27 Taking these and similar provisions of the CGL policies together, Able concludes that the import 1 of the contractual language is that “only Able is subject to the SIR.” Id. at 14.8 As a result, Zurich 2 breached its duty to defend Able’s contractual indemnitees, on a first-dollar basis, from potential 3 liability in the underlying personal-injury claims, and Able is thus “entitled to reimbursement for 4 the costs it assumed in defending these additional insureds.” Id. at 15. 5 2. Zurich’s Arguments 6 Zurich likewise contends that the plain text of the policies is unambiguous but in its favor. 7 It devotes most of its attention, however, to apposite caselaw and evidence of the parties’ 8 understanding of the SIR endorsement’s ramifications for Able’s clients. 9 Zurich focuses first on Forecast Homes, Inc. v. Steadfast Insurance Co., a 2010 decision 10 by the California Court of Appeal, Fourth District, that involved an SIR provision similar to the 11 one in the CGL policies here.9 That case involved a housing developer, Forecast, that 12 “contractually required all its subcontractors to defend and hold it harmless against any liability 13 arising out of the subcontractors’ work”; to that end, the subcontractors “were required to add 14 Forecast to their general liability insurance policies as an additional insured.” 181 Cal. App. 4th at 15 1469. Several of these subcontractors obtained CGL coverage from Steadfast, which “later 16 refused to indemnify Forecast when a lawsuit was filed by several homeowners against Forecast 17 for construction defects.” Id. at 1469-70 . Steadfast refused coverage because Forecast itself, 18 rather than any of the subcontractors (the named insureds), had paid the SIR amount in the 19 underlying actions, in putative violation of the SIR endorsement’s plain terms. See id. at 1470 , 20 1473. The question on appeal was “who is permitted to activate coverage by paying the specified 21 SIR per occurrence amount.” Id. at 1472 (emphasis in original). [23] 8 Able also makes the straightforward argument that Zurich owes additional insureds the same duty that it owes its named insureds, i.e., the duty to defend and indemnify on a first-dollar basis. See id. at 12; see also id. (citing caselaw for the proposition that, in California, “[t]he relationship [24] between [an additional insured] and the insurer is the same as that between the insurer and the named insured”). Because, in Able’s view, “the SIR endorsement . . . applies only to claims [25] against Able,” “additional insureds would be entitled to primary coverage without reference to the SIR endorsement.” Id. [26] 9 Under California law, “[d]ecisions of every division of the District Courts of Appeal are binding [27] upon . . . all the superior courts of this state.” Auto Equity Sales, Inc. v. Superior Court of Santa 1 As here, the SIR provision in Forecast Homes was directed solely to the “[n]amed 2 [i]nsured” policyholders (i.e., to “you”). Id. at 1470. In section I, “Self-Insured Retention and 3 Defense Costs—Your Obligations,” the policy form stated that “you shall be responsible for 4 payment of all damages and defense costs for each occurrence or offense, until you have paid self5 insured retention amounts and defense costs equal to the [p]er [o]ccurence amount shown in the 6 Schedule.” Id. at 1471 (brackets in original). As here, another policy form also described 7 satisfaction of the SIR as “a condition precedent to [the insurer’s] liability” and contained a 8 provision expressly stating that “[p]ayments by others, including but not limited to additional 9 insureds or insurers, do not serve to satisfy the self-insured retention.” Id. at 1472; supra. The 10 endorsement’s final section also provided definitions for “[s]elf-insured retention” and “[d]efense 11 costs” almost identical to those in the Zurich policies. 181 Cal. App. 4th at 1471 . In Forecast 12 Homes, the SIR was defined as “the amount or amounts which you or any insured must pay for all 13 compensatory damages which your or any insured shall become legally obligated to pay.” Id. (In 14 contrast, the SIR here is limited to “the amount or amounts which you must pay for all covered 15 damages which you shall become legally obligated to pay.”) Despite express language to the 16 contrary, Forecast argued that “the endorsements permitted an additional insured to satisfy the SIR 17 through payment of defense costs in the underlying action.” Id. at 1473 . 18 At the start of its analysis, the Forecast Homes court offered a primer on the law of SIRs, 19 explaining that the retention amount “is the insured’s initial responsibility and must be satisfied 20 before there is any coverage under the policy.” Id. at 1474 (quoting Croskey et al., supra, at 21 § 7:378) (emphasis in original). “It is well recognized,” the court explained, “that self-insurance 22 retentions are the equivalent to primary liability insurance, and that policies which are subject to 23 self-insured retentions are ‘excess policies’ which have no duty to indemnify [or defend] until the 24 self-insured retention is exhausted.”10 Id. (internal quotation omitted). Above all, the court [26] 10 The court noted that “[t]he analogy between ‘primary’ and ‘excess’ insurance should not be carried too far” since an “SIR is not the same as primary insurance for all purposes.” 181 Cal. 27 App. 4th at 1474 (quoting Croskey et al., supra, at § 7:387) (emphasis in original). But the 1 stressed that “an SIR, like any insurance provision, must be enforced according to its plain terms.” 2 Id. at 1475 (citing Vons Cos., Inc. v. United States Fire Ins. Co., 78 Cal. App. 4th 52 , 63-64 3 (2000)). 4 Turning to the Steadfast policy, the court held that the “section of the policy regarding who 5 can make the payment to satisfy the SIR is clear and unambiguous” in requiring “that you [the 6 named insured] make actual payment” and prohibiting “others, including . . . additional insureds,” 7 from satisfying the retention amount. Id. at 1476 (emphasis and brackets in original). It likewise 8 concluded that the provision in the SIR endorsement warning that “it is a condition precedent to 9 [Steadfast’s] liability that you [i.e., the named insured] make actual payment of all damages” made 10 clear that only the named insured could pay the SIR amount. Id. at 1478 (emphasis in original). 11 The court also rejected Forecast’s argument that the policy was ambiguous (and so had to 12 be construed in the insured’s favor) because section IV of the endorsement defined the SIR as the 13 amount that “you or any insured must pay for all compensatory damages which you or any insured 14 shall become legally obligated to pay.” See id. at 1476-77. Forecast urged that the provision’s 15 reference to “any insured” created “ambiguity as to who can pay the SIR.” Id. at 1477. But the 16 court disagreed, concluding that, “read in context of the entire policy and the intended purpose of 17 the policy,” only section I “describ[es] who is obligated to pay the SIR,” while section IV is 18 “devoted to describing what amounts and expenses qualify for the named insured’s SIR payment.” 19 Id. (emphasis in original). In other words, the definition of the SIR in section IV referred to the 20 costs that could be applied against the SIR amount (and included expenses incurred by both the 21 named and additional insureds), but section I provided that only the named insured itself, and not 22 any additional insureds, could pay the SIR amount order to satisfy the endorsement. In support of 23 its conclusion, the court observed that “a broad definition of the amounts qualifying as SIR 24 payments [in section IV] benefits the insured . . . and supports the intended function of the policy.” 25 Id.; see also id. at 1477-78 (noting that an expansive definition of the SIR “was necessary for the 26 parties’ reasonable expectations that lawsuits naming only the additional insured would still be 27 covered by the subcontractor’s policy”). 1 “subject to the other insurance provisions” in a policy, the SIR in Forecast Homes clearly warns 2 that “the terms of the endorsement ‘shall control’ if there is a conflict with other policy language.” 3 Id. at 1480; cf. Vons, 78 Cal. App. 4th at 62-64 (holding that an “SIR was subordinate to the other 4 insurance provisions” in a policy and that the SIR was at least “ambiguous” in its operation on the 5 rest of the policy).11 6 Zurich proposes several straightforward comparisons between the SIR endorsement in the 7 instant case and the one at issue in Forecast Homes. First, both endorsements are titled “Self 8 Insured Retention” and so function as primary liability insurance, with Zurich having no duty to 9 defend or indemnify until the SIR is exhausted. Zurich Mot. at 25. Second, both endorsements 10 expressly state that the CGL policy as a whole “is subject to” the SIR provisions, “which in the 11 event of conflict with any other provision elsewhere in the policy[ ] shall control the application 12 of the insurance.” Id. (quoting Tenero Decl., Ex. 11 at ZUR000059) (italics in original). Third, 13 satisfaction of the SIRs is described in the endorsements as “a condition precedent” to Zurich’s 14 liability under the policy as a whole. Id. (quoting Tenero Decl., Ex. 11 at ZUR000058) (italics in 15 original). Thus, “[s]ince [Able] did not incur or pay defense fees, costs[,] or settlement monies in 16 amounts totaling $500,000 or more in any one of the fifty-five underlying actions, [Able] has 17 failed to satisfy the SIR condition precedent to coverage under the Zurich American policies.” Id. 18 at 26. And fourth, both endorsements state that, absent the insured satisfying the SIR, the insurer 19 “shall have no obligations to pay ‘self insured retention’ or ‘defense costs’ under the policy.” Id. 20 (quoting Tenero Decl., Ex. 11 at ZUR000059) (italics in original). For these reasons, Zurich urges 21 the Court here to enforce the SIR endorsement just as the Forecast Homes court did. 22 Zurich also relies on a 2017 decision from the Indiana Court of Appeals to which it was a 23 party, Walsh Construction Co. v. Zurich American Insurance Co., 72 N.E.3d 957, 958 (Ind. Ct. 24 App. 2017 ). Both the factual background and the terms of the SIR endorsement in Walsh are [25] 11 The court also held that the terms of the SIR endorsement did not violate public policy, as the [26] California “Supreme Court consistently admonishes against rewriting insurance policy language to deny parties their general freedom to contract.” 181 Cal. App. 4th at 1482 . It further concluded [27] that the policy was not an illusory contract because the “condition of requiring the named insured 1 nearly identical to those here. That case involved a general contractor, Walsh, which hired a 2 subcontractor, Roadsafe, to help construct a highway interchange. Id. at 958. Roadsafe agreed to 3 indemnify Walsh for any liability resulting from its roadwork through a Zurich CGL policy; 4 Roadsafe was the named insured and Walsh was listed as an additional insured. Id. at 958-59. 5 The policy contained another $500,000 per-occurrence SIR, satisfaction of which by the named 6 insured (as here) was a “condition precedent to coverage” under the rest of the policy and which 7 “control[led] the application of the insurance” “in the event of conflict with any other provisions 8 elsewhere in the policy.” Id. at 959. The only pertinent difference between the SIR endorsement 9 in Walsh and that in the instant case is that the Walsh policy (like the Forecast Homes policy) 10 defined the SIR to mean “the amount of amounts which you or any insured must pay for all 11 compensatory damages and ‘pro rata defense costs’ which you or any insured shall become legally 12 obligated to pay.” Id. at 960 (italics in original). (Again, the SIR here is defined as “the amount 13 or amounts which you must pay for all covered damages which you shall become legally obligated 14 to pay.”) In the action underlying the Walsh case, a man was injured while driving his car through 15 a construction zone and sued Walsh for negligence. Id. After Roadsafe failed to provide a 16 defense to the underlying action, Walsh requested that Zurich defend and indemnify it against the 17 plaintiff; Zurich refused, however, arguing that it was not liable because Roadsafe had yet to pay 18 the SIR amount. Id. at 960-61. 19 On appeal, Walsh pressed an argument essentially identical to the one that Able offers 20 here. Walsh “argue[d] that the SIR endorsement amends only Zurich’s relationship to [the named 21 insured] and that it does not amend Zurich’s obligations under the CGL policy with respect to 22 [additional insureds].” Id. at 962. Zurich responded, as it does here, “that the SIR amount must be 23 satisfied before Zurich can have any obligations under the CGL policy.” Id. (emphasis added). 24 The issue, which the court described as “a matter of first impression,”12 was framed as whether “a [26] 12 In a footnote, the court explained that “none of the foreign authority cited by the parties is on all fours with the instant appeal,” citing as the first example Forecast Homes. 72 N.E.3d at 963 n.4. [27] The court correctly characterized the narrow issue in Forecast Homes as “whether an additional 1 self insured retention endorsement to a commercial general liability insurance policy requires the 2 named insured to satisfy the amount of the endorsement, whether on its own behalf or on behalf of 3 an additional insured, before the additional insured may seek to enforce the policy against the 4 insurer.” Id. at 958 . 5 The court ruled for Zurich, holding that “Zurich’s reading of the SIR endorsement properly 6 harmonizes the totality of that document’s language and applies the SIR endorsement as it was 7 intended to be applied.” Id. at 962 . Focusing on “the plain language of the instant CGL policy 8 and SIR endorsement,” the court seized on the endorsement’s definition of the SIR as covering 9 losses that both the named insured “or any insured must pay for all compensatory damages and 10 ‘pro rata defense costs’ which you or any insured shall become legally obligated to pay.” Id. at 11 963 (emphasis in original). Putting this definition together with the basic features of the CGL 12 policy—i.e., the provisions stating that the named insured’s satisfaction of the SIR amount is a 13 “condition precedent to coverage” under the policy and that the endorsement “shall control the 14 application of the insurance” “in the event of conflict with any other provisions elsewhere in the 15 policy”—the court concluded that the SIR applied equally to the named insured and additional 16 insureds. See id. at 964 . In doing so, the court specifically noted that “there [was] no rational 17 basis to apply the SIR endorsement as a condition precedent to Zurich’s coverage of the named 18 insured but not to Zurich’s coverage of additional insureds.” Id. 19 Additionally, the Walsh court held that the SIR’s exclusive focus, elsewhere in the 20 endorsement, “on the relationship between Zurich and Roadsafe . . . without concern for additional 21 insureds” was not anomalous—as Able argues here—but rather “consistent with the SIR 22 endorsement having placed the burden to defend additional insureds on Roadsafe.” Id. The court 23 further observed that its decision was consonant with policy considerations, given that the high 24 SIR amount “enabled [the named insured] to obtain the CGL policy from Zurich at a reduced 25 premium.” See id. 26 Finally, Zurich points to the aforementioned emails exchanged among Able, Zurich, 27 Marsh, and certain of Able’s clients to show that the parties understood the SIR endorsement to 1 Able would assume greater risk under the “high retention program” it was seeking from Zurich 2 than it had been under its earlier primary-insurance policy, which contained only a $10,000 3 deductible. See Zurich Mot. at 4 (quoting Tenero Decl., Ex. 3). These communications show, 4 Zurich argues, that Able faced pushback from clients who were reluctant to transition from “being 5 covered under a primary general liability policy with a $10,000 deductible” to now “be[ing] 6 ‘covered’ first by [Able] under its $500,000 self-insurance and then by Zurich.” Id. at 31. In 7 Zurich’s view, the misgivings of Able’s clients reached “a fever pitch” with Shorenstein’s emails, 8 which conveyed to Marsh that Shorenstein was worried about Able’s ability and/or willingness to 9 indemnify Shorenstein for the high SIR amount. See id. at 31-32 (quoting Tenero Decl., Ex. 16 at 10 MARSH-CES-003901). Additionally, Able’s request that Zurich provide it with a matching 11 deductible policy alongside the SIR only makes sense, Zurich argues, as a “fallback strategy in 12 case a client demanded first-dollar defense and indemnity from an insurer,” rather than Able. Id. 13 at 32-33. The communications thus show, Zurich contends, that Able and its experienced 14 insurance broker Marsh fully appreciated the tradeoff Able was making in forgoing a low15 deductible primary-insurance policy for the SIR-based program. See id. 16 3. Analysis 17 Having carefully considered the parties’ arguments, the Court concludes that Zurich’s 18 analogies to Forecast Homes and Walsh are persuasive. Beginning with Forecast Homes, the 19 court emphasized that “an SIR, like any insurance provision, must be enforced according to its 20 plain terms.” 181 Cal. App. 4th at 1475 . In holding that only the named insured could make 21 defense and indemnity payments in satisfaction of the SIR provision there, the court aptly stressed 22 that the named insured’s payment of the SIR amount was clearly characterized as a “condition 23 precedent to [the insurer’s] liability” under the policy and that the endorsement stated that “the 24 terms of the endorsement ‘shall control’ if there is a conflict with other policy language.” See id. 25 at 1476-80. The similarity in policy language and the structure of the SIRs compels the same 26 conclusion here. In Forecast Homes, the SIR endorsement stated that “it is a condition precedent 27 to [the insurer’s] liability that you [i.e., the named insured] make actual payment of all damages 1 amounts and defense costs equal to the [p]er [o]ccurrence amount shown in the Schedule.” Id. at 2 1472 (brackets in original). Here, the SIR endorsement is functionally identical, stating that “it is 3 a condition precedent to [the insurer’s] liability that you [i.e., the named insured] make actual 4 payment of ‘self insured retention’ and ‘defense costs’ for each ‘incident’, until you have paid 5 ‘self insured retention’ and ‘defense costs’ equal to the Per Incident – You Pay Defense Costs 6 Within SIR amount.” See Tenero Decl., Ex. 11 at ZUR000059. There is no principled reason to 7 distinguish between these foundational provisions in the Forecast Homes policy and the SIR 8 endorsement in the instant case. 9 Moreover, section I of the Zurich policy states that if Able’s liability for a particular 10 incident is less than the SIR amount then Zurich “shall have no obligation to pay ‘self insured 11 retention’ or ‘defense costs’ under this policy.” See id. (emphasis added). That limitation applies 12 to the entire “policy,” not merely to the SIR endorsement. Notably, as described above, the 13 endorsement contains the heading “THIS ENDORSEMENT CHANGES THE POLICY. 14 PLEASE READ IT CAREFULLY.” Id. at ZUR000058 (bolding removed). Immediately below 15 this declaration the endorsement explains, “This endorsement modifies insurance provided under 16 the: Commercial General Liability Coverage Part,” the “Employee Benefits Liability Coverage 17 Part,” the “Liquor Liability Coverage Part,” and the “Stop Gap Employers Liability Coverage 18 Part.” Id. In other words, the endorsement is described as “chang[ing]” or “modif[ying]” the 19 “policy,” i.e., the “insurance” provided under the constituent “Part[s]” of the CGL policies. As a 20 result, the SIR endorsement’s limitation “under this policy” applies to the entire “policy,” not 21 merely the endorsement specifically. Indeed, Able does not dispute that “policy” would refer to 22 the CGL policy as a whole, and not just a particular part of it. 23 The Court additionally finds Walsh persuasive. There, the court focused on the SIR 24 definition, which provided that the SIR applies to “the amount . . . which you [i.e., the named 25 insured] or any insured must pay,” to hold that the endorsement applied to named and additional 26 insureds alike. See 72 N.E.3d at 963 . It also ruled that the endorsement’s characterization of “its 27 provisions as a ‘condition precedent to coverage’ from Zurich” unequivocally conditioned 1 result, the named insured “assumed all costs and liability for the first $500,000 of any claim that 2 might be made under the CGL policy, regardless of whether that claim was against [the named 3 insured] or an additional insured.” Id. The court further offered a sound policy basis for its ruling, 4 explaining that there was “no rational basis to apply the SIR endorsement as a condition precedent 5 to Zurich’s coverage of the named insured but not to Zurich’s coverage of additional insureds,” 6 and that the named insured’s broad obligations to additional insureds under the endorsement 7 enabled the named insured “to obtain the CGL policy from Zurich at a reduced premium.” Id. at 8 964. 9 Able makes much of the fact that the SIR endorsement in Forecast Homes and Walsh 10 defined the SIR as the amounts “which you or any insured must pay,” whereas the endorsement 11 here defines the SIR as the amounts “which you must pay.” But this difference is inconsequential. 12 The phrases pertain to “what amounts and expenses qualify for the named insured’s SIR 13 payment.” Forecast Homes, 181 Cal. App. 4th at 1477 . Nothing renders the SIR entirely 14 inapplicable to additional insureds. Even if these provisions pertained to who can satisfy the SIR 15 (a question the court in Forecast Homes decided against the insured), here, unlike Forecast 16 Homes, neither the named nor an additional insured paid the SIR amount. In that regard this is a 17 simpler case than Forecast Homes. 18 Importantly, in the SIR definition at issue here, the phrasing “the amount . . . which you 19 shall become legally obligated to pay” encompasses damages of additional insureds since Able 20 contractually “agreed to defend and indemnify its clients . . . from liability arising from or relating 21 to [Able’s] janitorial services.” Zurich Reply at 10. Under California law indemnity is “the 22 obligation resting on one party to make good a loss or damage another party has incurred”—an 23 obligation that “may be expressly provided for by contract.” See id. at 10 (quoting Rossmoor 24 Sanitation, Inc. v. Pylon, Inc., 13 Cal.3d 622, 628 (1975)); see also Cal. Civ. Code § 2772 25 (“Indemnity is a contract by which one engages to save another from a legal consequence of the 26 conduct of one of the parties, or of some other person.”). Able’s contractual obligations to their 27 clients are inscribed within the text of the CGL policies by way of the Additional Insured 1 [Able is] required to add as an additional insured on this policy under a written contract or written 2 agreement.” See Tenero Decl., Ex. 11 at ZUR000023. As a result, the SIR definition here 3 “subsumes settlements or judgments [Able] pays on behalf [of] its additional insured clients” in 4 substantially the same way as the more emphatic SIR definitions in Forecast Homes and Walsh. 5 See Zurich Reply at 10-11. 6 At the motion hearing, Able suggested that the SIR definition should be interpreted as 7 applying only to Able’s direct, but not its derivative, liability. The endorsement, however, does 8 not make such a distinction, referring in broad terms to “the amount . . . which [the named 9 insured] shall become legally obligated to pay.” In accordance with California law, the Court 10 declines to read a significant limitation into the policy that the parties themselves did not see fit to 11 include. See Forecast Homes, 181 Cal. App. 4th at 1476 (“We do not have the power to create for 12 the parties a contract that they did not make and cannot insert language that one party now wishes 13 were there.”). 14 From a broader perspective, moreover, it is very difficult to understand why an insurer like 15 Zurich would issue a policy covering additional insureds from the first dollar but indemnifying the 16 named insured only after it has paid a significant SIR. This would mean that additional insureds’ 17 rights under the policy exceed those of the named insured. And given the nature of Able’s 18 business and the likelihood that third-party claims would be brought against Able’s property 19 owner or property manager clients (as opposed to Able itself), the quantum shift from a low 20 deductible to a substantial SIR would be rendered ineffective to the insurer as a practical matter. 21 Able would obtain the windfall of paying a reduced premium while being relieved of its 22 substantial indemnity risks as to its clients. In this regard, Able seeks from Zurich the proverbial 23 something for nothing. 24 The Court further notes that even if the text of the SIR endorsement was found sufficiently 25 ambiguous to admit of Able’s construction of the policy, the negotiations between Able, Zurich, 26 Marsh, and Able’s clients offer compelling extrinsic evidence of “the objectively reasonable 27 expectations of the insured,” Montrose, 10 Cal. 4th at 667 (quoting AIU Ins. Co. v. Superior 1 Able understood the heightened risk it was assuming with respect to client indemnitees under the 2 SIR endorsement. For instance, Able’s insurance broker, Marsh, explained to Zurich that Able 3 was tired of “trad[ing] dollars with the insurance companies” Able had previously contracted with 4 to provide a $10,000-deductible CGL policy. Zurich Mot. at 4 (quoting Tenero Decl., Ex. 3). 5 Marsh thus implied that the high premiums undoubtedly associated with such a policy had proven 6 disagreeable to Able, and that Able was now seeking a “high retention” program that (Marsh 7 acknowledged) would result in “some push back” from Able’s clients because of the program’s 8 associated risk. Id. at 9 (quoting Tenero Decl., Ex. 14 at MARSH-CES-003911). The 9 communications strongly suggest that Able adequately perceived the bargain it was striking via 10 the SIR-based policy, which (like all such policies) enabled it to pay “lower premiums” in 11 exchange for “more risk.” See Forecast Homes, 181 Cal. App. 4th at 1483 . 12 Able argues that Zurich’s references “to the negotiations leading up to the policy being 13 issued” show only that “certain of [Able’s] customers might reject Able’s use of a policy with an 14 SIR,” and that the “post-agreement evidence” regarding Shorenstein establishes nothing “more 15 than what Zurich thought it was selling.” Able Reply at 8. But, as noted above, at least two of the 16 exchanges appear to have included Able, and almost all of them involved Marsh, which was acting 17 as Able’s agent during the negotiations. Able must therefore have been aware of Marsh’s 18 numerous references to the certificate problems it and/or Able expected to encounter with Able’s 19 clients—problems that do not have a clear basis apart from the clients’ concerns about the SIR 20 endorsement’s impact on the clients’ indemnification as additional insureds. Similarly, Able’s 21 pursuit of a matching deductible policy from Zurich appears nonsensical except as a means of 22 offering anxious clients coverage directly from the insurer, rather than Able itself. If the SIR 23 endorsement provided such indemnification in and of itself, a matching deductible policy would 24 be wholly redundant (and a waste of Able’s money). The Court declines to interpret the 25 endorsement in a manner that would ascribe such irrational conduct to the prevailing party. 26 In light of the foregoing, the Court GRANTS Zurich’s motion for summary judgment with 27 respect to Able’s claim for breach of contract on the CGL policies and DENIES Able’s motion for 1 B. Breach of the Implied Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing (Fifth Cause of Action) 2 In its motion for summary judgment on Able’s fifth cause of action, Zurich argues that the 3 claim fails as a matter of law because “a bad faith claim cannot be maintained unless policy 4 benefits are due,” i.e., unless it has committed breach of contract. See Zurich Mot. at 37. Zurich 5 points to the California Supreme Court’s decision in Waller v. Truck Insurance Exchange, Inc., 6 where the Court held that “if there is no potential for coverage and, hence, no duty to defend under 7 the terms of the policy, there can be no action for breach of the implied covenant of good faith and 8 fair dealing.” See 11 Cal. 4th at 36 (emphasis in original). This limitation exists because “the 9 covenant is implied as a supplement to the express contractual covenants, to prevent a contracting 10 party from engaging in conduct that frustrates the other party’s rights to the benefits of the 11 agreement.” Id. Thus, in the absence of an underlying contractual right, “the implied covenant 12 has nothing upon which to act as a supplement, and should not be endowed with an existence 13 independent of its contractual underpinnings.” Id. (internal quotation omitted). Able has not 14 identified any relevant authority that contravenes this principle. 15 As the Court has granted Zurich’s cross-motion for summary judgment on Able’s breach 16 of contract claim, it also GRANTS Zurich’s motion for summary judgment on Able’s bad faith 17 claim. 18 Even if the Court had ruled against Zurich on the breach of contract issue, Able’s bad faith 19 claim would still fail for the independent reason that Able has not produced evidence showing that 20 Zurich’s conduct went beyond a mere refusal to defend or indemnify based on a simple dispute 21 over policy interpretation. Such conduct is inadequate to proving breach of the implied covenant 22 of good faith and fair dealing. “To establish a bad faith claim, the insured must show that (1) 23 benefits due under the policy were withheld and (2) the reason for withholding the benefits was 24 unreasonable or without proper cause.” Berns v. Sentry Select Ins. Co., 766 Fed. Appx. 515 , 517 25 (9th Cir. 2019) (quoting Century Sur. Co. v. Polisso, 139 Cal. App. 4th 922, 949 (2006)). The 26 second element of the test requires that the insured show “more than just an insurer’s contractual 27 breach or mistaken judgment.” Id. Rather, the insurer must go beyond “a mere ‘honest mistake, 1 frustrates the agreed common purposes and disappoints the reasonable expectations of the other 2 party.’” Id. (quoting Chateau Chamberay Homeowners Ass’n v. Associated Int’l Ins. Co., 90 Cal. 3 App. 4th 335, 346 (2001)); see also Croskey et al., supra, at § 12:837.5 (stating that “an insurer 4 denying or delaying the payment of policy benefits due to the existence of a genuine dispute with 5 its insured as to the existence of coverage liability . . . is not liable in bad faith even though it 6 might be liable for breach of contract”). 7 In its moving papers, Able devotes a single paragraph to the implied covenant issue, where 8 it hurriedly posits nine examples of “genuine disputes of material fact as to whether Defendants 9 breached their implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing.” Able Reply at 10. These include 10 Zurich’s conduct in “inventing spurious grounds for avoidance of coverage without regard to the 11 pertinent policy language, facts, or law”; “not attempting in good faith to effectuate a prompt, fair 12 and equitable resolution to Plaintiffs’ claims”; and “failing to provide promptly a reasonable 13 explanation of the basis relied on, in relation to the facts or applicable law, for their failure to 14 provide coverage.” Id. Most of these contentions simply recapitulate Able’s basic argument in 15 support of its failed breach of contract claim—i.e., that Zurich refused to defend and indemnify 16 Able in the underlying personal-injury actions. Otherwise, there is nothing in the record (as the 17 parties have presented it here) to suggest that Zurich’s conduct in denying coverage to Able’s 18 clients in the underlying actions went beyond, at worst, an “honest mistake, bad judgment, or 19 negligence.” See Berns, Fed. Appx. at 517. Able has therefore failed to carry its burden in 20 proving that Zurich’s “reason for withholding the benefits was unreasonable” as a matter of law. 21 See id. 22 As a result, the Court GRANTS Zurich’s motion regarding Able’s claim for breach of the 23 implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing. 24 /// 25 /// 26 /// 27 /// 1 V. CONCLUSION 2 For the reasons given above, the Court GRANTS Zurich’s cross-motion for summary 3 judgment on Able’s breach of contract claim as to the CGL issue and DENIES Able’s motion for 4 partial summary judgment on the same issue. The Court also GRANTS Zurich’s motion for 5 summary judgment on Able’s claim for breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair 6 dealing. 7 This order disposes of Docket Nos. 59 and 67. [8] 9 IT IS SO ORDERED. [10] 11 Dated: January 8, 2021 [12] 13 ______________________________________ EDWARD M. CHEN 14 United States District Judge