Johnson v. Glock, Inc.

[3] 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA [6] 7 STEVEN C. JOHNSON, Case No. 3:20-cv-08807-WHO 8 Plaintiff, ORDER GRANTING MOTION TO 9 v. DISMISS 10 GLOCK, INC., et al., Re: Dkt. No. 46 Defendants. [12] 13 Plaintiff Steven Johnson alleges, on behalf of himself and a proposed class, that defendants 14 Glock, Inc., and Glock Ges.m.b.H (collectively, “Glock”) manufacture and sell defective guns 15 without disclosing that defect to consumers. I previously granted Glock’s motion to dismiss with 16 leave to amend due to various basic pleading failures. Glock now moves to dismiss the four 17 misrepresentation by omission claims in the second amended complaint (“SAC”). Three of the 18 claims are, on these allegations, time-barred and Johnson has not adequately pleaded that Glock 19 had pre-sale knowledge of the alleged defect, requiring dismissal of the fourth. The motion is 20 again granted with leave to amend. Because this is the second time dismissal is granted for 21 essentially the same reason, a future dismissal on this ground will be with prejudice.1 22 BACKGROUND 23 The facts here are drawn from the SAC [Dkt. No. 43] unless otherwise noted. Glock 24 manufactures, markets, and sells firearms. SAC ¶¶ 9–10. Johnson lives in Oakland, California, 25 and purchased a Glock 30 SF .45 caliber gun manufactured by the defendants on or around April 26 15, 2016, from a licensed Glock dealer. Id. ¶ 8. [27] 1 Johnson alleges that certain Glock guns (the “Class Guns”) have a defect: an “unsupported 2 chamber.” Id. ¶¶ 2, 17–20. In brief, the “barrel chamber does not fully enclose the bullet casing 3 sufficiently before firing. The feed ramp of Class Guns extends too far into the chamber, causing 4 the chamber to lack adequate support for the round/casing. In turn, the force of a fired round 5 exerts unreasonable pressures upon the round/casing in the 6 o’clock position.” Id. ¶ 17. 6 This defect allegedly has two effects. First, it damages the brass casing of a round. Id. ¶ 7 21. This damage is a “bulge” in the casing that Johnson (and apparently others) refer to as a 8 “Glock Bulge” or “Glock Smile.” Id. According to Johnson, this damage “renders the brass 9 casings useless, nonfunctional, and valueless,” which means consumers cannot reuse them. Id. ¶ 10 22. Second, the defect allegedly can result in a “blowout,” sometimes referred to by the parties as 11 a “kaboom” or “catastrophic failure.” Id. ¶¶ 20, 23. These blowouts allegedly occur “when the 12 round/casing blows up or separates and a piece of the casing dislodges.” Id. ¶ 23. Blowouts can, 13 Johnson claims, “cause severe injury to the shooter’s hand or other body parts.” Id. 14 Johnson alleges that Glock does not warn consumers about this defect or its potential 15 consequences. Id. ¶ 25. As discussed in detail below, he asserts that Glock has been aware of the 16 defect “for years.” Id. He claims that he purchased his firearm “because he believed it to be 17 relatively safe and reliable”; that he “viewed all the specifications and features of the 30 SF, .45 18 caliber, he saw and relied on Glock’s representations regarding safety and reliability, which were 19 material to him, and most importantly, saw nothing from Glock suggesting any safety defects like 20 the Unsupported Chamber Defect”; and that he “did his due diligence before buying his Class 21 Gun.” Id. ¶¶ 32–34. He claims that he “first discovered the Defect . . . in 2020” but does not 22 plead further facts about this alleged discovery. Id. ¶ 8. 23 Johnson filed suit in state court on October 1, 2020; he amended his complaint in 24 November; and Glock removed the case to this court in December. Dkt. No. 1. The suit 25 originally asserted claims on behalf of a nationwide putative class, but Johnson abandoned those 26 claims in the last round of pleadings motions. See Order Granting Motion to Dismiss (“Prior 27 Order”) [Dkt. No. 38] 3 n.1. The SAC seeks certification of a class of persons that own Class 1 categories of claims: consumer misrepresentations, product liability, and breaches of warranty. 2 On February 8, 2021, I granted Glock’s motion to dismiss the First Amended Complaint with 3 leave to amend. See generally Prior Order. Johnson has elected to replead only four 4 misrepresentation-based claims under California law: the Consumers Legal Remedies Act 5 (“CLRA”), CAL. CIV. CODE §§ 1750 et seq.; the Unfair Competition Law (“UCL”), CAL. BUS. & 6 PROF. CODE § 17200 et seq.; the False Advertising Law (“FAL”), CAL. BUS. & PROF. CODE § 7 17500; and common-law fraudulent omission. SAC ¶¶ 58–108. Glock again moves to dismiss 8 and to strike the class allegations. 9 LEGAL STANDARD 10 Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure (“FRCP”) 12(b)(6), a district court must dismiss a 11 complaint if it fails to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. To survive a Rule 12(b)(6) 12 motion to dismiss, the plaintiff must allege “enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible 13 on its face.” See Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007). A claim is facially 14 plausible when the plaintiff pleads facts that “allow the court to draw the reasonable inference that 15 the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” See Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662 , 678 16 (2009) (citation omitted). There must be “more than a sheer possibility that a defendant has acted 17 unlawfully.” Id. While courts do not require “heightened fact pleading of specifics,” a plaintiff 18 must allege facts sufficient to “raise a right to relief above the speculative level.” See Twombly, [19] 550 U.S. at 555, 570 . 20 In deciding whether the plaintiff has stated a claim upon which relief can be granted, the 21 Court accepts the plaintiff’s allegations as true and draws all reasonable inferences in favor of the 22 plaintiff. See Usher v. City of Los Angeles, 828 F.2d 556, 561 (9th Cir. 1987). However, the court 23 is not required to accept as true “allegations that are merely conclusory, unwarranted deductions of 24 fact, or unreasonable inferences.” See In re Gilead Scis. Sec. Litig., 536 F.3d 1049, 1055 (9th Cir. 25 2008). 26 FRCP 9(b) imposes a heightened pleading standard where a complaint alleges fraud or 27 mistake. Under FRCP 9(b), to state a claim for fraud, a party must plead with “particularity the 1 defendants notice of the particular misconduct . . . so that they can defend against the charge and 2 not just deny that they have done anything wrong.” See Kearns v. Ford Motor Co., 567 F.3d 3 1120, 1124 (9th Cir. 2009) (citation omitted). “Averments of fraud must be accompanied by the 4 who, what, when, where, and how of the misconduct charged.” Vess v. Ciba-Geigy Corp., 317 5 F.3d 1097, 1106 (9th Cir. 2003) (citation omitted). 6 If the court dismisses the complaint, it “should grant leave to amend even if no request to 7 amend the pleading was made, unless it determines that the pleading could not possibly be cured 8 by the allegation of other facts.” See Lopez v. Smith, 203 F.3d 1122, 1127 (9th Cir. 2000). In 9 making this determination, the court should consider factors such as “the presence or absence of 10 undue delay, bad faith, dilatory motive, repeated failure to cure deficiencies by previous 11 amendments, undue prejudice to the opposing party and futility of the proposed amendment.” See 12 Moore v. Kayport Package Express, 885 F.2d 531 , 538 (9th Cir. 1989). 13 DISCUSSION 14 I. CLRA, FAL, AND FRAUDULENT OMISSION CLAIMS 15 Glock levels several arguments against each of Johnson’s claims. It first argues that the 16 CLRA, FAL, and fraudulent omission claims are time-barred by their statutes of limitations. See 17 Motion to Dismiss (“Mot.”) [Dkt. No. 46] 5–10. I agree that the statutes have run and that 18 Johnson has not adequately pleaded that any tolling doctrine applies. The motion to dismiss 19 claims one, two, and four is GRANTED with leave to amend. 20 A motion to dismiss based on a statute of limitations can only be granted when its running 21 “is apparent on the face of the complaint.” Huynh v. Chase Manhattan Bank, 465 F.3d 992 , 997 22 (9th Cir. 2006) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). The parties agree that the relevant 23 statutes of limitations for these CLRA, FAL, and fraudulent omission claims are all three years 24 from when the claim accrues. See Mot. 5; Opposition to the Mot. (“Oppo.”) [Dkt. No. 52] 5; see 25 also CAL. CIV. CODE § 1783; CAL. CIV. P. CODE § 338. They also agree that the CLRA and FAL 26 claims accrue “when a defendant misrepresents or omits material information regarding a product 27 or service and a consumer makes a purchase as a result of such deceptive practices.” Plumlee v. 1 Mot. 5. And they agree that the fraudulent omission claim did not accrue “until the discovery, by 2 the aggrieved party, of the facts constituting the fraud or mistake.” CAL. CIV. P. CODE 338(d); 3 Oppo. 6; Mot. 5. The parties treat all claims as rising or falling together. 4 Johnson purchased the gun more than three years before filing suit, but he argues that three 5 tolling doctrines save his claims.2 Although a statute of limitations is an affirmative defense, 6 Johnson bears the burden of adequately pleading tolling. Hinton v. Pac. Enterprises, 5 F.3d 391 , 7 395 (9th Cir. 1993). 8 A. Fraudulent Concealment and Delayed Discovery Tolling 9 Johnson argues that his claims should be tolled because of Glock’s alleged fraudulent 10 concealment and because of the discovery doctrine. The delayed discovery rule is also the accrual 11 standard for the fraudulent omission claim. See Britton v. Girardi, 235 Cal. App. 4th 721 , 733 12 (2015) (the fraudulent omission standard “codifies the delayed discovery rule”)/ 13 “To align the actual application of the limitations defense more closely with the policy 14 goals animating it, the courts and the Legislature have over time developed a handful of equitable 15 exceptions to and modifications of the usual rules governing limitations periods.” Aryeh v. Canon 16 Bus. Sols., Inc., 55 Cal. 4th 1185, 1192 (2013). The fraudulent concealment doctrine “tolls the 17 statute of limitations where a defendant, through deceptive conduct, has caused a claim to grow 18 stale.” Id. But “that tolling will last as long as a plaintiff's reliance on the misrepresentations is 19 reasonable.” Grisham v. Philip Morris U.S.A., Inc., 40 Cal. 4th 623, 637 (2007). This requires 20 “the plaintiff (1) plead with particularity the facts giving rise to the fraudulent concealment claim 21 and (2) demonstrate that he or she used due diligence in an attempt to uncover the facts.” Vanella 22 v. Ford Motor Co., No. 3:19-CV-07956-WHO, 2020 WL 887975 , at *5 (N.D. Cal. Feb. 24, 2020) 23 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). To satisfy the second element, “the complaint 24 must allege (1) when the fraud was discovered; (2) the circumstances under which it was 25 discovered; and (3) that the plaintiff was not at fault for failing to discover it or had no actual or 26 presumptive knowledge of facts sufficient to put him on inquiry.” Cmty. Cause v. Boatwright, 124 [27] 1 Cal. App. 3d 888, 900 (1981); see Finney v. Ford Motor Co., No. 17-CV-06183-JST, 2018 WL 2 2552266, at *3 (N.D. Cal. June 4, 2018). Because the exception sounds in fraud, it must be 3 pleaded with particularity under Rule 9(b). Finney, 2018 WL 2552266 , at *3; Vanella, 2020 WL 4 887975, at *5. 5 The discovery rule “postpones accrual of a cause of action until the plaintiff discovers, or 6 has reason to discover, the cause of action.” Fox v. Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc., 35 Cal. 4th 797 , 7 807 (2005). A reason to discover exists when the plaintiff has reason “at least to suspect a factual 8 basis for its elements.” Id. (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). To rely on this rule, “a 9 plaintiff must plead: (1) the time and manner of discovery and (2) the inability to have made 10 earlier discovery despite reasonable diligence.” Id. at 808 . “California law makes clear that a 11 plaintiff must allege specific facts establishing the applicability of the discovery-rule exception.” 12 California Sansome Co. v. U.S. Gypsum, 55 F.3d 1402, 1407 (9th Cir. 1995). 13 Because of their overlapping elements, courts sometimes analyze these doctrines together 14 when they are based on the same facts. See, e.g., Finney, 2018 WL 2552266 , at *3–*4; Vanella, [15] 2020 WL 887975 , at *4. Both doctrines require showing (1) when the alleged discovery of the 16 violation or fraud occurred, (2) the manner or circumstances of the discovery, and (3) reasonable 17 diligence that the discovery could not be made earlier. Johnson has not adequately shown any of 18 these. 19 Johnson has not adequately alleged when and under what circumstances the discovery of 20 the violation or fraud occurred, let alone with the particularity required. Johnson’s sole allegation 21 is that he discovered the defect “in 2020.” SAC ¶ 8. Even if the heightened pleading standard did 22 not apply, that would be insufficient. But that standard does apply to fraudulent concealment, and 23 California law requires specific facts to support the discovery doctrine. Johnson must plead the 24 manner and circumstances of discovery, not just that it happened. I previously highlighted this 25 deficiency in Johnson’s pleading when I granted the motion to dismiss his First Amended 26 Complaint. Prior Order 15–16. 27 Johnson must plead the particulars of when and how he discovered the alleged fraud; 1 claim is tolled. If, for instance, Johnson’s discovery of the alleged fraud is revealed to be the 2 result of a recurring warning sign that had occurred previously, he may not be able to invoke the 3 exception. See, e.g., Finney, 2018 WL 2552266 , at *4 (“Finney’s allegations are particularly 4 implausible given the absence of an explanation as to why a 2015 engine light revealed the defect, 5 but no prior engine issue—whether during the 2005 to 2010 warranty repair period, or after— 6 revealed the defect.”). 7 Next, Johnson has not adequately pleaded reasonable diligence or lack of excuse. To be 8 sure, he includes a conclusory allegation that he would not have discovered the alleged violations 9 through reasonable diligence, SAC ¶ 54, but that is insufficient. Cf. Philips v. Ford Motor Co., 10 No. 14-CV-02989-LHK, 2016 WL 1745948 , at *14 (N.D. Cal. May 3, 2016) (“California 11 Plaintiffs allege that Colburn’s vehicle first experienced issues in October 2014, at which point 12 Colburn took her vehicle in for service at a local Ford dealership. Colburn’s actions thus 13 demonstrate ‘due diligence’ in uncovering ‘the [pertinent] facts.’” (internal citations omitted)). 14 Because Johnson does not plead the basic facts of when and how he discovered the alleged fraud 15 (other than the words “in 2020”), pleading about reasonable diligence would be unhelpful in any 16 event: without knowing the circumstances of discovery, it is impossible to know whether 17 reasonable diligence would have caused that discovery earlier. Cf. Allen v. Similasan Corp., 96 F. 18 Supp. 3d 1063, 1071 (S.D. Cal. 2015) (“She does not explain why being a layperson in 2000 19 prevented her from doing the same research in 2010, which was not prompted by any special 20 occurrence; rather, the 2010 research was conducted because the Products were purportedly not 21 working, which Rideout claims was the case in 2000.”). 22 Johnson’s response to all this is to lay out bare legal standards and repeat the conclusory 23 allegations in his complaint. See Oppo. 6–8, 10. His only other substantive response is to argue 24 that he would not have been on notice from seeing the “bulges” alone (as Glock argues). Whether 25 that is true cannot be resolved because Johnson does not plead the manner and circumstances in 26 which discovery occurred. 27 Because this is potentially an issue of pleading failure, I am allowing Johnson leave to 1 pleading on this precise issue required dismissal. Last time around, I said that, “[w]hat Johnson 2 cannot do . . . is withhold the fact of when he purchased the gun (provided he knows of that fact, 3 as he essentially admits he does), depriving Glock of the opportunity to fairly raise a time-bar 4 objection.” Prior Order 16. And I said that he “attempts to duck this issue by pleading fraudulent 5 concealment” but that he failed to do so with particularity. Id. Now, Johnson has inched past the 6 insubstantial allegations of his First Amended Complaint to add the words “in 2020” to his SAC. 7 Johnson would be well-served, in his amended complaint, by pleading every fact he has that is 8 relevant to his alleged discovery and describing in detail when and under what circumstances he 9 made it. A future dismissal on this ground will be with prejudice due to repeated failures to 10 adequately plead despite clear guidance. 11 B. Continuing Violation Tolling 12 Johnson also argues that the statutes of limitations were tolled because of the continued 13 violation doctrine. Oppo. 9. The continuing violation doctrine is inapplicable here. 14 “The continuing violation doctrine aggregates a series of wrongs or injuries for purposes of 15 the statute of limitations, treating the limitations period as accruing for all of them upon 16 commission or sufferance of the last of them.” Aryeh, 55 Cal. 4th at 1192 . As the California 17 Supreme Court has explained, the doctrine exists to remedy a situation in which “[s]ome injuries 18 are the product of a series of small harms, any one of which may not be actionable on its own.” [19] Id. at 1197 . And it seeks to avoid “run[ning] to court in response to every slight, without first 20 attempting to resolve matters through extrajudicial means, out of fear that delay would result in a 21 time-barred action.” Id. at 1198 . As a result, “[a]llegations of a pattern of reasonably frequent 22 and similar acts may, in a given case, justify treating the acts as an indivisible course of conduct 23 actionable in its entirety, notwithstanding that the conduct occurred partially outside and partially 24 inside the limitations period.” Id. 25 The SAC identifies a single injury: Johnson’s purchase. In the false advertising context, 26 courts have found the continuing violation doctrine applicable when a consumer repeatedly 27 purchased a product, even if the first purchase was outside the limitations period. See, e.g., Hunter 1 Levin adequately alleges that she relied on misrepresentations Defendants made on their Extra 2 Virgin Coconut Oil and that the misrepresentations constituted a continuing violation over the 3 course of the approximately five years that Plaintiff Levin continued to purchase the Extra Virgin 4 Coconut Oil.”). In contrast, this case involves a single purchase. Cf. Clark v. Hershey Co., No. C 5 18-06113 WHA, 2019 WL 913603 , at *7 (N.D. Cal. Feb. 25, 2019) (finding that the doctrine does 6 not apply when there was no allegation of a “particularized purchase” and contrasting it with a 7 situation in which a product was regularly purchased over the course of years). 8 Further, the equitable considerations that underlie the doctrine are not present here. There 9 is no alleged series of component acts that would not be actionable on their own and need the 10 doctrine to link them. See Aryeh, 55 Cal. 4th at 1198 . “Nor is this a case in which a wrongful 11 course of conduct became apparent only through the accumulation of a series of harms.” Id. 12 Dismissal does not let Glock “obtain immunity in perpetuity from suit even for recent and ongoing 13 misfeasance,” id. at 1198 , because plaintiffs can bring suit for those alleged injuries without 14 having to rely on Johnson’s stale claim. 15 Johnson’s response relies largely on cases applying continuing acts tolling to situations 16 that are fundamentally different from a consumer misrepresentation by omission—usually 17 discrimination, which has its own particular features and doctrines. See Oppo. 9. His only case 18 applying California’s continuing acts tolling to a consumer misrepresentation claim is Allred v. 19 Frito-Lay N. Am., Inc., 2018 WL 1185227 (S.D. Cal. Mar. 7, 2018). Allred, however, relied 20 wholly on Hunter for its application of the rule. Id., at *8. As explained above, Hunter involved a 21 regular series of purchases over years and found that because violations in this series were in the 22 limitations period, the otherwise untimely misrepresentations could be treated as a continuing 23 violation. Although Allred was not entirely clear about why it found the facts analogous to 24 Hunter, it appears to be because, as that court stated earlier, the plaintiffs alleged that “they 25 purchased the Product since at least 2012 or earlier.” Id., at *7 (internal quotation marks omitted). 26 Allred did not hold that a fact pattern like the one here was subject to tolling. 27 II. UCL CLAIM 1 on the merits of the misrepresentation claims, including that it did not have a duty to disclose the 2 alleged defect under California law. Mot. 10–16. 3 The UCL prohibits any “unlawful, unfair or fraudulent business act or practice.” CAL. 4 PROF. & BUS. CODE § 17200. The “fraudulent” prong of the UCL is governed by the “reasonable 5 consumer” test and the “unlawful” prong turns on other legal violations; here, those other 6 violations are likewise governed by that test. Williams v. Gerber Prod. Co., 552 F.3d 934 (9th 7 Cir. 2008); In re Tobacco II Cases, 46 Cal. 4th 298, 312 (2009); Punian v. Gillette Co., No. 148 CV-05028-LHK, 2016 WL 1029607 , at *5 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 15, 2016) (collecting cases). 9 There is no duty to disclose any or every conceivable piece of information about a product 10 under California law. Instead, “[o]missions may be the basis of claims under California consumer 11 protections laws, but to be actionable the omission must be contrary to a representation actually 12 made by the defendant, or an omission of a fact the defendant was obliged to disclose.” Hodsdon 13 v. Mars, Inc., 891 F.3d 857, 861 (9th Cir. 2018); see also Daugherty v. Am. Honda Motor Co., 144 14 Cal. App. 4th 824 , 834–35 (2006), as modified (Nov. 8, 2006). 15 There are two situations in which such a duty to disclose arises. The first situation is when 16 the undisclosed information “cause[s] an unreasonable safety hazard.” Hodsdon, 891 F.3d at 861– 17 62. Under this theory, a plaintiff must adequately plead (1) a defect, (2) a safety hazard, (3) a 18 causal connection between the defect and the hazard, and (4) the defendant’s knowledge of the 19 defect at the time of sale. See Wilson v. Hewlett-Packard Co., 668 F.3d 1136 , at 1142–43 (9th Cir. 20 2012). The second situation is when (1) the omission is material, (2) the defect is central to the 21 product’s function, and (3) one of the so-called LiMandri factors is met. Hodsdon, 891 F.3d at 22 863. The four LiMandri factors are: 23 (1) when the defendant is the plaintiff's fiduciary; (2) when the defendant has exclusive knowledge of material facts not known or reasonably accessible to the plaintiff; (3) when 24 the defendant actively conceals a material fact from the plaintiff; and (4) when the defendant makes partial representations that are misleading because some other material [25] fact has not been disclosed. [26] Collins v. eMachines, Inc., 202 Cal. App. 4th 249, 255 (2011), as modified (Dec. 28, 2011) (citing [27] LiMandri v. Judkins, 52 Cal. App. 4th 326, 336 (1997)). 1 Glock contends that Johnson has not adequately pleaded that it had pre-sale knowledge of 2 the alleged defect.3 For the reasons that follow, I agree, though it seems possible that Johnson 3 could adequately allege that knowledge. Johnson relies on several allegations to argue that he has 4 shown that Glock had pre-sale knowledge. I address each in turn. 5 Though it is not entirely clear, Johnson appears to rely on the mere fact that Glock sold the 6 Class Guns since 2010. See Oppo. 12. Sale of an allegedly defective product alone is an 7 insufficient basis from which to “infer scienter.” See Wilson, 668 F.3d at 1146–47. Johnson also 8 relies on bare and conclusory allegations that Glock “knew” of the defect before the sale. Oppo. 9 12. Allegations like that are insufficient as a matter of law. Wilson, 668 F.3d at 1146–47. 10 Johnson makes several other arguments. He alleges that “[t]he Glock Defendants’ 11 knowledge of the Unsupported Chamber Defect is evidenced by numerous complaints by 12 consumers, many of whom reported contacting Glock about the Defect.” SAC ¶ 45; see Oppo. 12. 13 He also asserts that consumers posted about this issue on “online forums, like glocktalk.com, for 14 years.” SAC ¶ 26. Glock represents, and Johnson does not dispute, that “glocktalk.com” is not 15 owned or controlled by Glock. And he contends that “[o]ther complainants reported taking their 16 guns to Glock dealers, who are agents of Glock and, on information and belief, report consumer 17 complaints back to Glock.” Id. ¶ 45; see Oppo. 12. 18 Courts have routinely found that nebulous allegations that consumers made undated 19 complaints are insufficient to show that a company had pre-sale knowledge of the defect. See 20 Wilson, 668 F.3d at 1147–48; Baba v. Hewlett-Packard Co., No. C 09-05946 RS, 2010 WL 21 2486353, at *5 (N.D. Cal. June 16, 2010) (“None of those postings or complaints, however, 22 include any dates, and therefore shed no light on when HP knew of the alleged defects.”); 23 Oestreicher v. Alienware Corp., 544 F. Supp. 2d 964 , 975 n.9 (N.D. Cal. 2008), aff’d, 322 F. 24 App’x 489 (9th Cir. 2009) (holding undated anecdotal complaints insufficient). The Ninth Circuit [26] 3 I previously rejected Glock’s argument that there was no plausible safety hazard. See Prior Order 8–9. As I explained, “[t]he allegation is that guns that suffer the defect can ‘blow out,’ [27] resulting in a piece of the casing being dangerously dislodged. A piece of metal being dislodged 1 has even rejected the use of consumer complaints to show pre-sale knowledge when specific 2 complaints were pointed to because they were, respectively, undated or too removed from the 3 time. Wilson, 668 F.3d at 1147–48. Johnson does not provide any details about these alleged 4 consumer complaints, including when they were submitted or how many there were. He also does 5 not allege that there was an “unusually high volume of complaints specific to [the defect].” 6 Williams v. Yamaha Motor Co., 851 F.3d 1015, 1028 (9th Cir. 2017). Particular to the dealers, 7 information-and-belief pleading may be appropriate for dealers reporting to Glock, but Johnson, as 8 described, must do more than allege that “other complaints reported” to those dealers to establish 9 knowledge. And particular to glocktalk.com, there is also no allegation that Glock employees 10 interact with the website, or another allegation that would permit an inference of knowledge. 11 Johnson next relies on several apparently high-profile incidents involving police officers 12 whose guns blew out and a 2015 Massachusetts lawsuit alleging a blow out. See SAC ¶¶ 25–26; 13 Oppo. 12. Those police incidents, he alleges, received enough publicity that they plausibly 14 appeared on Glock’s radar and the lawsuit was against Glock, so it would know of it. The 15 problem, however, is that he alleges nothing to connect those blow outs with the defect alleged 16 here. He does not contend that guns can blow out only because of an unsupported chamber. 17 (Glock represents—albeit via argument in its brief—that improper amounts of gun powder can 18 cause it.) 19 In a case involving allegedly defective blenders, the Hon. Beth Labson Freeman examined 20 a series of consumer reports about blenders exploding. See Wallace v. SharkNinja Operating, 21 LLC, No. 18-CV-05221-BLF, 2020 WL 1139649 , at *8 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 9, 2020). She explained 22 that, even though the consumers reported that the blenders exploded, none (except one that was 23 disregarded on another ground) connected it to the defect at issue, a part dislodging while the 24 blender was in motion. Id. Because blenders could plausibly explode for other reasons, the court 25 could not infer pre-sale knowledge of the defect. As that case said, “a defendant must have 26 knowledge of the specific defect alleged, not a general problem with the product at issue.” Id.4 [27] 1 Last, Johnson alleges that “at least as far back as 2008, and through 2020, [videos online] 2 || have been published depicting Glock kabooms for Glock to see.” SAC § 27. But, again, general 3 allegations that Glock knew its guns could blow out do not equate to allegations that Glock had 4 || knowledge of this defect. And there is no information about how widely shared these videos 5 were, which also prevents an inference of knowledge. 6 The situation would be different if the only way that guns could reasonably blow out were 7 this unsupported chamber defect; there is no such allegation here and, without it, “common sense,” 8 || Ashcroft, 556 U.S. at 664 , teaches that igniting gun powder can cause explosions unconnected to 9 it. Cf Wallace, 2020 WL 1139649 , at *8. At bottom, Johnson relies only on unspecified 10 || complaints or reports of blow outs with no allegation connecting them to the defect here. He has 11 therefore not pleaded pre-sale knowledge under a safety hazard theory. 12 By the same token, Johnson’s claim is not adequately pleaded under a LiMandri factor 13 || theory because the only factor he puts forward is Glock’s “exclusive knowledge” of the defect. 14 || See Oppo. 13-14. Adequately alleging exclusive knowledge requires adequately alleging 15 knowledge in the first place, which Johnson has not done for the reasons described. The motion to a 16 || dismiss claim three is GRANTED with leave to amend.> CONCLUSION 18 The motion to dismiss all claims is GRANTED with leave to amend. Any amended 19 complaint shall be filed within 20 days. 20 IT IS SO ORDERED. 21 Dated: May 17, 2021 22 . [23] Hiam H. Orrick 24 United States District Judge [25] 26 allegations are inadequate by themselves. 27 > Because all of Johnson’s claims fail, I do not address whether he has adequately alleged standing 2g || for injunctive relief, whether he lacks adequate remedies at law, whether the economic loss rule bars the fraudulent omission claim, or whether his class allegations are proper.