August Home, Inc. v. SHOPRIME Corp.

[3] 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA [6] 7 AUGUST HOME, INC., Case No. 21-cv-01915-DMR 8 Plaintiff, ORDER DENYING MOTION FOR 9 v. SERVICE BY PUBLICATION WITHOUT PREJUDICE 10 SHOPRIME CORP., et al., Re: Dkt. No. 18 11 Defendants. 12 Plaintiff August Home, Inc. alleges trademark infringement and related claims against 13 Defendants Shoprime Corp. and Royal Music, LLC (“Shoprime” or “Defendants”). Plaintiff now 14 moves for leave to serve Shoprime by publication. This motion is suitable for determination 15 without oral argument. Civ. L.R. 7-1(b). For the reasons stated below, the motion is denied 16 without prejudice. 17 I. BACKGROUND 18 A. Allegations and Claims 19 Plaintiff manufactures and retails a variety of “smart home entry products,” including 20 locksets (the “Products”). Compl. ¶ 4 [Docket No. 1]. The Products bear various trademarks, 21 including: AUGUST (Reg. No. 4818400), AUGUST ACCESS (Reg. No. 5541349), AUGUST 22 CONNECT (Reg. No. 4861042), AUGUST SMART LOCK (Reg. No. 4676625), and others (the 23 “Marks”). Id. ¶ 15. Plaintiff sells its products through its own website, through resellers such as 24 Home Depot and Best Buy, and through e-commerce websites, including Amazon. Id. ¶ 17. 25 Plaintiff alleges that only authorized resellers and distributors are licensed to use the Marks in 26 their marketing and sale of the Products. Id. ¶ 18. 27 Under Amazon’s Marketplace Guidelines, any product listed as “New” comes with the 1 on products that are purchased through authorized resellers and distributors. Id. ¶ 21. Defendants, 2 who are not authorized resellers or distributors, list and sell the Products on Amazon as “New.” 3 See id. ¶ 5. They have not obtained a license to use the Marks in advertising and selling the 4 Products. Id. ¶¶ 5, 25. According to Plaintiffs, Defendants’ advertising the Products as “New” 5 wrongly implies that they are covered by Plaintiff’s warranty. Id. This advertising misrepresents 6 the Products because they are in fact not sold through an authorized reseller or distributor, and 7 therefore they do not carry Plaintiff’s warranty. Id. ¶¶ 1, 5, 25. Also, because all sales of a 8 particular product correspond to the same Amazon Standard Identification Number, consumers 9 may not know whether the product comes from an authorized or unauthorized reseller. Id. ¶ 20. 10 Plaintiff alleges that Defendants’ unauthorized sales of the Products interferes with 11 Plaintiff’s business. Defendants list the Products for a lower price than that set by Plaintiff, and 12 Amazon matches the lower price, which drives down Plaintiff’s revenue from sales of the 13 Products. Compl. ¶¶ 8, 19, 26. Further, Defendants’ practices that misleadingly imply that the 14 Products are covered by Plaintiff’s warranty allegedly harm Plaintiff’s reputation among 15 consumers, who believe they are purchasing the Products “New” and thereby under Plaintiff’s warranty. Id. ¶¶ 27, 40-42, 53-54, 61-62. [16] Plaintiff brings claims for trademark infringement and trademark dilution under the federal [17] Lanham Act, 15 U.S.C. §§ 1051 et seq.; violations of California’s Unfair Competition Law [18] (“UCL”), Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code §§ 17200 et seq.; state law trademark infringement, Cal. Bus. & [19] Prof. Code §§ 14320 et seq.; and interference with contractual relations. The clerk entered default [20] against Defendant Royal Music, LLC on April 29, 2021. [Docket No. 15.] Plaintiff has not yet [21] moved for entry of default against Defendant Shoprime. [22] B. Service [23] Since Plaintiff filed its complaint on March 18, 2021, it has repeatedly attempted to [24] accomplish service on Shoprime without success. According to Plaintiff’s counsel, on March 25, [25] 2021, Plaintiff caused a registered process server to attempt service of the complaint and summons [26] at an address in Brooklyn, New York that Shoprime registered with the New York Secretary of [27] 1 ¶ 3(a); Ex. A [Docket No. 18-1]. That address apparently belonged to Defendant’s agent for 2 service of process Eli Alhalabi, whom Defendant identified via the New York Secretary of State’s 3 website. Id. ¶ 2. According to the process server, the current tenant at that location reported that 4 Defendant and Alhalabi were “here a year ago, but since then ha[ve] moved out” without leaving a 5 forwarding address. Callahan Decl. Ex. A. The process server made a second unsuccessful 6 attempt at that address on March 26, 2021. Id. 7 On April 9, 2021, Plaintiff caused a process server to attempt service at an address in the 8 Bronx, New York. Callahan Decl. ¶ 3(b); Ex. B.1 The process server reported that the address 9 “consist[ed] of three businesses.” Callahan Decl. Ex. B. She spoke with employees at different 10 entities at the address, and no one there knew of Defendant or Alhalabi. Id. It is not clear how 11 Plaintiff found this address or how it is connected to Shoprime or Alhalabi. 12 On April 15, 2021, Plaintiff attempted service through the New York Secretary of State’s 13 office, with which Shoprime is registered. Callahan Decl. ¶ 3(c); Ex. C. The Secretary of State 14 rejected service because this action is filed outside of New York. Callahan Decl. Ex. C. 15 On May 25, 2021, Plaintiff caused a process server to attempt service at a different address in Brooklyn, New York that counsel located. Callahan Decl. ¶ 3(d); Ex. D. The process server [16] reported that three families resided at that address, none of whom were related to Defendant. [17] Callahan Ex. D. The occupants did “recall” that Alhalabi “used to reside [t]here a long time ago, [18] but since then had moved out” without leaving a forwarding address. Id. [19] Plaintiff’s counsel asserts that she has also unsuccessfully searched for websites, email [20] addresses, Facebook, and LinkedIn profiles for Defendant or Alhalabi. Callahan Decl. ¶ 4. [21] Plaintiff now seeks to accomplish service through publication. [22] II. LEGAL STANDARD [23] Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 4(e)(1) allows for service “following state law for serving [24] a summons in an action brought in courts of general jurisdiction in the state where the district [25] court is located or where service is made.” California law allows for service of a summons by [27] 1 publication “if upon affidavit it appears to the satisfaction of the court . . . that the party to be 2 served cannot with reasonable diligence be served in another manner” of service, and “[a] cause of 3 action exists against the party upon whom service is to be made or he or she is a necessary or 4 proper party to the action.” Cal. Civ. Proc. Code § 415.50 (a)(1). The summons must be 5 “published in a named newspaper, published in this state, that is most likely to give actual notice 6 to the party to be served” and comply with the provisions of Government Code section 6064. Id. 7 § 415.50(b)-(c).2 “Because of due process concerns, service by publication must be allowed ‘only 8 as a last resort.’” Duarte v. Freeland, No. 05-cv-2780-EMC, 2008 WL 683427 , at *1 (N.D. Cal. 9 Mar. 7 , 2008) (quoting Watts v. Crawford, 10 Cal. 4th 743 , 749 n.5 (1995)). “If a defendant’s 10 address is ascertainable, a method of service superior to publication must be employed,” such as 11 mail or substitute service. Watts, 10 Cal. 4th at 749 n.5; see Cal. Civ. Proc. Code § 415.10 -.40. 12 The “reasonable diligence” requirement of section 415.50 “denotes a thorough, systematic 13 investigation and inquiry conducted in good faith by the party or his agent or attorney.” Watts, 10 14 Cal. 4th at 749 n.5 (citation omitted). “Before allowing a plaintiff to resort to service by 15 publication, the courts necessarily require him to show exhaustive attempts to locate the defendant, for it is generally recognized that service by publication rarely results in actual notice.” [16] Id. The determination of reasonable diligence is fact and case specific. Hernandez v. Srija, Inc., [17] No. 19-1813-LB, 2019 WL 4417589 , at *2 (N.D. Cal. Sept. 16, 2019); see Kott v. Super. Ct., 45 18 Cal. App. 4th 1126 , 1137 (1996) (“[T]he showing of diligence in a given case must rest on its own [19] facts and no single formula nor mode of search can be said to constitute due diligence in every [20] case.” (citation omitted)). [21] The party seeking service by publication also must demonstrate that a cause of action [22] exists against the party to be served. Cal. Civ. Proc. Code § 415.50 (a)(1). “The plaintiff ‘must [23] offer independent evidentiary support, in the form of a sworn statement of facts, for the existence [24] of a cause of action against the defendant.’” Hernandez, 2019 WL 4417589 , at *2 (quoting [26] 2 “Publication of notice pursuant to this section shall be once a week for four successive weeks. Four publications in a newspaper regularly published once a week or oftener, with at least five [27] days intervening between the respective publication dates not counting such publication dates, are 1 Cummings v. Brantley Hale, No. 15-cv-4723-JCS, 2016 WL 4762208 , at *2 (N.D. Cal. Sept. 13, 2 2016)). “The declaration must be signed by someone with personal knowledge of the essential 3 facts.” Id. “Under California law, service by publication is neither appropriate nor valid without 4 such an affidavit.” Cummings, 2016 WL 4762208 , at *3. 5 III. DISCUSSION 6 Plaintiff’s attempts to accomplish personal service to date do not demonstrate that it has 7 conducted the “thorough, systematic investigation and inquiry” to warrant service by publication. 8 See Watts, 10 Cal. 4th at 749 n.5. “The fact that a plaintiff has taken one or a few reasonable steps 9 does not necessarily mean that ‘all myriad . . . avenues’ have been properly exhausted to warrant 10 service by publication.” Duarte, 2008 WL 683427 , at *1 (quoting Donel, Inc. v. Badalian, 87 Cal. 11 App. 3d 327, 333 (1978) (ruling that “the single act of searching telephone directories” did not 12 constitute reasonable diligence in attempting to locate defendant so as to justify service by 13 publication)). “A number of honest attempts to learn defendant’s whereabouts or his address by 14 inquiry of relatives, friends, and acquaintances, or of his employer, and by investigation of 15 appropriate city and telephone directories, the voters’ register, and the real and personal property 16 index in the assessor’s office, near the defendant’s last known location, are generally sufficient. 17 These are likely sources of information, and consequently must be searched before resorting to 18 service by publication.” Hernandez, 2019 WL 4417589 , at *2 (quoting Kott, 45 Cal. App. 4th at 19 1137 (citations omitted)). 20 In Duarte, the court determined that the plaintiff’s multiple attempts at personal service 21 “failed to show that he ‘took those steps a reasonable person who truly desired to give notice 22 would have taken under the circumstances.’” Duarte, 2008 WL 683427 at *2-3 (quoting Donel, 23 87 Cal. App. 3d at 333). Duarte also conducted Internet searches and spoke with neighbors at 24 addresses they located, but all attempts to locate the defendants were unsuccessful. Id. at *2. The 25 court ruled that Duarte did not establish, for example, that he searched in any local city or 26 telephone directories; contacted the defendants’ family, neighbors or last known employers and 27 co-workers, or otherwise had shown that service could be accomplished by other means such as 1 attempted service by mail, which “may have been fruitful as it may have resulted in obtaining a 2 forwarding address,” especially as the current residents at one defendant’s former address only had 3 lived there for six months. Id. at *3. 4 Similar to Duarte, Plaintiff has not conducted a sufficiently diligent investigation into 5 Shoprime. Plaintiff’s process server made four attempts to personally serve the summons on 6 Alhalabi—twice to one Brooklyn address over the span of two days, once to the Bronx address, 7 and once to a second Brooklyn address. Callahan Decl. Exs. A, B, D. Plaintiff did not endeavor 8 to serve Defendant or Alhalabi by mail at any of these addresses, which could have prompted a 9 forwarding address from the postal service, or by substitute service. Mail service and inquiries 10 with the post office at the first Brooklyn address may have been “fruitful” because, according to 11 the process server’s notes, Alhalabi and Shoprime only moved out within the past year. See 12 Callahan Decl. Ex. A; Duarte, 2008 WL 683427 , at *3 (mail service may be been “fruitful” where 13 current residents lived at address only six months prior). 14 Plaintiff also did not conduct a thorough attempt to locate Alhalabi. The court is left to 15 guess about who Alhalabi is and his connection to Shoprime. Plaintiff only ascertained at the 16 outset that Alhalabi was registered as Defendant’s agent for service of process and conducted 17 some Internet and social media searches. See Callahan Decl. ¶¶ 2, 4. Plaintiff did not make an 18 “inquiry of [Alhalabi’s] relatives, friends, and acquaintances, or of his employer,” or look up 19 Alhalabi in the “appropriate city and telephone directories, the voters’ register, and the real and 20 personal property index in the assessor’s office, near the defendant’s [or Alhalabi’s] last known 21 location,” or in other relevant records. Kott, 45 Cal. App. 4th at 1137; see Duarte, 2008 WL 22 683427, at *2. Nor did Plaintiff conduct any other investigations into other individuals or entities 23 that might be associated with Shoprime. Are there other owners, operators, or administrators that 24 could accept substitute service? Did Plaintiff search for other busines records besides the filing 25 with the Secretary of State’s office? These are the types of inquiries that someone who “truly 26 desired to give notice would have taken under the circumstances.’” Duarte, 2008 WL 683427 , at 27 *2-3 (quoting Donel, 87 Cal. App. 3d at 333). 1 Synergy Management Group, LLC, 231 Cal. App. 4th 241 (2014), besides attempting personal 2 service six times, the plaintiff obtained a verification from the postal service that the defendant 3 continued to receive mail at that address and had not changed his address, id. at 248-49 . 4 Therefore, the plaintiff had reason to believe that it had located an accurate address but that simply 5 “no one would answer the door.” Id. at 249 . Plaintiff has not so identified an accurate address for 6 Shoprime. Also, in United States v. Benson, No. 19-5454, 2019 WL 6612246 (N.D. Cal. Dec. 5, 7 2019), the government provided evidence that the entity to be served was likely a fictitious or a 8 sham corporation, and it could not locate any relatives of the defendant who could provide 9 information about the entity, id. at *2-3 . The government also attempted service by other means. [10] Id. at *2 . Here, Plaintiff has not shown that it has undertaken a systematic investigation to locate 11 Alhalabi or other individuals with a connection to Shoprime, nor that it attempted service by other 12 means. 13 Plaintiff additionally argues that Defendant has “evade[d] service,” which favors service 14 by publication. “[W]hen there is evidence that a defendant is evading service, courts are more 15 willing to allow alternative methods such as service by publication.” Felix v. Anderson, 14-cv16 3809-JCS, 2015 WL 545483 , at *2 (N.D. Cal. Feb. 9, 2015) (citing Miller v. Super. Ct., 195 Cal. 17 App. 2d 779, 786 (1961)). “A person who deliberately conceals himself to evade service of 18 process is scarcely in a position to complain overmuch of unfairness in substitutive methods” of 19 service. Miller, 195 Cal. App. 2d at 786. Actual notice of the lawsuit “bolster[s] the case for 20 service by publication” in the event of possible evasion of service. Hernandez, 2019 WL 21 4417589, at *3. 22 In Felix, the plaintiffs showed that they investigated the defendant’s address, attempted 23 personal service ten times, and communicated with the defendant and defendant’s attorneys. 2015 24 WL 545483 , at *3. The defendant had “actual notice” of the pending suit, as one of its attorneys 25 reached out to plaintiffs’ counsel regarding the case. Id. The court held that “[t]he evidence 26 suggests that Defendant is aware of the pending litigation against her and is evading service,” so 27 service by publication was appropriate—after the plaintiffs attempted service by mail. Id. 1 the California Court of Appeal in Miller, or that Shoprime is even aware of the suit. Unlike in 2 || Felix, Plaintiff has not demonstrated that Shoprime or Alhalabi—or their counsel—have actual 3 notice of this lawsuit. Plaintiff simply asserts that failing to update Shoprime’s service address on 4 || the New York Secretary of State’s website or the Amazon Storefront shows evasion of service. 5 Mot. at 7. However, the Secretary of State refused service not because of an inaccurate address, 6 but rather because the action was filed in California, not New York. See Callahan Decl. §] 3(c); 7 || Ex. C; see id. (failing to mark “No Records Located” on the form). Plaintiff does not point to 8 || anything in the Secretary of State’s response to show that the lack of updated address is probative 9 || of evasion of service. Plaintiff also contends that the absence of a public website or public email 10 “calls into question” whether Shoprime is evading service, but, without more, this fact does not 11 show a deliberate intent by Shoprime to conceal itself. Mot. at 7; Callahan Decl. 9] 2, 4; see 12 Miller, 195 Cal. App. 2d at 786. In sum, Plaintiff has not sufficiently shown the “thorough, 13 systematic investigation and inquiry” to warrant the “last resort” option of service by publication. |l Iv. CONCLUSION 3 15 For the foregoing reasons, Plaintiff's motion is denied without prejudice. The court further a 16 || notes that Plaintiff has not filed the required affidavit establishing that it has a claim against 3 17 Shoprime. While the Callahan Declaration describes the attempts the process server undertook to 18 || effectuate service, it does not provide any independent evidentiary support for the existence of a 19 cause of action. See Cal. Civ. Proc. Code § 415.50 (a)(1); Hernandez, 2019 WL 4417589 , at *3 20 || (denying motion absent the required affidavit while also questioning plaintiff's reasonable 21 diligence to permit service by publication); Cummings, 2016 WL 4762208 , at *3 (finding 22 || reasonable diligence but denying motion for failing to provide the required affidavit). gS 24 IT IS SO ORDERED. ks 25 || Dated: November 15, 2021 □ \ 26 CA | fore Doms I. 27 United StatessiMaersttate- Judge