Pop Top Corp v. Rakuten Kobo Inc.

— 1 — — 2 — — 3 — 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA — 6 — 7 POP TOP CORP, Case No. 20-cv-04482-DMR 8 Plaintiff, ORDER ON DEFENDANT'S MOTION 9 v. FOR ATTORNEYS' FEES AND COSTS 10 RAKUTEN KOBO INC., Re: Dkt. No. 61 11 Defendant. 12 Plaintiff Pop Top Corp. (“Pop Top”) sued Defendant Rakuten Kobo Inc. (“Kobo”) for 13 patent infringement, alleging that the Kobo App, an eReader software application for reading 14 eBooks, infringed U.S. Patent No. 7,966,623 (“the ‘623 patent”). On June 25, 2021, the court 15 granted summary judgment of non-infringement. [Docket No. 50.] Kobo now moves for an 16 award of attorneys’ fees and non-taxable costs under 35 U.S.C. § 285 and the court’s inherent 17 authority. It also asks the court to hold Pop Top’s counsel personally liable for fees and costs 18 pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1927 . [Docket No. 61.] This matter is suitable for resolution without a 19 hearing. Civ. L.R. 7-1(b). For the following reasons, the motion is granted in part and denied in 20 part. 21 I. BACKGROUND 22 A. The ‘623 Patent 23 The ‘623 patent is titled “Method and Apparatus for Enabling Highlighter Services for 24 Visitors to Web Pages.” Compl. Ex. 1 (‘623 Patent). In order to address shortcomings in existing 25 methods of saving and sharing content, the ‘623 patent discloses “[a] method for invoking a 26 highlighting service to operate with a web page.” Id. at 1:33-2:53, 2:57-58 . It explains that “the 27 basic function of the highlighting service is to enable a user to highlight an object (e.g., text, 1 be recalled at a later time and/or shared with other users.” Id. at 5:21-25 . 2 The ‘623 patent contains one claim, which sets forth a specific computer-implemented 3 method to provide the ability to highlight an “internet document,” and describes a sequence of 4 steps. In relevant part, the method comprises the following: 5 at a content server, receiving a request for an internet document from a client web browser; serving the internet document from the content 6 server to the client web browser, wherein the internet document includes code for invoking a highlighting service to operate with the 7 internet document, the highlighting service hosted at a highlighting service server which is different than the content server hosting the 8 internet document and the code causing a user interface object for invoking the highlighting service to be displayed by the client web 9 browser in connection with the internet document . . . 10 ‘623 Patent at 8:22-33 (emphasis added). 11 B. Litigation History 12 Pop Top filed this lawsuit on July 7, 2020 asserting that Kobo infringed claim 1 of the ‘623 13 patent via the Kobo App. It alleged that the Kobo App “facilitates the download of a book to the 14 user device, A Tale of Two Cities. The book running on the App is an internet document. The 15 book is served to the user device with executable code to invoke a highlighting service” and “[t]he 16 App includes a web portal or tool, which allows the reader of A Tale of Two Cities to highlight 17 portions of the text.” Compl. ¶ 14. 18 Shortly after Pop Top filed its complaint, Kobo’s counsel began corresponding with Pop 19 Top’s counsel regarding the merits of the patent infringement allegations. Kobo disputed several 20 aspects of the Kobo App’s alleged infringement of claim 1 of the ‘623 patent and asked Pop Top 21 to dismiss its complaint. On August 10, 2021, defense counsel explained that even assuming that 22 “the books provided through the Kobo App were ‘internet documents’” within the meaning of 23 claim one, the eBooks “are not provided with—nor do they include—any executable code, let 24 alone ‘code for invoking a highlighting service.’ Instead, the code for highlighting content in a 25 book is included in the Kobo App itself and is common to all books.” [Docket No. 61-1 (Raskin 26 Decl. Jul. 13, 2021) ¶ 4, Ex. 2 (emphasis in original).] In response, Pop Top’s counsel disputed 27 the assertion that claim 1 “require[s] ‘executable code,’” directly contradicting its own allegation 1 highlighting service.” Raskin Decl. ¶ 5, Ex. 3; Compl. ¶ 14. 2 Defense counsel sent five more letters and emails to Pop Top’s counsel through October 3 2020, each time disputing that the eBooks provided through the Kobo App contain “code for 4 invoking a highlighting service,” among other things. Raskin Decl. ¶¶ 6, 10, 11, 13, 14; Exs. 4, 8, 5 9, 11, 12. In these communications, Kobo’s counsel produced a copy of the complete eBook file, 6 including source code, for the book identified in the complaint, A Tale of Two Cities, and made 7 available for Pop Top’s inspection the eBook file for Win Bigly, a second book that Pop Top’s 8 counsel had identified in correspondence. Raskin Decl. ¶¶ 7, 9, 10, Exs. 5, 9, 10. Defense counsel 9 explained that Kobo was providing the eBooks so that Pop Top “and [its] expert can confirm that 10 neither includes any ‘code for invoking a highlighting service.’” Raskin Decl. Ex. 8. In response, 11 Pop Top’s counsel identified a JavaScript file in A Tale of Two Cities as “contain[ing] code to 12 invoke various [unspecified] Kobo services” and stated, “our discovery will focus on Kobo ebooks 13 that are capable of invoking the highlighting service.” Raskin Decl. ¶ 10, Ex. 10.1 Kobo 14 responded that the JavaScript file “does not contain any function having anything to do with 15 highlighting” and that the JavaScript file instead pertained to functions such as page count, 16 pagination, progress, font size, and night reading. Raskin Decl. ¶ 11, Ex. 11 (emphasis in 17 original). 18 In preparation for the October 7, 2020 initial case management conference, Kobo requested 19 leave to file an early summary judgment motion of non-infringement. The parties agreed to limit 20 discovery to what was needed by Pop Top to oppose the early summary judgment motion. 21 [Docket No. 21 (Joint CMC Statement) 2, 3.] See also Raskin Decl. ¶ 8. They jointly proposed an 22 October 21, 2020 deadline by which Pop Top would serve its Patent Local Rules 3-1 and 3-2 23 disclosures and document production, as well as a briefing schedule for the motion. Joint CMC 24 Statement 5-6. Under the proposed briefing schedule, Pop Top had over two months in which to 25 file its opposition to the motion for summary judgment. Defense counsel states that the purpose of 26 giving Pop Top an extended opposition period was to accommodate any discovery Pop Top — 27 — 1 needed to conduct to oppose the motion. Raskin Decl. ¶ 8. At the initial case management 2 conference, the court granted Kobo leave to file an early summary judgment motion of non3 infringement and adopted the parties’ jointly proposed schedule. [Docket No. 26.] 4 Kobo timely filed its motion in which it asked the court to grant summary judgment of 5 non-infringement on the ground that four limitations in claim 1 are not found in the Kobo App. It 6 asserted that no claim construction was necessary to evaluate non-infringement. Pop Top opposed 7 the motion. It was “silent on whether the court must construe any claim terms in order to decide 8 the motion,” arguing instead that Kobo “made up out of whole cloth” the four purported claim 9 limitations and that there were numerous factual disputes as to the claim requirements. Pop Top, — 10 — 2021 WL 2633479 , at *3. 11 On June 25, 2021, following a hearing, the court granted Kobo’s motion for summary 12 judgment on non-infringement, holding that Pop Top “utterly fail[ed]” to show a dispute of 13 material fact on the first limitation, that is, whether the eBooks delivered to the Kobo App 14 “include[ ] code for invoking a highlighting service to operate with the internet document[.]” Id. 15 at *4. The court found that “Kobo submitted affirmative unrebutted evidence that its eBooks do 16 not include ‘code for invoking a highlighting service’”; that Pop Top had not identified “code for 17 invoking a highlighting service” in the “internet document”; and that its October 2020 18 infringement contentions were “vague on this point.” Id. The court noted that Pop Top had 19 “engage[d] in distraction” by mischaracterizing Kobo’s argument as requiring that “the served 20 internet document . . . include all code necessary to highlight the served internet document.” The 21 court held that this “blatantly misconstrue[d] Kobo’s position,” which was “that the claim requires 22 the internet document to ‘include[ ] code for invoking a highlighting service.” Id. at *5 . The 23 court found that the undisputed evidence demonstrated “that the eBooks for the Kobo App do not 24 include any such code.” Id. 25 Notably, Pop Top did not submit any evidence in opposition to Kobo’s summary judgment 26 motion. Pop Top also admitted that it had conducted no discovery.2 — 27 — 1 The court also rejected Pop Top’s attempt to offer two new theories regarding how the 2 eBooks include “code for invoking a highlighting service,” neither of which had been disclosed in 3 its infringement contentions.3 Id. at *5-6 . Finding that Pop Top had made no effort to show good 4 cause to amend its infringement contentions to disclose the new theories and thus could not rely 5 on them, the court nonetheless concluded that both were meritless. Neither theory raised a 6 material dispute of fact as to whether the Kobo App meets the limitation that “the internet 7 document includes code for invoking a highlighting service to operate with the internet 8 document.” Id. 9 The court concluded that Pop Top’s failure to identify a dispute of fact regarding the first 10 limitation was fatal to its infringement claim. Id. at *6 ; see TechSearch, L.L.C. v. Intel Corp., 286 11 F.3d 1360 , 1371 (Fed. Cir. 2002) (“To establish literal infringement, all of the elements of the 12 claim, as correctly construed, must be present in the accused system.”). 13 The court entered judgment for Kobo on June 25, 2021. [Docket No. 54.] Kobo filed its 14 motion for attorneys’ fees and non-taxable costs 14 days later, on July 9, 2021. The Clerk’s 15 Office issued an electronic filing error on July 13, 2021 directing Kobo to re-file its motion 16 because Kobo had not properly noticed the motion for hearing pursuant to the Local Rules. Kobo 17 refiled the motion the same day. [Docket No. 61.] Kobo requests an award of $274,741.43 in 18 attorneys’ fees under 28 U.S.C. § 285 and non-taxable expenses of $15,675.00 pursuant to the 19 court’s inherent power. It also asks the court to hold Pop Top’s counsel jointly liable for Kobo’s 20 fees under 28 U.S.C. § 1927 . Pop Top opposes. [Docket No. 70.] 21 II. LEGAL STANDARD 22 The Patent Act authorizes courts to award attorneys’ fees in patent litigation. It provides 23 that “[t]he court in exceptional cases may award reasonable attorney fees to the prevailing party.” — 24 — 28 U.S.C. § 285 . An exceptional case “stands out from others with respect to the substantive — 25 — discovery,” and requested discovery under Rule 56(d). Pop Top, 2021 WL 2633479 , at *3 n.3. At — 26 — the hearing, Pop Top withdrew its Rule 56(d) request after admitting that it had not conducted any discovery to date. Id. — 27 — 1 strength of a party’s litigating position (considering both the governing law and the facts of the 2 case) or the unreasonable manner in which the case was litigated.” Octane Fitness, LLC v. ICON 3 Health & Fitness, Inc., 572 U.S. 545, 554 (2014). The determination of whether a case is 4 exceptional is committed to the court’s sound discretion, and courts may determine whether a case 5 is “exceptional” by considering the totality of the circumstances. Id. Factors courts may consider 6 include “frivolousness, motivation, objective unreasonableness (both in the factual and legal 7 components of the case) and the need in particular circumstances to advance considerations of 8 compensation and deterrence.” Id. at 554 n.6 (quoting Fogerty v. Fantasy, Inc., 510 U.S. 517 , 534 9 n.19 (1994)). A party must establish its entitlement to attorneys’ fees under section 285 by a 10 preponderance of the evidence. Id. at 557 . 11 Courts do not award attorneys’ fees “as a penalty for failure to win a patent infringement 12 suit.” Id. at 548 (quoting Park–In–Theatres, Inc. v. Perkins, 190 F.2d 137, 142 (9th Cir. 1951)). 13 Rather, “[t]he legislative purpose behind § 285 is to prevent a party from suffering a ‘gross 14 injustice.’” Checkpoint Sys., Inc. v. All-Tag Sec. S.A., 858 F.3d 1371, 1376 (Fed. Cir. 2017). 15 III. DISCUSSION 16 As an initial matter, Pop Top argues that Kobo’s motion was untimely under Civil Local 17 Rule 54-5(a) and should be denied on that basis. Rule 54-5(a) provides that motions for awards of 18 attorneys’ fees “must be served and filed within 14 days of entry of judgment by the District 19 Court, unless otherwise ordered by the Court . . .” Here, the court entered judgment on June 25, 20 2021. Any motion for attorneys’ fees was due 14 days later on July 9, 2021. As noted above, 21 Kobo filed its motion for attorneys’ fees and non-taxable costs on July 9, 2021. However, due to 22 Kobo’s failure to select a hearing date on the court’s electronic filing system, the Clerk’s Office 23 issued a notice of electronic filing error on July 13, 2021 directing Kobo to re-file its motion. 24 Kobo promptly refiled the motion the same day. [Docket No. 61.] Under these circumstances, 25 where Kobo timely filed the motion but was directed to re-file it several days later due to an 26 electronic filing error, the court finds that the motion was timely filed and will consider its merits. 27 Kobo asks the court for an award of attorneys’ fees under 28 U.S.C. § 285 and non-taxable 1 jointly liable for Kobo’s fees under 28 U.S.C. § 1927 . 2 A. 28 U.S.C. § 285 3 It is undisputed that Kobo is the prevailing party. Kobo offers two independent bases for 4 an award of attorneys’ fees pursuant to section 285. It asserts that (1) Pop Top’s infringement 5 claim was baseless; and (2) Pop Top litigated the case in an objectively unreasonable manner. 6 As noted, an exceptional case is one that “stands out from others with respect to the 7 substantive strength of a party’s litigating position . . . or the unreasonable manner in which the 8 case was litigated.” Octane Fitness, 572 U.S. at 554 . With respect to Kobo’s first basis for a fee 9 award, “courts in this district tend to award fees” based on the strength or weakness of a party’s 10 litigation position “when a plaintiff persists with a clearly untenable claim, or adduces no evidence 11 in support of its position.” Location Based Servs., LLC v. Niantic, Inc., No. 17-cv-04413 NC, — 12 — 2018 WL 7569160 , at *1 (N.D. Cal. Feb. 16, 2018) (collecting cases); see, e.g., Kilopass Tech. 13 Inc. v. Sidense Corp., No. C 10-02066 SI, 2014 WL 3956703 , at *14 (N.D. Cal. Aug. 12, 2014) 14 (finding all three infringement theories relied on in litigation “were objectively baseless because 15 none of them took into account the size difference between the accused technology and the 16 claimed invention”). 17 In this case, the record establishes that Pop Top never advanced factual support for its 18 position that the Kobo App infringed claim 1 of the ‘623 patent. After Pop Top filed the 19 complaint, Kobo almost immediately disputed several aspects of the Kobo App’s alleged 20 infringement of claim 1, including the complaint’s allegation that the exemplar eBook running on 21 the Kobo App “is served to the user device with executable code to invoke a highlighting service.” 22 See Compl. ¶ 14. Kobo repeatedly set forth its position and asked Pop Top for evidence 23 supporting its claim that eBooks included such code. It provided Pop Top with a copy of the 24 complete source file for the book identified in the complaint so that Pop Top could confirm that it 25 did not include “code for invoking a highlighting service.” It made a second eBook available for 26 inspection after the book was identified by Pop Top’s counsel. Instead of providing evidence 27 supporting its infringement claims, Pop Top litigated the case by responding with a series of 1 and another at the hearing on Kobo’s motion for summary judgment. See Pop Top, 2021 WL 2 2633479, at *5, 6. At the end of the day, Pop Top never offered evidence supporting its claim that 3 the eBooks delivered to the Kobo App include “code for invoking a highlighting service.” 4 In its opposition to this motion, Pop Top rehashes its position that “Kobo’s summary 5 judgment argument was based on the false premise that ‘code for invoking a highlighting service’ 6 is ‘code that executes highlighting functionality on the internet document.’” Opp’n 14. Pop Top 7 contends that it “asked the court to construe ‘code for invoking’ to mean leads to highlighting,” 8 but that the court never construed the term or any other terms in claim 1. Instead, according to 9 Pop Top, the court adopted Kobo’s position “that the eBook must include the code that in fact 10 highlights the eBook.” Id. at 15, 17, 20 (emphasis added). 11 To escape liability for fees, Pop Top argues that this is not a situation where it persisted 12 with litigation “notwithstanding a negative claim-construction order” and the case is thus not 13 exceptional. Id. at 15 (citing In re PersonalWeb Techs., LLC et al., Pat. Litig., No. 18-MD-0283414 BLF, 2020 WL 5910080 , at *13 (N.D. Cal. Oct. 6, 2020) (finding that plaintiff’s “attempt to work 15 around the Court’s claim construction ruling was egregious and exceptional,” including directing 16 its expert “to base his infringement opinions on a substitute claim construction preferred by [the 17 plaintiff]” and awarding fees under section 285)).4 Pop Top claims that it “has remained 18 consistent alleging in good faith that Kobo serves eBooks that include code for invoking the 19 highlighting service.” Opp’n 20. 20 Pop Top once again “engages in distraction” and “blatantly misconstrues” Kobo’s position, 21 as well as this court’s order granting summary judgment. See Pop Top, 2021 WL 2633479 , at *5. 22 The court did not construe the claim to mean that the internet document must “include all code 23 necessary to highlight the served internet document.” In fact, Kobo did not advance such a 24 construction. Rather, Kobo presented unrebutted evidence that the eBooks for the Kobo App — 25 — — 26 — 4 Contrary to Pop Top’s position, a “negative claim-construction order” is not required to find that a case is exceptional under section 285. See Octane Fitness, 572 U.S. at 554 (explaining that — 27 — “[t]here is no precise rule or formula for making these determinations” and that courts “may 1 include no “code for invoking a highlighting service.” Id. (emphasis added). 2 Pop Top now contends that its position at summary judgment “construed ‘code for 3 invoking’ as code that leads to highlighting based on user interaction with the eBook[.]” Opp’n 4 13 (emphasis added). This is incorrect. Pop Top never advanced such a construction. Instead, it 5 argued that “[t]he code included in the internet document that the content server in claim 1 serves 6 need only lead to the invocation of the highlighting service.”5 [Docket No. 39-3 at ECF p. 14.] 7 The court applied this language exactly as Pop Top asked it to do, granting summary judgment 8 based on Kobo’s undisputed, unrebutted evidence that the eBooks do not contain any “code for 9 invoking a highlighting service.” See Pop Top, 2021 WL 2633479 , at *4-6. 10 More importantly, Pop Top has never identified any “code for invoking the highlighting 11 service” on the eBook—not in response to Kobo’s numerous requests to do so after it filed this 12 lawsuit, not in its summary judgment briefing, not in response to the court’s questioning at the 13 hearing on the motion for summary judgment, and not in its briefing on the current motion. See 14 Hr’g Tr. at 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 15, 16 (“You have to point me to code that invokes. But you still 15 haven’t pointed to code in the eBook that invokes.”), 17 (“Where is the code in the eBook? . . . 16 You haven’t yet shown me any code from the eBook.”), 19, 31. Simply put, whether “code for 17 invoking” should be construed as code that “lead[s] to the invocation of the highlighting service” 18 or code “that leads to highlighting based on user interaction with the eBook,” Pop Top still does 19 not identify any specific code within the eBook. Pop Top had ample opportunity to examine 20 Kobo’s eBooks including the embedded source code. Pop Top’s failure to offer any evidence that 21 the “code for invoking” limitation is present in Kobo’s eBooks under any theory, or to conduct 22 any discovery regarding the same demonstrates the unreasonableness of Pop Top’s infringement 23 position. “Failing to develop any evidence to support an infringement position ‘stands out from 24 others with respect to the substantive strength of a party’s litigating position.”” IPVX Pat. 25 Holdings, Inc. v. Voxernet LLC, No. 5:13-CV-01708 HRL, 2014 WL 5795545 , at *5 (N.D. Cal. — 26 — 5 At the hearing, the court noted that Pop Top had not “offer[ed] any claim construction, any — 27 — response to the potential claim construction of ‘highlighting service,’ and any argument that claim 1 Nov. 6, 2014) (quoting Octane Fitness, 572 U.S. at 554 ) (finding plaintiff’s litigation position on 2 infringement was unreasonable where it presented no evidence that the accused product met a 3 claim limitation at summary judgment and awarding attorneys’ fees). 4 Considering the totality of the circumstances, the court concludes that this case is “one that 5 stands out from the others” with respect to the objective unreasonableness and substantive 6 weakness of Pop Top’s litigating position. Octane Fitness, 572 U.S. at 554 . Accordingly, an 7 award of fees under section 285 on that basis is appropriate. 8 Kobo’s second argument is that Pop Top litigated the case in an objectively unreasonable 9 manner. Courts that have awarded attorneys’ fees due to the losing party’s unreasonable manner 10 of litigation generally have pointed to egregious behavior. See Vasudevan Software, Inc. v. 11 Microstrategy, Inc., No. 11-cv-06637-RS, 2015 WL 4940635 , at *5 (N.D. Cal. Aug. 19, 2015) 12 (collecting cases). “A party that mars the proceedings with multiple bad acts more easily crosses 13 the threshold of exceptionality.” Location Based Servs., 2018 WL 7569160 , at *1. Kobo argues 14 that Pop Top litigated the case in an unreasonable manner because it “failed to diligently pursue 15 discovery in order to confirm that its infringement theories had merit.” Mot. 13-14 (citing Smart 16 Wearable Techs. Inc. v. Fitbit Inc., No. 17-CV-05068-VC, 2018 WL 3201751 , at *1 (N.D. Cal. 17 June 27, 2018) (awarding fees under Section 285 for “plainly irresponsible and frivolous” conduct 18 in litigation)). 19 Courts have treated the failure to pursue discovery as pertinent to examining the 20 substantive strength of a claim and not to whether a party litigated the case in an “objectively 21 unreasonable manner.” See, e.g., Logic Devices, Inc. v. Apple Inc., No. C 13-02943 WHA, 2014 22 WL 6844821 , at *4 (N.D. Cal. Dec. 4, 2014) (finding case exceptional “with respect to the 23 substantive strength of [the plaintiff’s] litigation position” where it was “unsupported by the 24 record” and the plaintiff “took zero depositions and ‘little discovery’”); IPVX, 2014 WL 5795545 , 25 at *5 (finding plaintiff’s substantive positions were unreasonable where it “failed to present any 26 evidence to support” its position at summary judgment). In contrast, “egregious behavior” 27 supporting an award for litigation misconduct “generally involves unethical or unprofessional 1 Bldg. Prod., Inc. v. CertainTeed Gypsum, Inc., No. 18-CV-00346-LHK, 2021 WL 75755 , at *4 2 (N.D. Cal. Jan. 7, 2021) (denying request for fees based on purported misrepresentations to the 3 court, USPTO and others that did not rise to the level of “egregious behavior” (quotation marks 4 and citations omitted)); see also Kilopass, 2014 WL 3956703 , at *6, 14 (finding plaintiff litigated 5 in an unreasonable manner in part because of “conduct that at times amounted to gamesmanship,” 6 including taking a position before the PTO’s Board of Patent Appeals and Interferences that “was 7 clearly irreconcilable” with the position it took in court). 8 Here, Kobo has not shown that Pop Top engaged in “egregious behavior” in litigating this 9 case. Nevertheless, for the reasons discussed above, the court finds that Pop Top’s failure to 10 identify evidence supporting its argument or to conduct any discovery during this litigation 11 demonstrates that this case is exceptional due to the substantive weakness of Pop Top’s claims and 12 supports an award of fees under section 285 on that basis. 13 B. Pop Top’s Counsel’s Liability for Fees Under 28 U.S.C. § 1927 14 Kobo next asks the court to hold Pop Top and its counsel jointly liable for Kobo’s fees 15 under 28 U.S.C. § 1927 . Mot. 14-16. 16 Section 1927 allows a court to order an attorney who “so multiplies the proceedings in any 17 case unreasonably and vexatiously” to personally satisfy “the excess costs, expenses, and 18 attorneys’ fees reasonably incurred because of” their conduct. 28 U.S.C. § 1927 . The imposition 19 of section 1927 sanctions “must be supported by a finding of subjective bad faith,” which “is 20 present when an attorney knowingly or recklessly raises a frivolous argument, or argues a 21 meritorious claim for the purpose of harassing an opponent.” In re Keegan Mgmt. Co., Sec. Litig., — 22 — 78 F.3d 431, 435 (9th Cir. 1996) (quotation marks and citations omitted). “Because the section 23 authorizes sanctions only for the ‘multipli[cation of] proceedings,’ it applies only to unnecessary 24 filings and tactics once a lawsuit has begun . . . § 1927 cannot be applied to an initial pleading.” 25 Id. 26 Kobo contends that counsel should be personally liable for its fees under section 1927, 27 arguing that “[t]his lawsuit should never have been brought” and “should have been dismissed 1 numerous opportunities to dismiss the suit but responded with “ever-shifting, baseless 2 infringement theories” and ultimately failed to gather evidence to oppose Kobo’s motion for 3 summary judgment, forcing Kobo to “needlessly expend time and money.” Id. However, Kobo 4 provides no evidence demonstrating that after filing the complaint, Pop Top’s counsel engaged in 5 “unnecessary filings and tactics” that were made with subjective bad faith. As counsel’s actions 6 do not meet the requisite standard under section 1927, the court denies Kobo’s motion to hold Pop 7 Top’s counsel personally liable for awarding attorneys’ fees. 8 C. Kobo’s Expert Fees 9 Kobo asks the court to exercise its inherent power in awarding non-taxable expenses of 10 $15,675.00, which is the cost of Kobo’s expert witness fees. Mot. 19. 11 “Section 285 allows a district court to award attorney’s fees for exceptional conduct, but 12 the statute has been read to exclude expert witness fees.” Finjan, Inc. v. Juniper Networks, Inc., 13 No. C 17-05659 WHA, 2021 WL 3140716 , at *3 (N.D. Cal. July 26, 2021) (citing Amsted Indus., 14 Inc. v. Buckeye Steel Castings Co., 23 F.3d 374, 377 (Fed. Cir. 1994)). However, “a district court 15 may invoke its inherent power to impose sanctions in the form of reasonable expert fees in excess 16 of what is provided for by statute.” Takeda Chem. Indus., Ltd. v. Mylan Lab’ys, Inc., 549 F.3d 17 1381, 1391 (Fed. Cir. 2008). “The use of this inherent power is reserved for cases with ‘a finding 18 of fraud or abuse of the judicial process,’” id. (quoting Amsted, 23 F.3d at 378 ), including “cases 19 involving bad faith that cannot be otherwise reached by rules or statutes.” Id. (citing Chambers v. 20 NASCO, Inc., 501 U.S. 32, 46 (1991)). “[N]ot every case that qualifies as exceptional under § 285 21 will also qualify for sanctions under the court’s inherent power.” MarcTec, LLC v. Johnson & 22 Johnson, 664 F.3d 907, 921 (Fed. Cir. 2012) (citing Amsted, 23 F.3d at 378 ). 23 Kobo argues that it is entitled to the expert witness fees under the court’s inherent power 24 for largely the same reasons that it seeks fees under section 285; namely, that Pop Top proceeded 25 with multiple infringement theories even after receiving a copy of an eBook that “proved that 26 Kobo did not infringe the asserted patent,” which forced Kobo to retain an expert witness to 27 disprove the theories. Mot. 19. Use of the court’s inherent authority to impose sanctions “is 1 temple of justice has been defiled.’” MarcTec, 664 F.3d at 921 (quoting Amsted, 23 F.3d at 378 2 (quoting Chambers, 501 U.S. at 46 )). As Kobo has not established fraud or the requisite bad faith, 3 the court “enjoys no discretion to employ inherent powers to impose sanctions” in the form of 4 Kobo’s expert witness fees. See Amsted, 23 F.3d at 378 . 5 D. Amount of Attorneys’ Fees 6 Kobo requests an award of its full fees and submits a declaration in support of the 7 requested amount of $274,721.43. Raskin Decl. ¶¶ 18-29. Pop Top did not object to the 8 reasonableness of the hours expended or the requested hourly rates and has therefore waived any 9 challenges to the amount of the fee award. The court nevertheless must independently assess 10 whether the fee request is reasonable. 11 Counsel’s declaration cites Civil Local Rule 54-5(b)(2), which provides that a motion for 12 attorneys’ fees must include a declaration containing “[a] statement of the services rendered by 13 each person for whose services fees are claimed, together with a summary of the time spent by 14 each person, and a statement describing the manner in which time records were maintained.” Id. 15 at ¶ 18. However, the description of the services rendered by each attorney is so general that the 16 court is unable to determine if the time spent was “excessive, redundant, or otherwise 17 unnecessary.” Hensley v. Eckerhart, 461 U.S. 424, 434 (1983). See Raskin Decl. ¶ 22. For 18 example, the court is unable to analyze whether counsel billed for excessive meetings or 19 administrative tasks or whether there was any duplication of work by the attorneys who worked on 20 the case. Counsel’s declaration provides minimal details about his exercise of billing judgment. 21 See id. at ¶¶ 27, 28. Accordingly, by no later than February 11, 2022, Kobo shall submit an 22 abstract of the contemporary time records along with a supplemental declaration by counsel 23 explaining in detail whether counsel exercised billing judgment with respect to the time records, 24 and if so, how. See Civ. L.R. 54-5(b)(2) (providing that a court may “require production of an 25 abstract of or the contemporary time records for inspection, including in camera inspection” in 26 connection with fee motions). The court will take the matter of the amount of Kobo’s attorneys’ 27 fees award under submission upon receipt of the abstract and supplemental declaration. IV. CONCLUSION For the foregoing reasons, Kobo’s motion for an award of attorneys’ fees and non-taxable — 2 — costs is granted in part and denied in part. 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