Johnson v. La Fontaine Food, Inc.

[2] 3 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 4 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 5 SAN JOSE DIVISION [6] 7 SCOTT JOHNSON, Case No. 21-cv-04838-BLF 8 Plaintiff, ORDER GRANTING IN PART 9 v. MOTION FOR DEFAULT JUDGMENT 10 LA FONTAINE FOOD, INC., [Re: ECF No. 14] 11 Defendant. [12] 13 In this action, Plaintiff Scott Johnson asserts claims under Title III of the Americans with 14 Disabilities Act of 1990, 42 U.S.C. § 12101 , et seq. (“ADA”), and the California Unruh Civil Rights 15 Act, Cal. Civ. Code §§ 51–52 (“Unruh Act”). See ECF No. 1. Johnson seeks injunctive relief, 16 statutory damages, attorneys’ fees, and costs of suit. Id. Defendant La Fontaine Food, Inc. 17 (“La Fontaine”) has failed to appear in this matter. At Johnson’s request, the Clerk of Court has 18 entered default against the Defendant. See ECF No. 13. 19 Now before the Court is Johnson’s motion for default judgment. ECF No. 14-1 (“Mot.”). 20 Johnson has provided a proof of service showing that he served the motion on the Defendant, see 21 ECF No. 14-13, although there is no notice requirement for either the entry of default or Johnson’s 22 motion. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 55(a), (b)(2). Under Local Rule 7-1(b), the Court finds this motion 23 suitable for determination without oral argument. Accordingly, the April 28, 2022 hearing is hereby 24 VACATED. 25 For the reasons discussed below, the Court GRANTS IN PART the motion for default 26 judgment. 27 I. BACKGROUND 1 significant manual dexterity impairments. ECF No. 1 (“Compl.”) ¶ 1. He uses a wheelchair for 2 mobility and has a specially equipped van. Id. Defendant is the alleged owner of the restaurant La 3 Fontaine (the “Restaurant”) at or about 186 Castro St. in Mountain View, California, and it owned 4 the Restaurant in April and May 2021. Id. ¶¶ 2–3. Johnson allegedly went to the Restaurant in 5 April and May 2021 and found that Defendant failed to provide wheelchair accessible outside dining 6 surfaces in conformance with ADA standards. Id. ¶¶ 8, 10. Johnson says that he intends to return 7 to the Restaurant but is currently deterred from doing so because he knows of the lack of a 8 wheelchair accessible outdoor dining surface. Id. ¶ 20. Johnson brings claims under the ADA and 9 Unruh Act and seeks injunctive relief, statutory damages, attorneys’ fees, and costs. Id. ¶¶ 22–33; 10 id. at 7. 11 II. LEGAL STANDARD 12 Default may be entered against a party who fails to plead or otherwise defend an action, who 13 is neither a minor nor an incompetent person, and against whom a judgment for affirmative relief is 14 sought. Fed. R. Civ. P. 55(a). After an entry of default, a court may, in its discretion, enter default 15 judgment. Id. R. 55(b)(2); Aldabe v. Aldabe, 616 F.2d 1089, 1092 (9th Cir. 1980). In deciding 16 whether to enter default judgment, a court may consider the following factors: (1) the possibility of 17 prejudice to the plaintiff; (2) the merits of the plaintiff’s substantive claims; (3) the sufficiency of 18 the complaint; (4) the sum of money at stake in the action; (5) the possibility of a dispute concerning 19 material facts; (6) whether the default was due to excusable neglect; and (7) the strong policy 20 underlying the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure favoring decisions on the merits. Eitel v. McCool, [21] 782 F.2d 1470 , 1471–72 (9th Cir. 1986). In considering these factors, all factual allegations in the 22 plaintiff’s complaint are taken as true, except those related to damages. TeleVideo Sys., Inc. v. 23 Heidenthal, 826 F.2d 915 , 917–18 (9th Cir. 1987). When the damages claimed are not readily 24 ascertainable from the pleadings and the record, the court may either conduct an evidentiary hearing 25 or proceed on documentary evidence submitted by the plaintiff. See Johnson v. Garlic Farm Truck 26 Ctr. LLC, No. 20–cv–03871–BLF, 2021 WL 2457154 , at *2 (N.D. Cal. Jun. 16, 2021). 27 III. DISCUSSION 1 defend, a district court has an affirmative duty to look into its jurisdiction over both the subject 2 matter and parties.” In re Tuli, 172 F.3d 707, 712 (9th Cir. 1999). The Court discusses in turn 3 jurisdiction, service of process, the Eitel factors, and Johnson’s requested relief. 4 A. Jurisdiction 5 The Court has subject matter jurisdiction over this lawsuit. Federal question jurisdiction 6 exists based on Johnson’s federal ADA claim, 28 U.S.C. § 1331 , and the Court can exercise 7 supplemental jurisdiction over his California Unruh Act claim, id. § 1367. The Court also has 8 personal jurisdiction over Defendant. Johnson has submitted public records indicating that 9 Defendant is a California corporation. See Mot., Ex. 5. It thus appears that Defendant is subject to 10 this Court’s general jurisdiction. See Daimler AG v. Baumann, 571 U.S. 117, 137 (2014). 11 B. Service of Process 12 When a plaintiff requests default judgment, the court must assess whether the defendant was 13 properly served with notice of the action. See, e.g., Solis v. Cardiografix, No. 12–cv–01485, [14] 2012 WL 3638548 , at *2 (N.D. Cal. Aug. 22, 2012). Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 4 provides 15 that service may be effected in accordance with state law. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(e)(1), (h)(1)(A). 16 Under California law, a corporation or limited liability company can be served by delivering the 17 summons and complaint to one of an enumerated list of individuals, including the designated agent 18 for service of process or the general manager of the entity. See Cal. Civ. P. Code 416.10; Vasic v. 19 Pat. Health, L.L.C., No. 13CV849 AJB (MDD), 2013 WL 12076475 , at *2 (S.D. Cal. Nov. 26, 20 2013). In lieu of personal service on such individual, substitute service may be effected “by leaving 21 a copy of the summons and complaint during usual office hours in his or her office . . . with the 22 person who is apparently in charge thereof, and by thereafter mailing a copy of the summons and 23 complaint by first-class mail, postage prepaid to the person to be served at the place where a copy 24 of the summons and complaint were left.” Cal. Civ. P. Code § 415.20 (a). A sworn proof of service 25 constitutes “prima facie evidence of valid service which can be overcome only by strong and 26 convincing evidence.” G&G Closed Cir. Events, LLC v. Macias, 2021 WL 2037955 , at *2 27 (N.D. Cal. May 21, 2021) (quoting Securities & Exchg. Comm’n v. Internet Solns. for Business, 1 Johnson has filed a proof of service indicating that the summons and complaint were served 2 on Defendant’s agent for service of process, Murat Sumbul, by substitute service pursuant to 3 § 415.20(a). See ECF No. 10. The summons and complaint were left at Sumbul’s business on 4 July 9, 2021 at 12:45 p.m. with the office manager. See id. The summons and complaint were 5 thereafter mailed to Sumbul at the same address. See id. The Court therefore finds that Defendant 6 was properly served with process. 7 C. Eitel Factors 8 The Court finds that the seven Eitel factors support entering a default judgment. 9 a. Factors 1 and 4–7 10 On the first Eitel factor, the Court finds that Johnson would be prejudiced without a default 11 judgment against Defendant. Unless default judgment is entered, Johnson will have no other means 12 of recourse against Defendant. See Ridola v. Chao, No. 16–cv–02246–BLF, 2018 WL 2287668 , 13 at *5 (N.D. Cal. May 18, 2018) (plaintiff prejudiced without default judgment because she “would 14 have no other means of recourse against Defendants for the damages caused by their conduct”). 15 The fourth Eitel factor requires the Court to consider the sum of money at stake in relation 16 to the seriousness of Defendant’s conduct. Love v. Griffin, No. 18–cv–00976–JSC, [17] 2018 WL 4471073 , at *5 (N.D. Cal. Aug. 20, 2018). Johnson seeks only statutory damages under 18 the Unruh Act. While the sum requested is not insignificant, the Court finds it proportional to the 19 conduct alleged. 20 Under the fifth and sixth Eitel factors, the Court considers whether there is a possibility of a 21 dispute over any material fact and whether Defendant’s failure to respond was the result of excusable 22 neglect. See Love, 2018 WL 4471073 , at *5; Ridola, 2018 WL 2287668 , at *13. Because Johnson 23 pleads plausible claims for violations of the ADA and the Unruh Act, and as all liability-related 24 allegations are deemed true, there is nothing before the Court that indicates a possibility of a dispute 25 as to material facts. Moreover, there is no indication that Defendant’s default was due to excusable 26 neglect. Defendant has not appeared or responded in this action, suggesting that it has chosen not 27 to present a defense in this matter. Accordingly, these factors weigh in favor of default judgment. 1 Defendant’s failure to participate in this litigation makes that impossible. See Ridola, [2] 2018 WL 2287668 , at *13 (“Although federal policy favors decision on the merits, Rule 55(b)(2) 3 permits entry of default judgment in situations, such as this, where a defendant refuses to litigate.”). 4 Default judgment, therefore, is Johnson’s only recourse. See United States v. Roof Guard Roofing 5 Co. Inc., No. 17–cv–02592–NC, 2017 WL 6994215 , at *3 (N.D. Cal. Dec. 14, 2017) (“When a 6 properly adversarial search for the truth is rendered futile, default judgment is the appropriate 7 outcome.”). 8 b. Factors 2 and 3 9 Under Eitel factors 2 and 3, the Court finds that the Complaint alleges meritorious 10 substantive claims for relief under the ADA and the Unruh Act. 11 Johnson must establish first Article III standing, which requires that he demonstrate he 12 suffered an injury in fact, traceable to Defendant’s conduct, and redressable by a favorable court 13 decision. Ridola, 2018 WL 2287668 , at *5 (citing Hubbard v. Rite Aid Corp., 433 F.Supp.2d 1150 , 14 1162 (S.D. Cal. 2006)). Johnson claims that he suffers from a disability, that he personally 15 encountered access barriers at the Restaurant because it lacked wheelchair-accessible outdoor dining 16 surfaces, and that he will return to the Restaurant once it is made accessible. Compl. ¶¶ 1, 10–12, 17 15, 20; see Vogel v. Rite Aid Corp., 992 F.Supp.2d 998, 1008 (C.D. Cal. 2014) (“Demonstrating an 18 intent to return to a non-compliant accommodation is but one way for an injured plaintiff to establish 19 Article III standing to pursue injunctive relief.”). Johnson thus adequately alleged that he has 20 standing under the ADA. 21 On the merits, Title III of the ADA provides that “[n]o individual shall be discriminated 22 against on the basis of disability in the full and equal enjoyment of the goods, services, facilities, 23 privileges, advantages, or accommodations of any place of public accommodation by any person 24 who owns, leases (or leases to), or operates a place of public accommodation.” [25] 42 U.S.C. § 12182 (a). For purposes of Title III, discrimination includes “a failure to remove 26 architectural barriers ... in existing facilities ... where such removal is readily achievable[.]” [27] 42 U.S.C. § 12182 (b)(2)(A)(iv). To prevail on his Title III discrimination claim, Johnson must show 1 or operates a place of public accommodation; and (3) Johnson was denied public accommodations 2 by Defendant because of his disability. See Molski v. M.J. Cable, Inc., 481 F.3d 724, 730 (9th Cir. 3 2007); 42 U.S.C. § 12182 . To succeed on an ADA claim based on architectural barriers, Johnson 4 “must also prove that: (1) the existing facility presents an architectural barrier prohibited under the 5 ADA; and (2) the removal of the barrier is readily achievable.” Ridola, 2018 WL 2287668 , at *5. 6 Johnson has plausibly pled an ADA claim. First, Johnson has adequately alleged that he has 7 a disability within the meaning of the ADA by alleging that he is a C-5 quadriplegic who cannot 8 walk and uses a wheelchair for mobility. Compl. ¶ 1. Second, Johnson has alleged that Defendant 9 is a private entity that owns, leases, or operates a place of public accommodation—the Restaurant. [10] Id. ¶¶ 2–3, 9; see also 42 U.S.C. § 12181 (7)(B) (listing “a restaurant, bar, or other establishment 11 serving food or drink” as a place of public accommodation). Third, Johnson alleges that during his 12 visit to the Restaurant, he personally encountered an access barrier: the lack of wheelchair13 accessible dining surfaces. Compl. ¶¶ 8–14. Johnson alleges that the outdoor dining surfaces at the 14 restaurant did not have clearance for his wheelchair. Id. ¶ 12 . Johnson has also alleged that removal 15 of these barriers is “readily achievable” because they are “easily removed without much difficulty 16 or expense” and they are an example of “the types of barriers identified by the Department of Justice 17 as presumably readily achievable to remove.” Id. ¶ 19 ; see also Garlic Farm Truck Ctr. LLC, [18] 2021 WL 2457154 , at *6 (finding these allegations sufficient at default judgment stage). If true, 19 these facts would result in violation of the 2010 ADA Accessibility Guidelines (ADAAG), which 20 require that at least 5 percent of the seating spaces and standing spaces at the dining surfaces shall 21 comply with certain knee and toe clearance requirements. See ADAAG §§ 226.1, 902.2; see also 22 id. §§ 306.2.1, 306.2.3, 306.3.1, 306.3.3. Accordingly, Johnson adequately alleges that Defendant 23 violated accessibility standards, and that he was denied full and equal access because of his 24 disability. 25 In sum, the Court finds that Johnson’s ADA claim is adequately pled and substantively 26 meritorious in light of Defendant’s failure to respond in this action. Because “[a]ny violation of the 27 ADA necessarily constitutes a violation of the Unruh Act,” M.J. Cable, 481 F.3d at 731 , Johnson 1 default judgment. 2 D. Requested Relief 3 The Court has found default judgment appropriate, so now it considers Johnson’s request 4 for injunctive relief, statutory damages, and attorneys’ fees and costs. 5 i. Injunctive Relief 6 Johnson requests an order directing Defendant to “provide wheelchair accessible outside 7 dining surfaces.” Mot. at 1. Aggrieved individuals “may obtain injunctive relief against public 8 accommodations with architectural barriers, including ‘an order to alter facilities to make such 9 facilities readily accessible to and usable by individuals with disabilities.’” M.J. Cable, 481 F.3d 10 at 730 (quoting 42 U.S.C. § 12188 (a)(2)). Injunctive relief is also available under the Unruh Act. 11 See Cal. Civ. Code § 52.1 (h). Injunctive relief is thus proper where Johnson establishes that 12 “architectural barriers at the defendant’s establishment violate the ADA and the removal of the 13 barriers is readily achievable.” Ridola, 2018 WL 2287668 , at *13 (citing Moreno v. La Curacao, [14] 463 Fed.Appx. 669, 670 (9th Cir. 2011)). For the reasons discussed above, Johnson has done so 15 here. Accordingly, the Court grants Johnson’s request for injunctive relief to bring the dining 16 surfaces in line with the 2010 ADAAG Standards. 17 ii. Statutory Damages 18 Johnson seeks total statutory damages of $8,000 for the two instances of discrimination he 19 encountered at the Restaurant. Compl. at 7; Mot. at 14. The Court has previously declined to award 20 statutory damages for multiple visits to the same facility on a motion for default judgment. See 21 Garlic Farm Truck Ctr. LLC, 2021 WL 2457154 , at *8 (granting only $4,000 in statutory damages 22 because “it is unclear why [Johnson] repeatedly visited [the facility] when he knew the business was 23 in violation of the ADA” and “[b]ehavior by [Johnson] indicates that his repeated visits are 24 motivated by a desire to increase statutory damages”). For those same reasons, the Court will award 25 only $4,000 in statutory damages here. [26] iii. Attorneys’ Fees and Costs [27] Johnson requests $1,930 in attorneys’ fees under both the ADA and the Unruh Act for work 1 performed by two attorneys and two legal assistants. See Motion, Ex. 1 (“Handy Decl.”) at 9–10. 2 In support of the fees requested, Johnson presents detailed billing entries attached to Russell 3 Handy’s Declaration, expert analysis of fees for ADA-plaintiff attorneys by fee experts Richard 4 Pearl and John O’Connor, and a survey report pulled from the Real Rate Report. Mot. 15–21; see 5 Handy Decl.; id., Exs. 6–8. Further, Johnson cites case law from this district and others that have 6 granted attorneys’ fees at the hourly rates Johnson is requesting. Mot. at 16–17, 19–21. The Court 7 finds that this evidence only partially substantiates Johnson’s requests. 8 a. Legal Standard 9 The ADA and the Unruh Act give courts the discretion to award attorneys’ fees to prevailing 10 parties. See M.J. Cable, 481 F.3d at 730 (citing 42 U.S.C. § 12205 ); Cal. Civ. Code § 52.1 (i). 11 Whether calculating attorneys’ fees under California or federal law, courts follow “the ‘lodestar’ 12 method, and the amount of that fee must be determined on the facts of each case.” Camacho v. 13 Bridgeport Fin., Inc., 523 F.3d 973, 978 (9th Cir. 2008) (quoting Ferland v. Conrad Credit Corp., [14] 244 F.3d 1145 , 1149 n.4 (9th Cir. 2001)). Under the lodestar method, the most useful starting point 15 “is the number of hours reasonably expended on the litigation multiplied by a reasonable hourly 16 rate.” Hensley v. Eckerhart, 461 U.S. 424, 433 (1983). The party seeking an award of fees should 17 submit evidence supporting the hours worked and rates claimed. Id. 18 “In determining a reasonable hourly rate, the district court should be guided by the rate 19 prevailing in the community for similar work performed by attorneys of comparable skill, 20 experience, and reputation.” Chalmers v. City of Los Angeles, 796 F.2d 1205 , 1210–11 (9th Cir. 21 1986). “Generally, the relevant community is the forum in which the district court sits.” Barjon v. 22 Dalton, 132 F.3d 496, 500 (9th. Cir. 1997). The fee applicant bears the burden of producing 23 evidence, other than declarations of interested counsel, that the requested rates are in line with those 24 prevailing in the community for similar services by lawyers of reasonably comparable skill, 25 experience, and reputation. See Blum v. Stenson, 465 U.S. 886 , 895 n.11 (1984). Further, the district 26 court should exclude hours that were not reasonably expended. See Hensley, 461 U.S. at 434 . [27] 1 b. Rates 2 The Court finds that the rates Johnson seeks exceed those that have been granted in this 3 community for similar work performed by attorneys of comparable skill, experience, and reputation. 4 The relevant community for this action is the Northern District of California. Indeed, for attorneys 5 with approximately 20 or more years of experience, courts in this district have generally approved 6 hourly rates ranging from $350 to $495 in disability cases. See, e.g., Castillo-Antonio v. Lam, 7 No. 18–cv–04593–EDL, 2019 WL 2642469 , at *7 (N.D. Cal. Apr. 10, 2019) (approving, on motion 8 for default judgment, $350 hourly rate for attorney with over 20 years of experience); Johnson v. 9 Castagnola, No. 18–cv–00583–SVK, 2019 WL 827640 , at *2 (N.D. Cal. Feb. 21, 2019) (approving 10 $350 hourly rate for attorney with 20 years of litigation experience, noting that requested rate was 11 unopposed by defendant and in line with rates approved in Northern District). Many of these cases 12 have considered the same evidence that Johnson submits here and found that it does not support the 13 rates he seeks. See, e.g., Johnson v. Huong-Que Restaurant, No. 21–cv–04133–BLF, [14] 2022 WL 658973 , at *5 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 4, 2022) (analyzing declarations of Mr. Handy, fee experts 15 Mr. Pearl and Mr. O’Connor, and the Real Rate Report and finding only lower rates justified). 16 This Court finds the analysis of those cases persuasive and will award hourly rates in line 17 with those cases. Mr. Potter will be awarded an hourly rate of $475. See Huong-Que, [18] 2022 WL 658973 , at *5; Johnson v. An Khang Mi Gia, No. 5:21–cv–01702–BLF, [19] 2021 WL 5908389 , at *8 (N.D. Cal. Dec. 14, 2021). Ms. Zaman, who graduated in 2015, will be 20 awarded $250 per hour. See An Khang, 2021 WL 5908389 , at *8; Johnson v. AutoZone, Inc., 21 No. 17–cv–02941–PJH, 2019 WL 2288111 , at *7 (N.D. Cal. May 29, 2019); Johnson v. 480 Geary 22 St., No. 19–cv–02460–JSW, 2021 WL 5407874 , at *6 (N.D. Cal. Jan. 27, 2021). 23 Johnson has also requested reimbursement of fees for legal assistants at an hourly rate of 24 $100 and for Marcus Handy at an hourly rate of $200 for “his experience as a skilled legal assistant 25 and paralegal.” See Handy Decl. ¶¶ 6–7. The Court agrees with other courts in this district that an 26 hourly rate of $100 is reasonable for paralegal and legal assistant fees. See Lopez v. San Francisco 27 Unified Sch. Dist., 385 F. Supp. 2d 981, 992 (N.D. Cal. 2005); Whitaker v. Joe’s Jeans Inc., 1 previously rejected a higher billing rate for Marcus Handy based on similar submissions. See An 2 Khang Mi Gia, 2021 WL 5908389 , at *9. For the same reasons, the Court awards a $100 hourly 3 rate for Mr. Handy. 4 c. Hours 5 Johnson requests fees based on 7.5 hours of work. See Handy Decl. at 9–10. This Court 6 and other courts in this district have found as much as 11 hours of work to be reasonable for similar 7 cases. See, e.g., Ridola, 2018 WL 2287668 at *17 (granted motion for default judgment in ADA 8 case, found 11.1 hours to be reasonable); Huong-Que, 2022 WL 658973 , at *5 (7.8 hours of work). 9 Johnson’s billing summary shows 7.5 hours were expended in this litigation: Mr. Potter expended 10 0.8 hours, Ms. Zaman expended 2.1 hours, and paralegals and staff expended 4.6 hours. See Handy 11 Decl. at 9–10. Further, the Court has reviewed the itemized statement of Johnson’s counsel’s legal 12 work and finds no issue with the amount of time or activities that Johnson’s counsel has conducted. 13 See id. The number of hours requested is thus reasonable. 14 d. Costs 15 In addition, Johnson seeks service costs ($35), filing fees ($402), and investigation 16 costs ($400). See Mot. at 21; Handy Decl. at 11. The ADA provides that the prevailing party may 17 recover “litigation expenses[] and costs.” 42 U.S.C. § 12205 ; see Johnson v. VN Alliance LLC, 18 No. 18–cv–01372–BLF, 2019 WL 2515749 , at *8 (N.D. Cal. June 18, 2019) (awarding costs, filings 19 fees, and investigation costs). Accordingly, the Court grants Johnson’s request for $837 in costs. 20 / / / 21 / / / 22 / / / 23 / / / 24 / / / 25 / / / 26 / / / 27 / / / 1 e. Summary 2 The Court’s award of fees and costs is summarized below. || Mancpoter | ss | os | 880 ; [11] 12 IV. ORDER 5 13 For the foregoing reasons, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that: S 14 e Johnson’s motion for default judgment is GRANTED IN PART; 3 15 e Johnson is AWARDED statutory damages in the amount of $4,000; a 16 e Johnson is AWARDED $2,202 in attorneys’ fees and costs; 3 17 e Johnson is GRANTED an injunction requiring Defendant to provide wheelchair 18 accessible outside dining surfaces at the La Fontaine restaurant located at 19 186 Castro St., Mountain View, California in compliance with the 2010 ADAAG 20 Standards; 21 e Johnson SHALL promptly serve Defendant with this Order and file a proof of service 22 with the Court; and 23 e Plaintiff SHALL submit a proposed judgment and injunction that is consistent with 24 this order within 7 days. 25 || Dated: March 18, 2022 kom Lh han tn) 26 MEAN BETH LABSON FREEMAN 27 United States District Judge