Cadence Design Systems, Inc. v. Syntronic AB

[3] 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA [6] 7 CADENCE DESIGN SYSTEMS, INC., Case No. 21-cv-03610-SI 8 Plaintiff, ORDER DENYING MOTION TO 9 v. STRIKE AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSES 10 SYNTRONIC AB, et al., Re: Dkt. No. 95 11 Defendants. [12] 13 Before the Court is plaintiff Cadence Design Systems, Inc.’s (“Cadence”) Motion to Strike 14 defendants’ affirmative defenses of laches and failure to mitigate damages included in defendants’ 15 answer to plaintiff’s First Amended Complaint (“FAC”). Dkt. No. 95 (Motion); Dkt. No. 106 16 (Answer). Pursuant to Civil Local Rule 7-1(b), the Court finds this matter appropriate for resolution 17 without oral argument and therefore VACATES the hearing set for May 13, 2022. For the reasons 18 below, the motion is DENIED. [19] 20 BACKGROUND 21 Plaintiff Cadence makes and licenses software tools used to design integrated circuits and 22 printed circuit boards. Dkt. No. 1 ¶¶ 84-85 (FAC). On May 13, 2021, Cadence filed this action for 23 federal copyright infringement, circumvention of copyright protection systems, and breach of 24 contract. Dkt. No. 1 (Original Complaint). Cadence accuses defendants Syntronic AB, Syntronic 25 Research and Development USA Inc. (“Syntronic USA”), and Syntronic (Beijing) Technology 26 R&D Center Co. (“Syntronic Beijing”) (collectively, “Syntronic”) of, among other things, 27 obtaining, copying, and using Cadence’s software tools without authorization or valid license files. 1 Cadence filed the FAC on July 28, 2021. Dkt. No. 26 (FAC). In its copyright infringement 2 claim, Cadence stated it “has no adequate remedy at law. Cadence is entitled to preliminary and 3 permanent injunctive relief pursuant to 17 U.S.C. § 502 .” Id. ¶ 183 . In its circumvention of 4 copyright protection systems claim, Cadence similarly stated it “has no adequate remedy at law. 5 Cadence is entitled to preliminary and permanent injunctive relief pursuant to 17 U.S.C. § 1203 .” [6] Id. ¶ 195 . In its breach of contract claim, Cadence stated it “is entitled to injunctive relief.” Id. 7 ¶ 215. In its prayer for relief, Cadence requested injunctive relief 8 [r]equiring each of Syntronic AB, Syntronic USA, and Syntronic Beijing to deliver upon oath, to be impounded during the pendency of this action, all infringing copies 9 of Cadence’s copyrighted works, any unauthorized software used to circumvent the licensing restrictions on the Cadence Software, and any products produced, 10 designed, or manufactured, in part or in whole, with or in conjunction with the Cadence software; and that an order of impoundment and/or seizure in respect of the 11 foregoing be issued out of this Court in the manner provided by the Copyright Act and by the United States Supreme Court Copyright Practice Rules (1909); and that 12 at the conclusion of this action, the Court shall order all such materials so held to be surrendered to Cadence or to be destroyed under a Writ of Destruction issued under [13] 17 U.S.C. § 503 , whichever shall seem to this Court to be most just and proper; [14] Id. at 26-271 (emphasis added). 15 Defendants filed answers with affirmative defenses, including laches and failure to mitigate 16 damages, with each affirmative defense supported by a single conclusory sentence. Dkt. Nos. 5817 60 (Answers). On October 21, 2021, Cadence filed a motion to strike Syntronic’s affirmative 18 defenses. Dkt. No. 61 (First Motion to Strike). Cadence’s first motion to strike attacked Syntronic’s 19 laches and failure to mitigate defenses as insufficiently pled. Id. at 17, 18-19 . On December 13, 20 2021, the Court granted Cadence’s motion to strike Syntronic’s affirmative defenses without 21 prejudice, giving defendants leave to amend their answers. Dkt. No. 71 (Order Granting First 22 Motion to Strike). 23 On January 14, 2022, defendants filed first amended answers (“FAA”). Dkt. Nos. 76-78 24 (FAAs) in which they alleged Cadence first knew about the “purported unauthorized use of its 25 software in 2016,” more than four years prior to filing suit. Dkt. No. 76 at 33 (Syntronic AB FAA) 26 (emphasis added). However, on February 25, 2022, after further meeting and conferring, defendants [27] 1 filed second amended answers (“SAA”). Dkt. Nos. 90-92. In its laches defense (SAA Sixth 2 Affirmative Defense), Syntronic AB now argues Cadence first discovered unauthorized use “in 3 January of 2014.” Dkt. No. 90 at 34 (Syntronic AB SAA) (emphasis added). In its failure to 4 mitigate defense (SAA Seventh Affirmative Defense), Syntronic AB similarly states Cadence had 5 “knowledge of alleged unauthorized use of its software in 2014.”2 Id. 6 On March 18, 2022, Cadence filed a motion to strike all defendants’ laches and failure to 7 mitigate affirmative defenses. Dkt. No. 95 (Second Motion to Strike). [8] 9 LEGAL STANDARD 10 Rule 12(f) provides the “means to excise improper materials from pleading,” Barnes v. AT 11 & T Pension Ben. Plan-Nonbargained Program, 718 F. Supp. 2d 1167, 1170 (N.D. Cal. 2010), 12 including any “insufficient defense or any redundant, immaterial, impertinent or scandalous matter.” 13 Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(f). However, courts will generally “grant a motion to strike only when the moving 14 party has proved that the matter to be stricken could have no possible bearing on the subject matter 15 of the litigation.” Ewing v. Nova Lending Sols., LLC, No. 20-CV-1707-DMS-KSC, 2020 WL 16 7488948, at *2 (S.D. Cal. Dec. 21, 2020); Arthur v. Constellation Brands, Inc., No. 16-CV-0468017 RS, 2016 WL 6248905 , at *2 (N.D. Cal. Oct. 26, 2016) (“If there is any doubt whether the 18 challenged matter might bear on an issue in the litigation, the motion to strike should be denied, and 19 assessment of the sufficiency of the allegations left for adjudication on the merits.”). 20 Under Rule 8(b)(1), a defendant’s answer must “(A) state in short and plain terms its 21 defenses to each claim asserted against it; and (B) admit or deny the allegations asserted against it 22 by an opposing party.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(b)(1). Denials must also “fairly respond to the substance 23 of the allegation.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(b)(2). 24 “Courts are split,” however, as to “whether affirmative defenses are subject to the heightened [26] 2 Syntronic USA’s SAA uses identical language, though laches is its Fifth affirmative defense and failure to mitigate is its Sixth affirmative defense. Dkt. No. 92 at 31, 32-33. Syntronic [27] Beijing’s SAA uses identical language, though laches is its Seventh affirmative defense and failure 1 standard” of plausibility-pleading articulated in Twombly and Iqbal. Mc Elmurry v. Ingebritson, 2 No. 2:16-CV-00419-SAB, 2017 WL 9486190 , at *2 (E.D. Wash. Aug. 14, 2017). Compare Barnes, [3] 718 F. Supp. 2d 1167, 1172 (applying the heightened standard to affirmative defenses), with Mc 4 Elmurry, 2017 WL 9486190 , at *2 (observing “numerous other courts within the Ninth Circuit hold 5 that the heightened standard should not apply to affirmative defenses and instead [hold] that a 6 plaintiff be given ‘fair notice’ of the defense.”). Under the predominant approach in the Ninth 7 Circuit, a fairly noticed affirmative defense must describe a defense in “general terms” by 8 identifying the legal theory on which the defense rests, Kohler v. Flava Enters., Inc., 779 F.3d 1016 , 9 1019 (9th Cir. 2015), and “need not assert facts making it plausible.” Mc Elmurry, 2017 WL 10 9486190 at *2 (further observing “courts have even held that boilerplate affirmative defenses are 11 appropriate prior to discovery.”). [12] 13 DISCUSSION 14 Cadence’s motion to strike concerns two of Syntronic’s affirmative defenses: laches and 15 failure to mitigate damages. Syntronic raises each of these affirmative defenses to all three of 16 Cadence’s claims. Cadence’s first and second claims, for copyright infringement under 17 U.S.C. 17 §§ 501, 502 and for circumvention of copyright protection systems under 17 U.S.C. §§ 1201 , 1203, 18 are governed by federal copyright law. Cadence’s third claim, for breach of contract, is governed 19 by California state law. [20] 21 I. Laches Affirmative Defense 22 A. Copyright Claims 23 Both copyright claims are subject to the same express three-year statute of limitations. 17 24 U.S.C. § 507 (b). Thus, the analysis of the laches affirmative defense is identical for each claim. 25 In 2014, the Supreme Court weighed in “to resolve a conflict among the Circuits on the 26 application of the equitable defense of laches to copyright infringement claims brought within the 27 three-year look-back period prescribed by Congress.” Petrella v. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Inc., 572 1 and only available for claims in equity in “extraordinary circumstances.” Id. at 685 . To illustrate 2 such extraordinary circumstances, the Court cited Chirco v. Crosswinds Communities, Inc., 474 3 F.3d 227 (6th Cir. 2007), in which a housing developer defendant infringed the plaintiff’s 4 copyrighted architectural design. Id. at 685-86. The key extraordinary circumstance in Chirco was 5 neither the plaintiffs’ delay in asserting their copyright nor their knowledge of the defendants’ 6 infringement, but instead the plaintiff’s demand for destruction of 168 completed housing units, 7 “109 of which were occupied.” Id. 8 Here, two key facts make the laches defense applicable at this stage of litigation. First, 9 Syntronic alleges Cadence knew about Syntronic’s infringing activity in 2014, six years prior to 10 filing suit. Dkt. No. 90 at 34 (Syntronic AB SAA). Second, and most importantly, Cadence’s FAC 11 includes a demand not only for money damages and injunctive relief, but also for the impounding 12 and destruction of any products produced, designed, or manufactured using Cadence’s software. 13 Dkt. No. 26 at 26-27 (FAC). Cadence may well prevail on this issue in a motion for summary 14 judgment, but the question of whether extraordinary circumstances exist is full of factual issues and 15 cannot be decided on this motion to strike. Thus, Cadence’s motion to strike the laches defense is 16 DENIED with respect to the copyright claims. [17] 18 B. California Breach of Contract Claim 19 In California, a claim for breach of contract is subject to an express four-year statute of 20 limitations. Cal. Civ. Proc. Code § 337 . This statute of limitations does not completely bar the 21 laches defense from breach of contract claims, however. 22 “Under California law, laches is available as a defense only to claims sounding in equity, 23 not to claims at law.” Wyler Summit Pshp. v. Turner Broad. Sys., 235 F.3d 1184, 1193 (9th Cir. 24 2000) (citing Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. v. Bank of America NT & SA, 32 Cal. App. 4th 424 (Cal. Ct. 25 App. 1995 )). “The legal or equitable nature of a cause of action is ordinarily determined by the 26 remedy sought.” Wyler Summit, 235 F.3d at 1194 . 27 Here, Cadence has requested “injunctive relief” in its breach of contract cause of action. 1 Cadence’s request for injunctive relief makes its breach of contract claim equitable, enabling the 2 equitable defense of laches. Thus, Cadence’s motion to strike the laches defense is DENIED with 3 respect to the breach of contract claim. [4] 5 II. Failure to Mitigate Damages Affirmative Defense 6 A. Copyright Claims 7 At least one district court in California has granted a motion to strike an affirmative defense 8 of failure to mitigate damages to a claim of copyright infringement. Interscope Recs. v. Time 9 Warner, Inc., No. CV101662SVWPJWX, 2010 WL 11505708 , at *15-16 (C.D. Cal. June 28, 2010). 10 In Interscope, the court found the failure to mitigate defense, based solely on “plaintiff’s 11 acquiescence to defendant’s infringement or its failure to object to such infringement,” redundant 12 with defenses based on the statute of limitations and laches (Interscope was decided pre-Petrella, 13 and firmly denied plaintiff’s motion to strike the laches defense). Id. Currently, the Court finds it 14 unnecessary to strike the affirmative defense on the basis of redundancy with other legal arguments. 15 Cadence cites a motion for summary judgment, granted with respect to a failure to mitigate 16 affirmative defense because the plaintiff “had no duty to warn [defendants] not to violate copyright 17 law.” Home Design Servs., Inc. v. Trumble, No. 09-CV-00964-WYD-CBS, 2011 WL 843900 , at 18 *3 (D. Colo. Mar. 8, 2011). Cadence may well succeed on a motion for summary judgment on this 19 theory, but at this time, on this record, the Court shall not foreclose discovery. Thus, Cadence’s 20 motion to strike the failure to mitigate defense is DENIED with respect to the copyright claims. [21] 22 B. California Breach of Contract Claim 23 The defense of failure to mitigate damages is cognizable in California contract law and 24 typically “comes into play when the event producing injury or damage has already occurred and it 25 then has become the obligation of the injured or damaged party to avoid continuing or enhanced 26 damages through reasonable efforts.” Valle de Oro Bank v. Gamboa, 26 Cal. App. 4th 1686 , 1691 27 (1994). The defense can apply to a plaintiff’s efforts to avoid repeated injuries, but is more often 1 to irrigate farmland during a dispute over the contract price of water. /d. (citing Henrici v. □□ Feather 2 Land & Water Co., 177 Cal. 442 (1918)). 3 Cadence argues (1) it did not have a duty to mitigate breaches prior to their occurrence, and 4 || (2) notifying Syntronic would do nothing to mitigate previous breaches, rendering the mitigation of 5 damages defense inapplicable. Dkt. No. 95 at 13-14 (Motion). But, again, Cadence seeks remedies 6 || not only for breaches of its software license agreements, but also for products designed using its 7 software during the relevant time period. Dkt. No. 26 at 26-27 (FAC). Thus, Syntronic plausibly, 8 || for now, alleges an “unwarranted piling up of damages.” Valle de Oro Bank, 26 Cal. App. 4 " at 9 1694. Therefore, Cadence’s motion to strike the failure to mitigate defense is DENIED with respect 10 || to the breach of contract claim. [11] 12 CONCLUSION 5 13 For the reasons stated, Cadence’s motion to strike Syntronic’s affirmative defenses of laches 14 and failure to mitigate damages is DENIED. a 16 IT IS SO ORDERED. 2 17 |] Dated: May 3, 2022 Ste WU tee [18] SUSAN ILLSTON 19 United States District Judge