Gastelum v. Parvarti Hospitality Inc

[2] 3 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 4 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 5 SAN JOSE DIVISION [6] 7 FERNANDO GASTELUM, Case No. 21-cv-06235-BLF 8 Plaintiff, ORDER DENYING MOTION TO 9 v. DISMISS 10 PARVARTI HOSPITALITY INC, et al., [Re: ECF No. 36] 11 Defendant. [12] 13 Before the Court is Defendant Parvarti Hospitality Inc.’s Motion to Dismiss Plaintiff 14 Fernando Gastelum’s Second Amended Complaint under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 15 12(b)(1). Defendant owns a hotel in Gilroy, California (the “Hotel”) that Plaintiff allegedly visited 16 around June 29, 2021 to find that the Hotel was not compliant with the ADA. Plaintiff, who uses 17 a wheelchair for mobility, has sued Defendant for failure to reasonably accommodate his disability 18 under (1) the ADA, 42 U.S.C. § 12101 , et seq.; and (2) California’s Unruh Act, Cal. Civ. Code §§ 19 51–53. Plaintiff seeks an injunction compelling Defendant to comply with the ADA and Unruh 20 Act, equitable nominal damages under the ADA, statutory damages under the Unruh Act, and 21 attorneys’ fees and costs in the event Plaintiff is required to hire counsel. On March 2, 2022, 22 Defendant moved to dismiss, arguing that this Court lacks subject matter jurisdiction under Rule 23 12(b)(1) over Plaintiff’s claims due to lack of standing. See ECF No. 36-1 (“Mot.”). Plaintiff 24 opposes. See ECF No. 37 (“Opp.”). The Court found the matter suitable for disposition without 25 oral argument and vacated the July 14, 2022 hearing. See ECF No. 39; Civ. L.R. 7-1(b). For the 26 reasons stated below, the Court DENIES Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss. 27 I. BACKGROUND 1 8292 Murray Avenue, Gilroy, California. See Second Amended Complaint (“SAC”), ECF No. 29 2 ¶ 3. Plaintiff is missing a leg and uses a wheelchair for mobility. See id. ¶ 1 . Plaintiff alleges that 3 he visited the Hotel on June 29, 20211 with the intention to avail himself of its goods or services. 4 See id. ¶ 8 . Plaintiff alleges that on the date he visited the Hotel, Defendant failed to provide 5 wheelchair accessible facilities. See id. ¶¶ 9, 11 . Specifically, Plaintiff alleges he encountered the 6 following barriers and provides corresponding photographs: (1) the passenger loading zone is not 7 marked with the access isle; (2) the office door requires greater than five pounds of force to open; 8 (3) there are no bottom handrail extensions for stairs; (4) there are open risers on stairs; (5) the 9 curb ramp encroaches on access aisles in accessible parking; and (6) the access aisle at accessible 10 parking does not adjoin an accessible route. See id. ¶ 9 . Plaintiff further alleges that such barriers 11 are easily removed without much difficulty or expense, and numerous alternative accommodations 12 are available. See id. ¶ 14 . Plaintiff alleges that he will return to the Hotel to avail himself of its 13 goods or services once it is represented to him that the Hotel and its facilities are accessible. See [14] id. ¶ 16 . Plaintiff brings claims against Defendant for violations of the ADA and California’s 15 Unruh Act. See id. ¶¶ 18–26. 16 On March 2, 2022, Defendant filed a motion to dismiss Plaintiff’s claims under Rule 17 12(b)(1) for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. See Mot. On March 4, 2022, Plaintiff filed an 18 opposition to Defendant’s motion to dismiss. See Opp. 19 II. LEGAL STANDARD 20 A. Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1): Lack of Subject Matter Jurisdiction 21 Federal courts can adjudicate only those cases which the Constitution and Congress 22 authorize them to adjudicate: those involving diversity of citizenship or a federal question, or 23 those to which the United States is a party. Mims v. Arrow Fin. Servs., LLC, 565 U.S. 368 , 376-77 24 (2012); see also Chen-Cheng Wang ex rel. United States v. FMC Corp., 975 F.2d 1412, 1415 (9th 25 Cir. 1992) (“Federal courts have no power to consider claims for which they lack subject matter [26] 27 1 In his Opposition, Plaintiff says he actually visited the Hotel on June 30, 2021. See Opp. at 3 1 jurisdiction.”). The Court has a continuing obligation to ensure that it has subject matter 2 jurisdiction. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(h)(3). A defendant may raise the defense of lack of subject 3 matter jurisdiction by motion pursuant to Rule 12(b)(1) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. 4 The plaintiff bears the burden of establishing subject matter jurisdiction. Kokkonen v. Guardian 5 Life Ins., 511 U.S. 375, 377 (1994). 6 A jurisdictional challenge may be facial or factual. Safe Air for Everyone v. Meyer, 373 7 F.3d 1035, 1039 (9th Cir. 2004). Where the attack is facial, the Court determines whether the 8 allegations contained in the complaint are sufficient on their face to invoke federal jurisdiction, 9 accepting all material allegations in the complaint as true and construing them in favor of the party 10 asserting jurisdiction. Id.; see also Warth v. Seldin, 422 U.S. 490, 501 (1975). Where the attack is 11 factual, however, “the court need not presume the truthfulness of the plaintiff’s allegations.” Safe 12 Air for Everyone, 373 F.3d at 1039. In resolving a factual dispute as to the existence of subject 13 matter jurisdiction, the Court may review extrinsic evidence beyond the complaint without 14 converting a motion to dismiss into one for summary judgment. Id. Once the moving party has 15 made a factual challenge by offering affidavits or other evidence to dispute the allegations in the 16 complaint, the party opposing the motion must “present affidavits or any other evidence necessary 17 to satisfy its burden of establishing that the court, in fact, possesses subject matter jurisdiction.” 18 St. Clair v. City of Chico, 880 F.2d 199, 201 (9th Cir. 1989); see also Savage v. Glendale Union 19 High Sch. Dist. No. 205, 343 F.3d 1036 , 1040 n.2 (9th Cir. 2003). 20 B. ADA Claim 21 “The ADA includes three main sections – Title I, which concerns employment 22 discrimination, 42 U.S.C. § 12111 et seq.; Title II, which governs access to public services, id. § 23 12131 et seq.; and Title III, which governs access to privately operated public accommodations, 24 such as restaurants and movie theaters, id. § 12181 et seq.” Gilstrap v. United Air Lines, Inc., 709 25 F.3d 995, 1002 (9th Cir. 2013). Plaintiff’s claim is asserted under Title III. 26 Title III of the ADA states that “[n]o individual shall be discriminated against on the basis 27 of disability in the full and equal enjoyment of the goods, services, facilities, privileges, 1 leases (or leases to), or operates a place of public accommodation.” 42 U.S.C. § 12182 (a). The 2 ADA defines discrimination to include: 3 [A] failure to make reasonable modifications in policies, practices, or procedures, when such modifications are necessary to afford such 4 goods, services, facilities, privileges, advantages, or accommodations to individuals with disabilities, unless the entity can demonstrate that 5 making such modifications would fundamentally alter the nature of such goods, services, facilities, privileges, advantages, or 6 accommodations[.] [7] 42 U.S.C. § 12182 (b)(2)(A)(ii). To establish a claim under this provision, Plaintiff must show that [8] (1) he is disabled within the meaning of the ADA; (2) Defendant is a private entity that owns, [9] leases, or operates a place of public accommodation; and (3) Plaintiff was denied full and equal [10] treatment by Defendant because of his disability. Molski v. M.J. Cable, Inc., 481 F.3d 724 , 730 [11] (9th Cir. 2007). [12] III. DISCUSSION [13] A. Request for Judicial Notice [14] Defendant has filed a Request for Judicial Notice in support of its motion to dismiss. See [15] RJN, ECF No. 36-5. Although a district court generally may not consider any material beyond the [16] pleadings in ruling on a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, the Court may take judicial notice of documents [17] referenced in the complaint, as well as matters in the public record, without converting a motion to [18] dismiss into one for summary judgment. See Lee v. City of LA., 250 F.3d 668 , 688–89 (9th Cir. [19] 2001), overruled on other grounds by Galbraith v. Cty. of Santa Clara, 307 F.3d 1119 , 1125–26 [20] (9th Cir. 2002). In addition, the Court may take judicial notice of matters that are either “generally [21] known within the trial court’s territorial jurisdiction” or “can be accurately and readily determined [22] from sources whose accuracy cannot reasonably be questioned.” Fed. R. Evid. 201(b). [23] Defendant requests judicial notice of 10 documents: (1) Exhibit 1, a list of cases filed by [24] Plaintiff in federal district courts in California since July 9, 2021; (2) Exhibits 2–9, complaints [25] filed by Plaintiff against hotels in Gilroy, San Diego, Sacramento and Colton in this and other [26] districts across California between June 28 and August 10, 2021; and (3) Exhibit 10, Plaintiff’s [27] Application to Proceed in District Court without Prepaying Fees or Costs in Gastelum v. Hees II, 1 Case No. 3:21-cv-01337-JLS-RBB (S.D. Cal. Jul. 27, 2021). See RJN, Exs. 1–10. Plaintiff does 2 not oppose Defendant’s request. 3 The Court may properly take judicial notice of the existence of court filings and matters of 4 public record, although specific factual findings and legal conclusions set forth in the records may 5 not bind this Court. See Reyn’s Pasta Bella, LLC v. Visa USA, Inc., 442 F.3d 741 , 746 n.6 (9th 6 Cir. 2006) (citing Burbank-Glendale-Pasadena Airport Auth. v. City of Burbank, 136 F.3d 1360 , 7 1364 (9th Cir. 1998)). Accordingly, the Court GRANTS Defendant’s request for judicial notice as 8 to Exhibits 1 to 10. However, these exhibits will not be noticed “for the truth of the matter 9 asserted therein.” Romero v. Flowers Bakeries, LLC, 2015 WL 2125004 , at *2 (N.D. Cal. May 6, 10 2015); see also In re Bare Escentuals, Inc. Sec. Litig., 745 F. Supp. 2d 1052, 1067 (N.D. Cal. 11 2010); M/V Am. Queen v. San Diego Marine Const. Corp., 708 F.2d 1483 , 1491 (9th Cir. 1983). 12 B. Subject Matter Jurisdiction 13 i. Article III Standing 14 Article III standing “is a necessary component of subject matter jurisdiction.” In re 15 Palmdale Hills Prop., LLC, 654 F.3d 868, 873 (9th Cir. 2011). The Supreme Court has repeatedly 16 stated that the “irreducible constitutional minimum of standing” consists of three elements. Lujan 17 v. Defs. of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 560 (1992). “The plaintiff must have (1) suffered an injury in 18 fact, (2) that is fairly traceable to the challenged conduct of the defendant, and (3) that is likely to 19 be redressed by a favorable judicial decision.” Spokeo, Inc. v. Robins, 136 S. Ct. 1540 , 1547 20 (2016). These elements are often referred to as injury in fact, causation, and redressability. See 21 Planned Parenthood of Greater Washington & N. Idaho v. U.S. Dep’t of Health & Human Servs., [22] 946 F.3d 1100, 1108 (9th Cir. 2020). Plaintiff, as the party invoking federal jurisdiction, bears the 23 burden of establishing the existence of Article III standing and at the pleading stage “must clearly 24 allege facts demonstrating each element.” Spokeo, 136 S. Ct. at 1547 (internal quotation marks 25 and citation omitted); see also Baker v. United States, 722 F.2d 517, 518 (9th Cir. 1983) (“The 26 facts to show standing must be clearly apparent on the face of the complaint.”). 27 Defendant mounts a factual challenge to jurisdiction, arguing that Plaintiff lacks standing 1 provides (1) a table of 14 hotels where Plaintiff alleges to have visited between June 28 and 2 August 10, 2021 in his different complaints, arguing that they indicate that Plaintiff has driven 3 hours to visit different hotels in different locations within several days; see id. at 7; (2) a 4 declaration of an employee of Defendant indicating that there is no record of Plaintiff making a 5 reservation or staying at the Hotel; see Patel Decl., ECF 36-3 ¶ 2; and (3) Plaintiff’s Application to 6 Proceed in District Court without Prepaying Fees or Costs, in which Plaintiff represented under 7 oath that he only made $1,465 per month with $2,350 in monthly expenses; see RJN, Ex. 10; Mot. 8 at 8–9. Defendant relies on this evidence in support of its arguments that it is implausible for 9 Plaintiff to have visited the Hotel on June 29, 2021 because he didn’t attempt to stay at the Hotel 10 and he is unable to afford to stay in or travel to the number of hotels involved in all of his lawsuits. 11 See Mot. at 6–9. 12 Defendant also argues that Plaintiff has not suffered concrete and particularized injuries 13 related to his disability. First, Defendant contends that Plaintiff alleges four violations relating to 14 being in a wheelchair (allegations 1, 2, 5 and 6) and two violations relating to climbing stairs with 15 a prosthetic leg (allegations 3 and 4), but it is impossible for Plaintiff to plausibly allege both types 16 of barriers. See Mot. at 9–11, 15. A surveillance video taken by another hotel sued by Plaintiff 17 shows that Plaintiff used a prosthetic lower leg, not a wheelchair, see Sims Decl., ECF 36-4 ¶ 2, so 18 only purported barriers in allegations 3 and 4 are related to Plaintiff’s disability, Defendant says. 19 See Mot. at 10–11, 14. Second, Defendant argues that the Hotel complies with the 1991 20 Americans with Disabilities Act Accessibility Guidelines (“ADAAG”), which apply because the 21 Hotel was built prior to March 15, 2012. See Patel Decl. ¶ 3; Mot. at 14. For allegation 1, 22 Defendant argues that the Hotel is not required to provide a marked passenger loading zone under 23 the 1991 ADAAG. Even if the 2010 ADAAG applies, there is no requirement for a hotel to have 24 a passenger loading zone. See Patel Decl. ¶ 4; Schraibman Decl., ECF 36-2, Ex. 1, ¶ 9–10; Mot. at 25 13–14. For allegation 2, Defendant argues that the office door Plaintiff refers to in the Second 26 Amended Complaint is an exterior hinged door, and the Hotel is not required to limit the door 27 opening force for exterior hinged doors to less than 5 pounds. See Mot. at 14–15. For allegation 1 into an access aisle. See id. at 15. Third, Defendant argues that Plaintiff has not pled that he was a 2 passenger in the vehicle who needed an access aisle as claimed in allegation 1. See id., at 12. 3 Fourth, Defendant argues that the photographs provided by Plaintiff in the Second Amended 4 Complaint indicate there are no violations as claimed in allegations 5 and 6. See id. at 15–16. 5 In response, Plaintiff provides a declaration stating that (1) he brings both a wheelchair and 6 a prosthetic leg and a cane when he plans to visit a public place, and the use of a prosthesis and a 7 cane is secondary to the use of a wheelchair; and (2) he did not lodge at the Hotel because he knew 8 that it was not accessible. See Gastelum Decl., ECF 38 ¶¶ 1–10, 12; Opp. at 11. Plaintiff also 9 argues that the 2010 ADAAG applies and that Defendant’s website confirms that the Hotel 10 provides a standard passenger loading zone that is not accessible. See Opp. at 11–12. Plaintiff 11 additionally contends that it would be inappropriate to dismiss his complaint based on Defendant’s 12 arguments that the barriers Plaintiff alleges he encountered are not in fact barriers. See id. 13 The parties dispute which version of the ADAAG applies to the claims. The Court finds it 14 unnecessary to resolve this dispute at this juncture because it is “unnecessary for Plaintiff to plead 15 specific violations of the ADAAG to state an ADA claim.” Block v. 7-Eleven, Inc., 2021 WL 16 2651359, at *3 (N.D. Cal. Jun. 28, 2021) (citing Celano v. Marriott Int’l, Inc., 2008 WL 239306 , 17 at *12 (N.D. Cal. Jan. 28, 2008) (“[T]he Ninth Circuit rejected the very argument made by 18 [defendant] in this case: ‘that ADA plaintiffs must prove that the defendant contravened a 19 “specific requirements of ADAAG” to establish a violation of the ADA.’ . . . Accordingly, the 20 court concludes that plaintiffs’ ADA claim may go forward . . . .”)). 21 As to Defendant’s remaining arguments about the specific barriers Plaintiff alleges, while 22 Defendant is correct that the Court can consider extrinsic evidence in evaluating subject matter 23 jurisdiction, see Mot. at 4, the Court finds it improper to resolve the disputed facts about the 24 accessibility of certain features of the Hotel on a jurisdictional challenge. “Jurisdictional finding 25 of genuinely disputed facts is inappropriate when ‘the jurisdictional issue and substantive issues 26 are so intertwined that the question of jurisdiction is dependent on the resolution of factual issues 27 going to the merits’ of the action.” Sun Valley Gasoline, Inc. v. Ernst Enterprises, Inc., 711 F.2d 1 Plaintiff’s ADA claim for the Court to resolve this on a Rule 12(b)(1) motion. Here, finding that 2 Plaintiff suffered no injury in fact and that the barriers he allegedly encountered were not in fact 3 obstacles to him due to his disability would require deciding whether the Hotel’s facilities are 4 accessible to Plaintiff. But this is “factual issue[ ] going to the merits” of whether the Hotel 5 complies with ADA accessibility requirements. Safe Air for Everyone, 373 F.3d at 1039; see also 6 Johnson v. Supakam Corp., 2022 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 44050 , at *15-16 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 11, 2022) 7 (declining to dismiss based on Rule 12(b)(1) mootness challenge where issue of whether 8 implemented changes fixed ADA issues was too intertwined with the merits); Johnson v. Fogo De 9 Chao Churrascaria (San Jose) LLC, 2021 WL 3913519 , at *3 (N.D. Cal. Sept. 1, 2021) (declining 10 to dismiss based on Rule 12(b)(1) standing challenge where issue of whether the restaurant’s 11 facilities are accessible to Plaintiff was too intertwined with the merits). In particular, the Court 12 finds it inappropriate to make findings regarding the extent of Plaintiff’s disability, exactly which 13 parts of the Hotel he did or did not visit, and the extent that certain features of the Hotel 14 represented actual barriers to Plaintiff, or whether visits to other hotels by Plaintiff (based on 15 filings in other cases) would have prevented him either financially or temporally from visiting this 16 Hotel. These issues are inappropriate to resolve at this juncture. See Johnson v. Woldeselassie, [17] 2022 WL 2317434 , at *4 (N.D. Cal. June 28, 2022). Accordingly, the Court rejects Defendant’s 18 challenge to Plaintiff’s Article III standing to assert his ADA claim. 19 ii. Standing to Seek Injunctive Relief 20 Because injunctive relief is the only relief available to private ADA plaintiffs, a plaintiff 21 alleging ADA violations must establish standing to pursue injunctive relief. “Standing for 22 injunctive relief requires a plaintiff to establish a ‘real and immediate threat of repeated injury.’” 23 Strojnik v. IA Lodging Napa First LLC, 2020 WL 2838814 , at *5 (N.D. Cal. June 1, 2020) 24 (quoting Fortyune v. Am. Multi-Cinema, Inc., 364 F.3d 1075, 1081 (9th Cir. 2004)). Ninth Circuit 25 case law establishes that an ADA plaintiff may establish standing “either by demonstrating 26 deterrence, or by demonstrating injury-in-fact coupled with an intent to return to a noncompliant 27 facility.” Chapman v. Pier 1 Imports (U.S.) Inc., 631 F.3d 939, 944 (9th Cir. 2011). 1 has no intent to return to the Hotel and is not actually deterred from visiting the Hotel in the 2 future. Defendant says that an intent to return “some day” is insufficient, Plaintiff’s claim of 3 deterrence is conclusory, and that Plaintiff cannot afford to returning to each hotel he sued in this 4 district and others given that he represented that his monthly expenses exceed his and his wife’s 5 monthly income by $885. See Mot. at 16–23; RJN, Ex. 10. Plaintiff here alleges that he will 6 “return to the Hotel … once it is represented to him that the Hotel is accessible,” but is “currently 7 deterred from doing so” because of the alleged inaccessibility. See SAC ¶ 16. Plaintiff also states 8 in his declaration that he intended to return to Gilroy in the winter of 2021-2022 and did so on or 9 about January 25, 2022. See Gastelum Decl. ¶ 11. The Ninth Circuit has held that allegations that 10 a disabled plaintiff intends to visit a place of public accommodation but is deterred from doing so 11 by non-compliance with the ADA are sufficient to establish standing to seek injunctive relief. See 12 C.R. Educ. & Enf’t Ctr. v. Hosp. Properties Tr., 867 F.3d 1093, 1099 (9th Cir. 2017); Pickern v. 13 Holiday Quality Foods, Inc., 293 F.3d 1133, 1138 (9th Cir. 2002); see also Whitaker v. Peet’s 14 Coffee, Inc., 2022 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 73417 , at *6–9 (N.D. Cal. Apr. 21, 2022) (rejecting challenge 15 to intent to return allegations on Rule 12(b)(1) and 12(b)(6) motion). And as the Court has already 16 stated, the Court finds it inappropriate to resolve issues about Plaintiff’s financial or temporal 17 ability to visit the Hotel based on allegations Plaintiff has put forth in other cases not before the 18 Court. Plaintiff here sufficiently alleges intent to return and deterrence and so possesses injunctive 19 relief standing. 20 Defendant urges the Court to require Plaintiff to plead additional elements to establish 21 injunctive relief standing, as some other district courts in the Ninth Circuit have in ADA cases. 22 See Mot. at 16 (citing Johnson v. DTBA, LLC, 424 F. Supp. 3d 657 , 663 (N.D. Cal. 2019) (internal 23 quotation marks and citation omitted); Harris v. Del Taco, Inc., 396 F. Supp. 2d 1107, 1113 (C.D. 24 Cal. 2005 )). Other courts have required plaintiffs to plead (1) the proximity of the place of public 25 accommodation to plaintiff’s residence, (2) plaintiff’s past patronage of defendant’s business, (3) 26 the definitiveness of plaintiff’s plans to return, and (4) the plaintiff’s frequency of travel near 27 defendant. Johnson, 424 F. Supp. 3d at 663; Harris, 396 F. Supp. 2d at 1113 . The Court has 1 allegations the Ninth Circuit has already found sufficient to confer injunctive relief standing. See 2 Woldeselassie, 2022 WL 2317434 , at * 5; Fogo De Chao, 2021 WL 3913519 , at *4; see also 3 Strojnik v. Bakersfield Convention Hotel I, LLC, 436 F. Supp. 3d 1332 , 1343 (E.D. Cal. 2020) 4 || (noting that the Ninth Circuit “has not adopted” these factors “despite having confronted the same 5 or similar issue repeatedly”). Plaintiff thus has alleged sufficient facts to support standing to seek 6 || injunctive relief. 7 C. Unruh Act Claim 8 A violation of the ADA constitutes a per se violation of the Unruh Act. See Johnson v. 9 Rando, 2021 WL 2986965 , at *6 (N.D. Cal. July 15, 2021); Lentini v. California Ctr. for the Arts, 10 || Escondido, 370 F.3d 837, 847 (9th Cir. 2004) (“[A] violation of the ADA is, per se, a violation of 11 the Unruh Act.”); Ridola v. Chao, 2018 WL 2287668 , at *11 (N.D. Cal. May 18, 2018) (applying 12 || Lentini). Defendant seeks dismissal of Plaintiff’s Unruh Act claim on the same grounds as the 13 ADA claim. Since the Court has determined Plaintiff’s ADA claim may properly go forward, the 14 || Court DENIES Defendant’s motion to dismiss Plaintiff’s Unruh Act claim. 2 15 || IV. ORDER 16 For the foregoing reasons, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that Defendant’s Motion to 3 17 Dismiss is DENIED. Defendant SHALL file an answer within 21 days. [18] 19 |] Dated: July 18, 2022 | y han en 20 M. BETH LABSON FREEMAN 21 United States District Judge