Colvin v. State of California

[3] 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA [6] 7 LOVELL COLVIN, Case No. 5:22-cv-00186 EJD 8 Plaintiff, ORDER OF SERVICE v. [9] 10 STATE OF CALIFORNIA, et al., Defendants. [11] 12 Plaintiff, an inmate at San Quentin State Prison (SQSP) formerly proceeding pro se, filed 13 an action pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983 alleging that Defendants violated his rights under the 14 Eighth Amendment by transferring over 100 inmates, some of whom were infected with COVID15 19, from the California Institution for Men (CIM) to SQSP in May 2020. Plaintiff is now 16 represented by counsel, and his complaint (ECF No. 1) is before the Court for screening pursuant 17 to 28 U.S.C. § 1915A.1 Plaintiff will be granted leave to proceed in forma pauperis in a separate 18 order. 19 STANDARD OF REVIEW 20 Federal courts must engage in a preliminary screening of cases in which prisoners seek 21 redress from a governmental entity or officer or employee of a governmental entity. 28 U.S.C. § 22 [23] 1 Plaintiff’s case, along with a number of other cases making similar claims about the May 2020 24 CIM-SQSP transfer, was assigned to the Honorable Judge William H. Orrick for the limited purpose of addressing common questions including whether Defendants are entitled to qualified 25 immunity or immunity pursuant to the Public Readiness and Emergency Preparedness (PREP) Act. See ECF No. 8. Judge Orrick ordered Defendants in this case on July 19, 2022, to show 26 cause why they should be entitled to a different conclusion than the order at ECF No. 59 in case No. 3:22-mc-80066-WHO addressing the common issues. ECF No. 13. Defendants specially 27 appeared to file a Notice in 3:22-mc-80066-WHO (ECF No. 71) indicating that Defendants had not been served in several cases, including this one, and requesting that screening and service 1 1915A(a). The Court must identify cognizable claims or dismiss the complaint, or any portion of 2 the complaint, if the complaint “is frivolous, malicious, or fails to state a claim upon which relief 3 may be granted,” or “seeks monetary relief from a defendant who is immune from such relief.” Id. 4 § 1915A(b). Pro se pleadings must be liberally construed. Balistreri v. Pacifica Police Dep’t, 901 5 F.2d 696, 699 (9th Cir. 1990). 6 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(a)(2) requires only “a short and plain statement of the 7 claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.” “Specific facts are not necessary; the 8 statement need only give the defendant fair notice of what the . . . . claim is and the grounds upon 9 which it rests.” Erickson v. Pardus, 127 S. Ct. 2197, 2200 (2007) (citations omitted). Although to 10 state a claim a complaint “does not need detailed factual allegations, . . . a plaintiff’s obligation to 11 provide the grounds of his entitle[ment] to relief requires more than labels and conclusions, and a 12 formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action will not do. . . . Factual allegations must 13 be enough to raise a right to relief above the speculative level.” Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, [14] 127 S. Ct. 1955, 1964-65 (2007) (citations omitted). A complaint must proffer “enough facts to 15 state a claim for relief that is plausible on its face.” Id. at 1974 . 16 To state a claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 , a plaintiff must allege two elements: (1) that a 17 right secured by the Constitution or laws of the United States was violated, and (2) that the alleged 18 violation was committed by a person acting under the color of state law. West v. Atkins, 487 U.S. 19 42, 48 (1988). 20 If a court dismisses a complaint for failure to state a claim, it should “freely give leave” to 21 amend “when justice so requires.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a)(2). A court has discretion to deny leave 22 to amend due to “undue delay, bad faith or dilatory motive on the part of the movant, repeated 23 failure to cure deficiencies by amendment previously allowed, undue prejudice to the opposing 24 party by virtue of allowance of the amendment, [and] futility of amendment.” Leadsinger, Inc. v. 25 BMG Music Pub., 512 F.3d 522, 532 (9th Cir. 2008). [27] 1 LEGAL CLAIMS 2 Plaintiff alleges that Defendants were involved in the decision to transfer over 100 3 prisoners, some of whom were infected with COVID-19, from the California Institution for Men 4 (“CIM”) to SQSP in May 2020. ECF No. 1 at 18. He alleges that Defendants failed to take 5 adequate safety precautions before, during, and after the transfer, including failing to test the 6 transferring prisoners or screen them for symptoms at the appropriate times, failing to implement 7 distancing measures on the transfer buses, and failing to test and isolate the transferred prisoners 8 upon arrival. Id. at 18-19. He alleges that over the course of three weeks, SQSP went from 9 having no cases of COVID to 499 cases, and by late July, SQSP had more than 2,000 prisoner 10 cases and 26 prisoners had died from the virus. Id. at 19, 24. He alleges that Defendants failed to 11 follow the recommendations of a Marin County public health official to mitigate spread, and that 12 there was “a grave lack of personal protective equipment and masks at San Quentin . . . even 13 though masks and PPE were easily obtainable.” Id. at 21. He alleges that Defendants failed to 14 follow the recommendations of a group of public health experts, who toured SQSP at the request 15 of federal receiver Clark Kelso, to release or transfer prisoners and avoid reliance on punitive 16 housing to quarantine the sick. Id. at 21-22. He alleges that Defendants refused offers by the 17 Innovative Genomics Institute at Berkeley and by a research laboratory at UCSF Medical Center 18 to provide free COVID testing. Id. at 22. 19 Plaintiff alleges that Defendants were aware of his high-risk factors for COVID, including 20 heart disease, high and low blood pressure, arrhythmia, and advanced age. Id. at 33-34. He 21 alleges that he became infected with COVID-19 around June 20, 2020. Id. at 34. 22 Plaintiff names the following Defendants: 23 1. The State of California 24 2. California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (“CDCR”) 25 3. SQSP 26 4. Ralph Diaz, former secretary of CDR 27 5. Estate of Robert S. Tharratt, former Medical Director of CDR 1 6. Ronald Davis, Warden of SQSP 2 7. Ronald Broomfield, Acting Warden of SQSP 3 8. Clarence Cryer, Chief Executive Officer of SQSP 4 9. Alison Pachynski, Chief Medical Executive of SQSP 5 10. Shannon Garrigan, Chief Physician and Surgeon of SQSP 6 11. Louie Escobell, Health Care Chief Executive Officer of CIM 7 12. Muhammad Farooq, Chief Medical Executive for CIM 8 13. Kirk Torres, Chief Physician and Surgeon for CIM 9 14. Does 1 through 20. 10 ECF No. 1 at 4. Plaintiff sues all Defendants who are people in their individual capacities. Id. 11 Plaintiff alleges that Defendants Diaz, Estate of Tharratt, Davis, Broomfield, Cryer, 12 Pachynski, Garrigan, Escobell, Farooq, Torres, and Does 1-20 violated his rights under the Eighth 13 Amendment by being deliberately indifferent, either directly or via supervisory liability, to his 14 medical and safety needs; interfered with his right to familial association; interfered with his right 15 to be free from state-created danger under the Fourteenth Amendment; and violated his rights 16 under California Civil Code section 52.1. ECF No. 1 at 35-41. He alleges that Defendants State 17 of California, CDCR, and SQSP violated his rights under the Rehabilitation Act. Id. at 43. 18 Plaintiff also brings a negligent infliction of emotional distress claim against Defendants Diaz, 19 Estate of Tharratt, Davis, Broomfield, Cryer, Pachynski, Garrigan, Escobell, Farooq, Torres, and 20 Does 1-20. Id. at 45. 21 Plaintiff seeks declaratory relief, compensatory damages, punitive damages, and costs. Id. 22 at 45-46. Plaintiff also seeks attorney fees, which are inapplicable as he is currently proceeding 23 pro se. Id. at 46. 24 ANALYSIS 25 A. Doe Defendants 26 Although Plaintiff lists “Does 1-20” in the caption, he has made no specific allegations 27 regarding any unknown defendants. The use of “John Doe” to identify a defendant is not favored 1 in the Ninth Circuit, see Gillespie v. Civiletti, 629 F.2d 637, 642 (9th Cir. 1980); Wiltsie v. Cal. 2 Dep’t of Corrections, 406 F.2d 515, 518 (9th Cir. 1968), but situations may arise where the 3 identity of alleged defendants cannot be known prior to the filing of a complaint. In such 4 circumstances, the plaintiff should be given an opportunity through discovery to identify the 5 unknown defendants, unless it is clear that discovery would not uncover their identities or that the 6 complaint should be dismissed on other grounds. See Gillespie, 629 F.2d at 642 ; Velasquez v. 7 Senko, 643 F. Supp. 1172, 1180 (N.D. Cal. 1986). Because Plaintiff has not made any specific 8 allegations about Does 1-20, the claims against these Doe Defendants are DISMISSED without 9 prejudice. 10 B. Eighth Amendment Claim 11 The allegations regarding the May 2020 transfer of CIM inmates into SQSP state 12 cognizable Eighth Amendment claims against Defendants Diaz, Estate of Tharratt, Davis, 13 Broomfield, Cryer, Pachynski, Garrigan, Escobell, Farooq, and Torres. Farmer v. Brennan, 511 14 U.S. 825 , 837 (1994) (prison official is deliberately indifferent if he or she knows that prisoner 15 faces substantial risk of serious harm and disregards that risk by failing to take reasonable steps to 16 abate it). 17 C. Right to Familial Association 18 The right to familial association is a is a “fundamental liberty interest” arising under the 19 First and Fourteenth Amendments. See, e.g., Keates v. Koile, 883 F.3d 1228, 1236 (9th Cir. 20 2018). But “[a]n inmate does not retain rights inconsistent with proper incarceration,” including, 21 to some extent, “freedom of association” which “is among the rights least compatible with 22 incarceration.” Overton v. Bazzetta, 539 U.S. 126, 131 (2003). While the Ninth Circuit has 23 suggested that a “blanket ban on . . . visitation privileges” could be unconstitutional, generally, 24 “prisoners do not have an absolute right to visitation.” Dunn v. Castro, 621 F.3d 1196 , 1204-05 25 (9th Cir. 2010). Because Plaintiff has made no specific allegations regarding deprivation of the 26 right to familial association in his complaint, the claim will be dismissed. [27] 1 D. Fourteenth Amendment Due Process 2 An official violates the Fourteenth Amendment’s Due Process clause by “failing to protect 3 an individual from harm by third parties.” Henry A. v. Willden, 678 F.3d 991, 1002 (9th Cir. 4 2012). “To determine whether an official affirmatively placed an individual in danger, [courts] 5 ask: (1) whether any affirmative actions of the official placed the individual in danger he 6 otherwise would not have faced; (2) whether the danger was known or obvious; and (3) whether 7 the officer acted with deliberate indifference to that danger.” Id. Plaintiff’s complaint does not 8 allege that he was harmed by third parties; he alleges that he was harmed by contracting COVID9 19. The state-created danger doctrine is therefore inapplicable, and this claim will be dismissed 10 with prejudice because there are no facts that Plaintiff could allege under these circumstances that 11 would state this type of claim.2 12 E. Bane Act 13 California Civil Code section 52.1, the Bane Act, “protects individuals from conduct aimed 14 at interfering with rights that are secured by federal or state law, where the interference is carried 15 out ‘by threats, intimidation or coercion’.” Reese v. Cnty. of Sacramento, 888 F.3d 1030 , 1040 16 (9th Cir. 2018) (quoting Venegas v. County of Los Angeles, 153 Cal.App.4th 1230, 1239 (2007)). 17 A defendant must have “specific intent” to violate the plaintiff’s rights. “But it is not necessary 18 for the defendants to have been ‘thinking in constitutional or legal terms at the time of the 19 incidents, because a reckless disregard for a person’s constitutional rights is evidence of a specific 20 intent to deprive that person of those rights’.” Id. at 1045 (quoting United States v. Reese, 2 F.3d 21 870, 885 (9th Cir. 1993)). The Ninth Circuit in Reese found a triable issue as to specific intent 22 where the defendant deputy sheriffs, responding to a 911 call about a gunshot and a man with a 23 knife, fired at the plaintiff as he answered the door with a knife. Id. at 1035, 1045. Here, liberally [25] 26 2 Further, “the Ninth Circuit has held that the Eighth Amendment, and not the Fourteenth Amendment, provides the applicable standards for evaluating convicted prisoners’ conditions of 27 confinement claims.” Caruso v. Hill, No. 120CV0084AWIEPGPC, 2020 WL 4018141 , at *11 (E.D. Cal. July 15, 2020). The state-created danger doctrine likely does not apply to prisoners, 1 construed, Plaintiff has stated a cognizable claim that Defendants acted with reckless disregard for 2 his constitutional rights, meeting the elements of the Bane Act. 3 F. Rehabilitation Act 4 The elements of a Rehabilitation Act claim are that: (1) the plaintiff is a handicapped 5 person under the Act; (2) he is otherwise qualified; (3) the relevant program receives federal 6 financial assistance; and (4) the defendants impermissibly discriminated against him on the basis 7 of the handicap. See Bonner v. Lewis, 857 F.2d 559, 562-63 (9th Cir. 1988). The Act is 8 applicable to state prisons receiving federal financial assistance. See Armstrong v. Wilson, 124 9 F.3d 1019, 1022-23 (9th Cir. 1997), and the state acceptance of federal funds may waive sovereign 10 immunity. See Pugliese v. Dillenberg, 346 F.3d 937, 937-38 (9th Cir. 2003) (per curiam). 11 Here, Plaintiff has alleged that he has heart disease, high and low blood pressure, 12 arrhythmia, and advanced age, and that Defendants the State of California, CDCR, and SQSP 13 receive federal assistance and funds. ECF No. 1 at 43. He alleges that these Defendants 14 [W]ere required to make reasonable accommodations for [his] disabilities, such as providing additional enhanced PPE, providing legally required N-95 respirators, 15 changing the prison environment, sanitation and deep cleaning of the prison, eradicating vermin from the housing unit, black mold remediation, single cell 16 housing to allow for social distancing, enforcing social distancing and masking mandates, and following well-known public health directives, Orders, and advice . 17 . . to properly address the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak at San Quentin. 18 Id. at 44. Plaintiff alleges that Defendants violated the Rehabilitation Act by failing to 19 accommodate his disabilities and “subject[ing him] to even a greater risk of contracting and dying 20 from COVID-19 than his non-disabled inmate cohorts.” Id. at 44-45. Liberally construed, 21 Plaintiff has stated a cognizable Rehabilitation Act claim against Defendants the State of 22 California, CDCR, and SQSP. 23 G. Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress 24 Plaintiff has also stated a cognizable state-law claim for negligent infliction of emotional 25 distress. Under California law, “there is no independent tort of negligent infliction of emotional 26 distress.” Potter v. Firestone Tire & Rubber Co., 6 Cal. 4th 965, 984 (1993). A negligent 27 infliction of emotional distress claim is only available where the “defendant has assumed a duty to 1 plaintiff in which the emotional condition of the plaintiff is an object,” and “recovery is available 2 only if the emotional distress arises the defendant’s breach of some other legal duty and the 3 emotional distress is proximately caused by that breach of duty.” Id. at 985 . Here, Defendants 4 have a duty to plaintiff as a prisoner under state tort law. California “[c]ase law holds that ‘there is 5 a special relationship between jailer and prisoner, imposing on the former a duty of care to the 6 latter’.” Lawson v. Superior Ct., 180 Cal. App. 4th 1372 , 1389–90 (2010) (quoting Giraldo v. 7 Department of Corrections & Rehabilitation, 168 Cal. App. 4th 231, 250 (2008)). Plaintiff alleges 8 that the emotional distress arose out of Defendants’ breach of their duty to him by exposing him to 9 COVID-19. 10 CONCLUSION 11 For the foregoing reasons, the Court orders as follows: 12 1. Defendants Does 1-20 are DISMISSED without prejudice. 13 2. Plaintiff’s familial association claim is DISMISSED without prejudice. 14 3. Plaintiff’s state-created danger claim is DISMISSED with prejudice. 15 4. Plaintiff has stated the following cognizable claims against Defendants Diaz, Estate 16 of Tharratt, Davis, Broomfield, Cryer, Pachynski, Garrigan, Escobell, Farooq, and Torres: 17 violation of the Eighth Amendment by deliberate indifference to his health and safety needs; 18 California Civil Code section 52.1; and negligent infliction of emotional distress. 19 5. Plaintiff has stated the following cognizable claims against Defendants the State of 20 California, CDCR, and SQSP: violation of the Rehabilitation Act. 21 6. The Court ORDERS that service shall proceed by the United States Marshal 22 Service (“USMS”) on the State of California through the Office of the Attorney General. 23 7. The Court ORDERS that service on the following Defendants shall proceed under 24 the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation’s (“CDCR”) e-service program for 25 civil rights cases from prisoners in the CDCR’s custody: 26 a. CDCR 27 b. SQSP 1 c. Ralph Diaz, former secretary of CDR 2 d. Estate of Robert S. Tharratt, former Medical Director of CDR 3 e. Ronald Davis, Warden of SQSP 4 f. Ronald Broomfield, Acting Warden of SQSP 5 g. Clarence Cryer, Chief Executive Officer of SQSP 6 h. Alison Pachynski, Chief Medical Executive of SQSP 7 i. Shannon Garrigan, Chief Physician and Surgeon of SQSP 8 j. Louie Escobell, Health Care Chief Executive Officer of CIM 9 k. Muhammad Farooq, Chief Medical Executive for CIM 10 l. Kirk Torres, Chief Physician and Surgeon for CIM 11 In accordance with the program, the Clerk is directed to serve on the CDCR via email the 12 following documents: the operative complaint (ECF No. 1), this Order of Service, a CDCR Report 13 of E-Service Waiver form, and a summons. The Clerk also shall serve a copy of this order on the 14 Plaintiff. 15 No later than 40 days after service of this order via email on the CDCR, the CDCR shall 16 provide the court a completed CDCR Report of E-Service Waiver advising the court which 17 defendant(s) listed in this order will be waiving service of process without the need for service by 18 the USMS and which defendant(s) decline to waive service or could not be reached. The CDCR 19 also shall provide a copy of the CDCR Report of E-Service Waiver to the California Attorney 20 General’s Office which, within 21 days, shall file with the Court a waiver of service of process for 21 the defendant(s) who are waiving service. 22 Upon receipt of the CDCR Report of E-Service Waiver, the Clerk shall prepare for each 23 defendant who has not waived service according to the CDCR Report of E-Service Waiver a 24 USM-205 Form. The Clerk shall provide to the USMS the completed USM-205 forms and copies 25 of this order, the summons and the operative complaint for service upon each defendant who has 26 not waived service. The Clerk also shall provide to the USMS a copy of the CDCR Report of E27 Service Waiver. ] 8. All Defendants are cautioned that Rule 4 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 2 || requires them to cooperate in saving unnecessary costs of service of the summons and complaint. 3 Pursuant to Rule 4, if defendants, after being notified of this action and asked by the Court, on 4 || behalf of plaintiff, to waive service of the summons, fail to do so, they will be required to bear the 5 cost of such service unless good cause can be shown for their failure to sign and return the waiver 6 || form. 7 9. This Court will issue a scheduling order for summary judgment or other dispositive 8 || motion briefing after resolution of the common issues in the 22-mc-80066-WHO matter. See ECF 9 || No. 8, 10 10. All communications by Plaintiff with the Court must be served on Defendants’ 11 counsel by mailing a true copy of the document to Defendants’ counsel. The Court may disregard 12 || any document which a party files but fails to send a copy of to his opponent. Until Defendants’ 13 counsel has been designated, Plaintiff may mail a true copy of the document directly to 14 || Defendants, but once Defendants are represented by counsel, all documents must be mailed to 3 15 counsel rather than directly to Defendants. 16 11. Plaintiff is responsible for prosecuting this case. Plaintiff must promptly keep the 17 || Court informed of any change of address and must comply with the Court’s orders in a timely Z 18 fashion. Failure to do so may result in the dismissal of this action for failure to prosecute pursuant 19 || to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 41(b). Plaintiff must file a notice of change of address in every 20 || pending case every time he is moved to a new facility. 21 12. Any motion for an extension of time must be filed no later than the deadline sought 22 || to be extended and must be accompanied by a showing of good cause. Plaintiff is cautioned that 23 he must include the case name and case number for this case on any document he submits to the 24 || Court for consideration in this case. 25 IT IS SO ORDERED. 26 || Dated: August 26, 2022 EDWARD J. DAVILA 27 United States District Judge