Diaz Oropeza v. Becerra

[3] 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA [6] 7 BENJAMIN DIAZ OROPEZA, Case No. 22-cv-09126-DMR 8 Plaintiff, ORDER GRANTING PETITION FOR 9 v. WRIT OF HABEAS CORPUS 10 MOISES BECERRA, et al., Re: Dkt. Nos. 1, 13 11 Defendants. 12 Petitioner Benjamin Diaz Oropeza (“Diaz”) is a noncitizen from Mexico who is currently 13 in Immigration and Customs Enforcement (“ICE”) custody pending the conclusion of his removal 14 proceedings. Respondents are Moises Becerra, Field Office Director of ICE’s San Francisco Field 15 Office; Tae D. Johnson, Acting Director of ICE; Alejandro Mayorkas, Secretary of the 16 Department of Homeland Security (“DHS”); and Merrick B. Garland, the United States Attorney 17 General. 18 On December 27, 2022, Diaz filed a petition for writ of habeas corpus pursuant to 28 19 U.S.C. § 2241 in which he asks the court to order his release from custody within 14 days unless Respondents schedule an individualized custody hearing at which “ICE must establish by clear [20] and convincing evidence that [he] presents a danger or flight risk” in order to continue his [21] detention.”1 [Docket No. 1 (Petition) ¶ 4.] The parties filed a stipulated briefing schedule on [22] Respondents’ return and motion to dismiss, which the court entered on January 3, 2023. [Docket [23] No. 4.] [24] This matter is fully briefed and is suitable for resolution without a hearing. Civ. L.R. 725 [27] 1 Individualized custody hearings are also known as bond hearings. These terms are used 1 1(b). For the following reasons, the motion to dismiss is denied.2 The habeas petition is granted. 2 I. BACKGROUND 3 Diaz was born in Mexico in 1968. He experienced domestic violence and sexual abuse as 4 a child and fled with his family to the United States in 1983. He became a lawful permanent 5 resident in 1990. Petition ¶¶ 19-22. In 2019, Diaz was convicted of assault with a deadly weapon 6 in California state court and sentenced to probation with credit for time served. Id. at ¶ 26 . After 7 he was released from custody, Diaz struggled with homelessness and poverty. Id. at ¶ 27 . In 8 August 2020, Diaz was convicted of aggravated assault with a weapon and sentenced to two years 9 in prison. [Docket No. 13-2 (Abad Decl., Jan. 17, 2023) ¶ 3, Exs. A, C.] During his incarceration, 10 Diaz was assaulted by two cellmates. He was later diagnosed with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder 11 based on his childhood trauma and the attack. Petition ¶¶ 27-29. Diaz ultimately served ten 12 months in custody related to the probation violation. Id. at ¶ 27 . Diaz remains subject to state 13 parole, and if released, his parole officer would initiate an immediate referral to transitional 14 housing and programming. Id. at ¶ 30 . 15 On June 23, 2021, DHS charged Diaz as removable pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 16 1227(a)(2)(A)(iii) for having been convicted of an aggravated felony and issued a Notice to 17 Appear. Petition ¶ 32, Ex. A (Notice to Appear, “NTA”). DHS detained Diaz the same day and 18 transferred him to Golden State Annex in McFarland, California. Petition ¶¶ 31, 43, Ex. B. 19 According to DHS Deportation Officer Juan Carlo Abad, DHS conducted a custody determination 20 when Diaz was taken into custody in light of the requirements imposed in Fraihat v. U.S. 21 Immigration & Customs Enforcement, 445 F. Supp. 3d 709 , 751 (C.D. Cal. 2020), rev’d and 22 remanded, 16 F.4th 613 (9th Cir. 2021), regarding custody determinations for immigration 23 detainees with risk factors for COVID-19. Abad Decl. ¶ 5. An ICE officer “concluded that 24 detention was warranted because Mr. Diaz constituted a threat to public safety if released.” Id. at 25 ¶ 5, Ex. D (June 23, 2021 Notice of Custody Determination). Since then, Diaz has not received or 26 requested a custody redetermination hearing or a hearing challenging his detention pursuant to In [27] 1 re Joseph, 22 I. & N. Dec. 799, 805 (BIA 1999), which provides a noncitizen “the opportunity to 2 offer evidence and legal authority on the question whether the [government] has properly included 3 him within a category that is subject to mandatory detention” pending removal proceedings. Abad 4 Decl. ¶ 5. 5 At the time Diaz filed the instant petition, he had been detained for over 18 months. 6 A. Removal Proceedings 7 Diaz appeared pro se throughout his administrative immigration proceedings. Petition ¶ 8 33. He was granted two continuances to allow him time to attempt to retain counsel. Abad Decl. 9 ¶¶ 6, 7. On August 26, 2021, Diaz appeared for a removal hearing before an immigration judge 10 (“IJ”) without counsel. Id. at ¶ 8. At some point, his adult daughter filed a family-based visa 11 petition on his behalf on the advice of an immigration judge (“IJ”). The IJ continued the 12 proceedings in 30-day increments for eight months pending the filing and adjudication of the visa 13 petition. Id. at ¶¶ 34, 35; Abad Decl. ¶ 9. 14 Diaz subsequently filed applications for asylum, withholding of removal, and deferral of 15 removal under the Convention Against Torture. A different IJ denied those applications on April 16 7, 2022 and ordered him removed. Petition ¶¶ 36-38, Ex. E; Abad Decl. ¶ 10. Diaz appealed the 17 decision to the Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”), which dismissed the appeal on August 2, 18 2022. Petition ¶ 39, Ex. F. With the assistance of pro bono counsel, Diaz then filed a petition for 19 review of the BIA’s decision with the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals and the Ninth Circuit issued 20 a temporary stay of removal on August 4, 2022. Petition ¶ 40, Ex. P. Diaz filed a motion to 21 reopen with the BIA on October 20, 2022. Petition ¶ 41. The Ninth Circuit subsequently granted 22 Diaz’s unopposed motion to hold proceedings in abeyance pending the BIA’s adjudication of the 23 motion to reopen. Id. at ¶ 42, Ex. P. 24 On April 11, 2023, the BIA denied Diaz’s motion to reopen proceedings. [Docket No. 20.] 25 Diaz moved to consolidate his petitions for review before the Ninth Circuit and for a briefing 26 schedule, which remains pending. See id. 27 B. Details of Diaz’s Confinement 1 California. [Docket No. 13-1 (Gonzalez Decl. Jan. 17, 2022) ¶ 4.] GSA is managed by The GEO 2 Group, Inc. (“GEO”), an independent contractor. The warden, known as the “Facility 3 Administrator,” is a GEO employee based in McFarland. Id. McFarland is in Kern County, 4 which is in the Eastern District of California. [Docket No. 13 (Motion to Dismiss & Return to 5 Petition, “MTD/Return”) 4.] 6 DHS Acting Assistant Field Office Director Nancy Gonzalez is based in Bakersfield, 7 California. She is assigned to the Bakersfield Sub-Office within ICE’s Enforcement and Removal 8 Operations, San Francisco Field Office. The Bakersfield Sub-Office is responsible for oversight 9 of noncitizens detained at GSA. Gonzalez Decl. ¶ 1. Gonzalez states that she supports the Deputy 10 Field Office Director and Field Office Director “in managing operations and procedures of 11 enforcement and removal activity” throughout her area of responsibility, which includes 12 “providing oversight and supervision of Supervisory Detention and Deportation Officers and their 13 staff who maintain the docket management of ICE detainees at GSA.” Id. According to 14 Gonzalez, she and her staff “directly liaise with the GSA Facility Administrator and other GEO 15 personnel regarding the detainees at GSA.” Id. at ¶ 5. Her direct line supervisor, Acting Deputy 16 Field Office Director Richard Chang, is based in San Francisco. Id. at ¶ 6. Chang is responsible 17 for ICE immigration enforcement operations within nine counties, including Kern County. Chang 18 directly reports to Respondent Moises Becerra, Field Office Director (“FOD”) of the “San 19 Francisco Area of Responsibility,” which encompasses offices in seven cities in California, as well 20 as Hawaii, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands. Id. at ¶¶ 7, 8. Gonzalez states that Becerra is 21 responsible for the management and direction of all enforcement and removal operations and law 22 enforcement operations within the boundaries of the San Francisco Area of Responsibility. Id. at ¶ 23 8. 24 C. The Habeas Petition 25 On December 27, 2022, Diaz filed a petition for writ of habeas corpus in which he asks the 26 court to order his release from custody within 14 days unless Respondents schedule an 27 individualized custody hearing. The petition asserts a single claim for relief: that his prolonged II. JURISDICTION OVER THE PETITION [1] Diaz filed his habeas petition pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2241 , which allows “the Supreme [2] Court, any justice thereof, the district courts and any circuit judge” to grant writs of habeas corpus [3] “within their respective jurisdictions.” 28 U.S.C. § 2241 (a). A district court may grant a writ of [4] habeas corpus when the petitioner “is in custody in violation of the Constitution or laws or treaties [5] of the United States.” 28 U.S.C. § 2241 (c)(3). Here, Diaz asserts that his continued detention [6] violates his due process rights under the Fifth Amendment of the United States Constitution and [7] does not ask this court to defer removal. See Petition ¶¶ 4-6, 71-73. The Ninth Circuit has held [8] that “district courts retain jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 2241 to consider habeas challenges to [9] immigration detention that are sufficiently independent of the merits of [a] removal order[.]” [10] Lopez-Marroquin v. Barr, 955 F.3d 759 (9th Cir. 2020) (citing Singh v. Holder, 638 F.3d 1196 , [11] 1211-12 (9th Cir. 2011)). Therefore, the court has subject matter jurisdiction pursuant to Section [12] 2241. See, e.g., Hilario Pankim, No. 20-cv-02941-JSC, 2020 WL 2542022 , at *4 (N.D. Cal. May [13] 19, 2020) (concluding that court had subject matter jurisdiction over Section 2241 petition where [14] noncitizen detainee argued his continued detention violated his constitutional rights). [15] Nonetheless, Respondents contend that the habeas petition should be dismissed for lack of [16] jurisdiction and improper venue, arguing that “jurisdiction lies in only one district: the district of [17] confinement,” which is the United States District Court for the Eastern District of California. [18] MTD/Return 1, 5, 8. Respondents make a related argument that the warden of GSA, whom they [19] do not identify, is the proper respondent for Diaz’s habeas petition, not FOD Becerra. Id. at 1020 11. As an alternative to dismissal, Respondents argue that the court should transfer the petition to [21] the Eastern District. Id. at 12 . Respondents primarily rely on Rumsfeld v. Padilla, 542 U.S. 426 , [22] 443 (2004), and Lopez-Marroquin, 955 F.3d at 759 in support of their jurisdiction and venue [23] arguments. Id. at 5-8. [24] This court rejected the government’s nearly identical arguments in Salesh P. v. Kaiser, No. [25] 22-CV-03018-DMR, 2022 WL 17082375 , at *5 (N.D. Cal. Nov. 18, 2022), and concluded that the 26 FOD of the San Francisco office with “ultimate control over GSA” was the proper respondent in a 27 Section 2241 petition filed by a noncitizen detained at GSA, which is located in the Eastern 1 outcome here. Accordingly, the court concludes that the Northern District is the proper forum for 2 Diaz’s petition and denies Respondents’ motion to dismiss. 3 III. MERITS OF THE PETITION 4 A. Legal Framework for Entitlement to a Bond Hearing 5 The INA provides a “complex statutory framework of detention authority” codified at 8 6 U.S.C. §§ 1226 and 1231. Prieto-Romero v. Clark, 534 F.3d 1053, 1057 (9th Cir. 2008). Where a 7 noncitizen falls within the statutory scheme “can affect whether his detention is mandatory or 8 discretionary, as well as the kind of review process available to him if he wishes to contest the 9 necessity of his detention.” Id. In general, section 1226(a) governs detention during the pendency 10 of a noncitizen’s removal decision, and section 1231 governs detention following the issuance of a 11 final removal order. 12 Section 1226(a) provides the Attorney General with discretionary authority to arrest and 13 detain a noncitizen “pending a decision on whether the alien is to be removed from the United 14 States.” 8 U.S.C. § 1226 (a); Prieto-Romero, 534 F.3d at 1057 . A noncitizen detained pursuant 15 to section 1226(a) can appeal ICE’s initial custody determination to an immigration judge, who is 16 authorized to “release the alien, and determine the amount of bond, if any, under which the 17 respondent may be released.” 8 C.F.R. § 1236.1 (d)(1); see also 8 C.F.R. § 1003.19 (a) (granting 18 immigration judges jurisdiction to review custody and bond determinations). By contrast, section 19 1226(c) mandates detention for noncitizens who have committed certain criminal offenses. 8 20 U.S.C. § 1226 (c). A noncitizen subject to mandatory detention under section 1226(c) can only be 21 released for witness protection purposes and if the noncitizen “will not pose a danger to the safety 22 of other persons or of property and is likely to appear for any scheduled proceeding.” 8 U.S.C. § 23 1226(c)(2). 24 The Supreme Court and the Ninth Circuit have long “grappled in piece-meal fashion with 25 whether the various immigration detention statutes may authorize indefinite or prolonged 26 detention of detainees and, if so, may do so without providing a bond hearing.” Rodriguez v. 27 Hayes (“Rodriguez I”), 591 F.3d 1105, 1114 (9th Cir. 2010). In 2015, the Ninth Circuit 1 and 1226(c). See Rodriguez v. Robbins (“Rodriguez III”), 804 F.3d 1060 (9th Cir. 2015), reversed 2 by Jennings v. Rodriguez, 138 S. Ct. 830 (2018). In Rodriguez III, a certified class of noncitizens 3 challenged their prolonged detentions pursuant to 8 U.S.C. §§ 1225 (b), 1226(a), 1226(c), and 4 1231(a) without the provision of individualized bond hearings.3 804 F.3d at 1065 . Following the 5 entry of a preliminary injunction, which was affirmed on appeal, see Rodriguez v. Robbins 6 (“Rodriguez II”), 715 F.3d 1127 (9th Cir. 2013), the district court granted summary judgment to 7 the class and entered a permanent injunction requiring the government to provide a bond hearing 8 to any class member subject to detention longer than six months. 804 F.3d at 1065 . The 9 government was ordered to provide each detainee with a bond hearing by his or her 195th day of 10 detention, with such hearings occurring automatically after notice. Id. at 1072 . The district court 11 also required the government to prove by clear and convincing evidence that the detainee was a 12 flight risk or a danger to the community in order to justify the denial of bond. Id. at 1071 . The 13 government appealed from the entry of the permanent injunction, and the class cross-appealed the 14 district court’s denial of certain procedural requirements for bond hearings. Id. at 1072-73 . 15 In relevant part, the Ninth Circuit court affirmed summary judgment and the entry of the 16 permanent injunction as to the section 1226(c), 1225(b), and 1226(a) subclasses. Relying on the 17 canon of constitutional avoidance, the court construed sections 1225(b) and 1226(c) as imposing a [18] 3 Section 1225(b) “applies to ‘applicants for admission’ who are stopped at the border or a port of [19] entry, or who are ‘present in the United States’ but ‘ha[ve] not been admitted.’” Rodriguez III, 804 F.3d at 1081 (quoting 8 U.S.C. § 1225 (a)(1)). “The statute provides that asylum seekers ‘shall [20] be detained pending a final determination of credible fear of persecution and, if found not to have such a fear, until removed.’” Id. (quoting 8 U.S.C. § 1225 (b)(1)(B)(iii)(IV)). As to all other such [21] applicants for admission, the statute provides for mandatory detention “if the examining immigration officer determines that [the individuals] seeking admission [are] not clearly and [22] beyond a doubt entitled to be admitted.” 8 U.S.C. § 1225 (b)(2)(A). [23] As discussed above, 8 U.S.C. § 1226 (c) “requires that the Attorney General detain any non-citizen who is inadmissible or deportable because of his criminal history upon that person’s [24] release from imprisonment, pending proceedings to remove him from the United States.” Rodriguez III, 804 F.3d at 1078, n.8 . Detention under section 1226(c) is mandatory and [25] individuals detained under that section may be released only if the government deems it “necessary” for witness protection purposes. Id. at 1078 (citing 8 U.S.C. § 1226 (c)(2)). [26] Section 1226(a) provides that a noncitizen “may be arrested and detained pending a [27] decision on whether the alien is to be removed from the United States.” Section 1231(a) governs 1 six-month time limit on detention, after which the government may continue detention only under 2 the authority of section 1226(a). Id. at 1079, 1082 . The court re-affirmed its decision in Casas 3 that a noncitizen “subjected to prolonged detention under § 1226(a) is entitled to a hearing to 4 establish whether continued detention is necessary because he would pose a danger to the 5 community or a flight risk upon release.” Id. at 1085 (citing Casas, 535 F.3d at 949-52). The 6 court thereby affirmed the district court’s permanent injunction requiring the government to hold 7 bond hearings every six months for noncitizens detained pursuant to sections 1226(c), 1225(b), 8 and 1226(a). Id. at 1090. The court also affirmed the requirement that the government “prove by 9 clear and convincing evidence that an alien is a flight risk or a danger to the community to justify 10 denial of bond at a Casas hearing.” Id. at 1087 (quoting Rodriguez II, 715 F.3d at 1135 (quoting 11 Singh, 638 F.3d at 1203 )). 12 The Supreme Court reversed Rodriguez III in Jennings. The Court found that the Ninth 13 Circuit had misapplied the canon of constitutional avoidance as to sections 1225(b), 1226(c), and 14 1226(a), and determined that “its interpretations of the three provisions at issue . . . are 15 implausible.” 138 S. Ct. at 842 . As to section 1225(b), which “applies primarily to aliens seeking 16 entry into the United States,” the Court noted that the statute divides applicants into two 17 categories: section 1225(b)(1) provides that certain noncitizens claiming a credible fear of 18 persecution “shall be detained for further consideration of the application for asylum,” while 19 section 1225(b)(2) provides that noncitizens who fall within the scope of that provision “shall be 20 detained for a [removal] proceeding.” Id. (emphasis added) (quoting 8 U.S.C. §§ 21 1225(b)(1)(B)(ii), 1225(b)(2)(A)). The Court found that “[r]ead most naturally, §§ 1225(b)(1) and 22 (b)(2) mandate detention of applicants for admission until certain proceedings have concluded.” 23 Id. The Court rejected the argument that those provisions contain an implicit six-month limit on 24 the length of detention, observing that “nothing in the statutory text imposes any limit on the 25 length of detention” or “even hints that those provisions restrict detention after six months.” Id. at 26 842, 843. As to the canon of constitutional avoidance, the Court held that “[s]potting a 27 constitutional issue does not give a court the authority to rewrite a statute as it pleases . . . 1 statutory text.’” Id. at 843. The Court concluded that sections 1225(b)(1) are 1225(b)(1) are not 2 ambiguous, and that “neither provision can reasonably be read to limit detention to six months.” 3 Id. at 843-844 (contrasting section 1225(b), which provides that noncitizens “shall be detained” 4 for further proceedings, with section 1231(a)(6), which provides that noncitizens “may be 5 detained” after the completion of the removal period). 6 Similarly, the Court held that section 1226(c), which applies to noncitizens already present 7 in the United States, could not plausibly be construed to include an implicit six-month time limit 8 on the length of mandatory detention. Id. at 846-47. As to section 1226(a), the Court noted that 9 “[f]ederal regulations provide that [noncitizens] detained under § 1226(a) receive bond hearings at 10 the outset of detention.” Id. at 847. The Court held that “[n]othing in § 1226(a)’s text . . . 11 supports the imposition” of the procedural protections ordered by the Ninth Circuit—“namely, 12 periodic bond hearings every six months in which the Attorney General must prove by clear and 13 convincing evidence that the alien’s continued detention is necessary.” Id. 14 Jennings only entertained statutory challenges to the INA’s detention scheme and 15 remanded the question of whether prolonged detention without an individualized bond hearing 16 violates the due process clause of the Fifth Amendment. Upon remand, the Ninth Circuit stated its 17 “grave doubts that any statute that allows for arbitrary prolonged detention without any process is 18 constitutional” and remanded the issue to the district court to consider it in the first 19 instance. Rodriguez v. Marin (“Rodriguez IV”), 909 F.3d 252, 256 (9th Cir. 2018). 20 B. Discussion 21 The parties do not dispute that Diaz is detained pursuant to the government’s mandatory 22 detention authority under section 1226(c). It is also undisputed that Diaz has been in custody for 23 over 22 months without having been afforded a bond hearing. Diaz argues that his continued 24 detention without such a hearing violates his Fifth Amendment due process rights. He asks that 25 the court apply a “bright-line, six-month rule” and find that he is constitutionally entitled to a bond 26 hearing because his detention has lasted for more than six months. See Petition ¶ 59. In the 27 alternative, he contends that due process requires that he be given an individualized bond hearing 1 In response, Respondents argue that “detention under § 1226(c) is constitutional so long as 2 the statutory purpose of preventing certain criminal noncitizens from fleeing is being fulfilled, as it 3 undoubtedly is here.” MTD/Return 12 (citing Demore v. Kim, 538 U.S. 510, 527-28 (2003)). 4 They also argue that “assuming without conceding that Mathews might apply, Mr. Diaz’s 5 detention is not unconstitutional under that test.” Id. at 19. 6 Demore provides little support for Respondents’ position. In Demore, the Supreme Court 7 held that mandatory detention under section 1226(c) for the “brief period necessary” to complete 8 removal proceedings is “constitutionally permissible” under the Fifth Amendment. 538 U.S. at 9 513, 531. The Supreme Court cautioned, however, that such detention has “a definite termination 10 point” and typically “lasts roughly a month and a half in the vast majority of cases in which it is 11 invoked, and about five months in the minority of cases in which the alien chooses to 12 appeal.” Id. at 529-30 . The Court accordingly concluded that the six-month detention at issue 13 constituted reasonable “temporary” confinement. Id. at 530-31 . Here, Diaz has been detained for 14 nearly two years—a considerably longer period of time than the detention at issue in Demore. 15 See, e.g., Gonzalez v. Bonnar, No. 18-CV-05321-JSC, 2019 WL 330906 , at *4 (N.D. Cal. Jan. 25, 16 2019) (noting that “[i]n contrast to the situation at the time Demore was decided, case processing 17 times today are considerably longer” and concluding that petitioner’s detention for over one year 18 without a bond hearing violated his due process rights). 19 As this court has previously observed, since Jennings, “there remains ‘a dearth of guidance 20 regarding the point at which an individual’s continued mandatory detention under Section 1226(c) 21 becomes unconstitutional.’” Bent v. Barr, No. 19-CV-06123-DMR, 2020 WL 1677332 , at *7 22 (N.D. Cal. Apr. 6, 2020) (quoting Gonzalez, 2019 WL 330906 , at *3). Absent controlling 23 authority establishing a bright-line rule for a due process right to receive periodic bond hearings, 24 the court finds that it is appropriate to conduct an individualized due process analysis under 25 Mathews, in which the Supreme Court held that “[t]he fundamental requirement of due process is 26 the opportunity to be heard at a meaningful time and in a meaningful manner.” 424 U.S. at 333; 27 see Salesh P., 2022 WL 17082375 , at *8 (collecting cases applying Mathews and applying its 1 The three-part Mathews test requires courts to consider “(1) the private interest affected, 2 (2) the government’s interest, and (3) the value added by alternative procedural safeguards to what 3 has already been provided in the particular situation before the court.” Soto v. Sessions, No. 184 cv-02891-EMC, 2018 WL 3619727 , at *3 (N.D. Cal. July 30, 2018) (citing Mathews, 424 U.S. at 5 334-35). 6 The first factor is Diaz’s interest. Courts have held that there is a strong private interest 7 based on the duration of the detention. De Paz Sales v. Barr, No. 19-cv-04148-KAW, 2019 WL 8 4751894, at *7 (N.D. Cal. Sept. 30, 2019) (finding a strong private interest where the petitioner 9 “risks continued detention absent a bond hearing”). “[L]iberty is the norm, and detention prior to 10 trial or without trial is the carefully limited exception.” Rodriguez IV, 909 F.3d at 256 -57 (quoting 11 United States v. Salerno, 481 U.S. 739, 755 (1987)). In this case, Diaz has been detained for 12 nearly two years without a bond hearing, and there is no reasonably certain end to his detention. 13 This period of detention leans heavily toward finding a strong private interest at stake. Lopez 14 Reyes v. Bonnar, 362 F. Supp. 3d 762, 776 (N.D. Cal. 2019) (finding a strong private interest 15 where the petitioner had been detained 22 months and received his last bond hearing 16 months 16 prior); Jimenez v. Wolf, No. 19-cv-07996-NC, 2020 WL 510347 , at *3 (N.D. Cal. Jan. 30, 2020) 17 (finding petitioner “undoubtedly has a strong liberty interest to be free from arbitrary or 18 unreasonable imprisonment” where he had been detained for one year without a bond hearing). 19 Respondents do not meaningfully dispute that Diaz has a strong private interest. Instead, 20 they assert that Diaz has never requested a hearing to contest his detention and contend that his 21 “time in detention is principally due to his own litigation choices,” noting his multiple requests for 22 continuances, petition for review, and motions before the Ninth Circuit. MTD/Return 20-21. 23 Respondents’ argument is not persuasive. Notably, Diaz represented himself throughout a large 24 portion of the removal proceedings and sought two of the continuances at issue to obtain counsel. 25 “For decades, [the Ninth Circuit] ha[s] described United States immigration law as labyrinthine,” 26 and the court recently noted that “[n]avigating the asylum system with an attorney is hard enough; 27 navigating it without an attorney is a Herculean task.” Usubakunov v. Garland, 16 F.4th 1299 , 1 court, that Diaz purposefully delayed the proceedings. The court concludes that “[t]he duration 2 and frequency of” Diaz’s requests for continuances “do not diminish his significant liberty interest 3 in his release or his irreparable injury of continued detention without a bond hearing.” See 4 Hernandez Gomez v. Becerra, No. 23-CV-01330-WHO, 2023 WL 2802230 , at *4 (N.D. Cal. Apr. 5 4, 2023); Masood v. Barr, No. 19-cv-07623-JD, 2020 WL 95633 , at *3 (N.D. Cal. Jan. 8, 2020) 6 (“it ill suits the United States to suggest that [petitioner] could shorten his detention by giving up 7 [his appeal] rights and abandoning his asylum application.”). Accordingly, the court finds that the 8 first Mathews factor weighs in Diaz’s favor. 9 The second factor addresses the government’s interest. Respondents argue that detention 10 serves the government’s interest in protecting the public from noncitizens who have been 11 convicted of crimes and preventing them from fleeing prior to or during their removal 12 proceedings. MTD/Return 22-23. However, “the governmental issue at stake in [these 13 proceedings] is the ability to detain [Diaz] without providing him with [a] bond hearing, not 14 whether the government may continue to detain him.” Lopez Reyes, 362 F. Supp. 3d at 777 15 (emphasis in original). Respondents do not explain how providing Diaz with a bond hearing after 16 22 months of detention would undermine its interest in enforcing immigration laws and effecting 17 removal. “After all, the purpose of a bond hearing is to inquire whether the [noncitizen] represents 18 a flight risk or danger to the community.” Jimenez, 2020 WL 510347 , at *3 (observing that 19 argument that petitioner’s “continued detention remains constitutional because it serves an 20 immigration purpose: to assure his presence at removal . . . loses sight of what is at stake. 21 [Petitioner] seeks a bond hearing, not unqualified release.”). The court concludes that “[r]equiring 22 the government to provide [Diaz] with a bond hearing does not meaningfully undermine the 23 government’s interest in detaining non-citizens who pose a danger to the community or are a flight 24 risk.” Perera v. Jennings, No. 21-CV-04136-BLF, 2021 WL 2400981 , at *5 (N.D. Cal. June 11, 25 2021). Therefore, this factor is neutral at best. 26 The final factor looks at the value of additional safeguards given the risk of erroneous 27 deprivation of Diaz’s rights. See Soto, 2018 WL 3619727 , at *3; Rajnish v. Jennings, No. 3:201 detention decision was made in June 2021, at a time when Diaz was representing himself. Since 2 that time, Diaz has secured pro bono counsel. He states that he has also obtained the assistance of 3 a social worker, filed a U visa application, and “gathered new and material evidence critical not 4 only to his applications for relief but also as to the circumstances of his sole disqualifying 5 offense.” [Docket No. 14 (Traverse/Opp’n) 25.] This evidence has never been considered and 6 weighed by a neutral decisionmaker evaluating the necessity of Diaz’s ongoing detention. In these 7 circumstances, the value of additional procedural safeguards—i.e., a bond hearing—is high given 8 the risk of an erroneous deprivation of Diaz’s rights. See Rajnish, 2020 WL 7626414 , at *9 9 (holding that “the value added by another hearing is great” where petitioner had been held for nine 10 months since an initial bond hearing that “was unconstitutional and assigned the risk of error to 11 him, not to the government” and there had been “important developments” in the proceedings 12 since then). 13 Having considered and weighed the Mathews factors, the court concludes that Diaz’s 14 continued detention without a bond hearing violates his due process rights under the Fifth 15 Amendment. Due process requires Respondents to provide Diaz with a bond hearing. At the 16 hearing, the government must justify his continued detention by establishing by clear and 17 convincing evidence that he is a flight risk or a danger to the community pursuant to Singh, 638 18 F.3d at 1203. See id. at 1204 (observing that the “Supreme Court has repeatedly reaffirmed the 19 principle that ‘due process places a heightened burden of proof on the State in civil proceedings in 20 which the ‘individual interests at stake . . . are both particularly important and more substantial 21 than mere loss of money.’” (quoting Cooper v. Oklahoma, 517 U.S. 348, 363 (1996)). 22 // 23 // 24 // 25 // 26 // 27 // IV. CONCLUSION For the foregoing reasons, the petition for a writ of habeas corpus under 28 U.S.C. § 2241 [2] is granted. Diaz must be provided with a bond hearing before an immigration judge by 14 days [3] from the date of this order. At that hearing, DHS must establish by clear and convincing evidence [4] that Diaz is a flight risk or a danger to the community in order to continue his detention. 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