Chapman v. San Mateo County

— 1 — — 2 — — 3 — 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA — 6 — 7 MARCEL E. CHAPMAN, Case No. 21-cv-09038-HSG 8 Plaintiff, ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANT’S MOTION FOR SUMMARY 9 v. JUDGMENT 10 SAN MATEO COUNTY, Re: Dkt. No. 26 11 Defendant. — 12 — 13 Plaintiff, an inmate housed at Maple Correctional Facility in Redwood City, California, has 14 filed this pro se action pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983 , alleging that defendant San Mateo County 15 prohibits inmates from receiving handwritten mail in violation of the First Amendment. Dkt. Nos. 16 16, 21. Defendant San Mateo County has filed a motion for summary judgment. Dkt. No. 26. 17 Plaintiff has filed an opposition, Dkt. No. 30, and defendant San Mateo County has filed a reply in 18 support of its summary judgment motion, Dkt. No. 33. For the reasons set forth below, the Court 19 GRANTS defendant San Mateo County’s motion for summary judgment. 20 DISCUSSION 21 I. Factual Background1 22 A. Operative Complaint 23 The operative complaint makes the following relevant allegations. 24 [O]n March 1, 2021, the San Mateo Sheriff County authorities stop[p]ed all inmate incoming mail postal services throughout all San Mateo Sheriffs County Correctional / 25 pretrial holdover facilities to all inmates in custody . . . 26 And as a proximate cause [of inmates trying to smuggle in 13 film strips of Suboxone through the custody mail postal system] the sheriff authorities of San Mateo shut down all — 27 — inmates in custody incoming handwritten mailed letters or any letters received via the 1 postal mail service or the United States Postal Service this immediately effects ones First Amendment rights by not allowing any mail addressed to the facility for any inmate . . . — 2 — The Defendant continued and continues to violate Plaintiff rights to receive incoming mail 3 from the United States Postal Services handwritten letters alleged from Plaintiff family members, friends, children, and other outside related business sources and hereby the 4 Defendants continue to obstruct prevent and return Plaintiff mail received from the United States Postal Services back to the community mails sender there in violation of and to 5 Plaintiffs First Amendment constitutional rights to the United States Constitution. 6 Dkt. No. 16 at 3-4. The Court screened the complaint and found that the operative complaint’s 7 allegation that San Mateo County prohibited inmates from receiving handwritten letters stated a 8 cognizable First Amendment violation. See generally Dkt. No. 21. 9 B. San Mateo County Mail Policies 10 The San Mateo County Sheriff’s Office’s Corrections Division’s Policy and Procedures 11 Manual (“Manual”) sets forth San Mateo County’s policies for sorting and distribution of mail to 12 and from inmates at San Mateo Correctional Facilities. Dkt. No. 26-2 at 6-8 (“Manual). During 13 the relevant time period, the following policies were in effect. 14 Pursuant to the Manual, “Regular Mail”, which is defined as all incoming mail except legal 15 mail, is screened for contraband prior to being delivered to inmates. Manual, Sec. III.A. 16 Individuals often attempt to smuggle illegal items, including narcotics, into correctional facilities 17 by hiding contraband in mail addressed to inmates, sometimes hiding the narcotic beneath glued 18 surfaces, such as an envelope’s seal. Dkt. No. 26-2 at 1-4 (“Robinson Decl.”), ¶ 6. Narcotics are 19 considered contraband and a threat to prison security because an inmate may consume drugs and 20 be under the influence, which presents a health and safety threat; because inmates may purchase 21 drugs and find themselves unable to pay for them, placing them in danger by being in a drug debt 22 to other inmates; and because drugs are illegal. Robinson Decl., ¶ 6. Regular Mail is specifically 23 searched for money orders, pornography, literature that promotes gang activity, violence, hatred or 24 racism, and any materials that could affect the security of the facilities, which includes stamps, 25 envelopes, paperclips, metal fasteners, and any type of adhesive sticker. Manual, Sec. III.A. If 26 Regular Mail is determined to contain contraband, or appears to be related to criminal activity in 27 the jail, or otherwise does not comply with the Manual, the Regular Mail is confiscated, placed in 1 Decl., ¶ 5. The inmate is provided a “Return to Sender” notice that explains why the item was 2 unacceptable. Id. The inmate is not always informed that his or her mail has been confiscated in 3 the property room. Robinson Decl., ¶ 5. There is no policy prohibiting inmates from receiving 4 handwritten mail. Robinson Decl., ¶ 5. 5 In January 2021, San Mateo County adopted a policy under which senders send inmate 6 mail to a P.O. Box, and the incoming mail is scanned and made available to the inmate in 7 electronic format, accessible via a tablet and the Smart Jail Mail app. Dkt. No. 32 at 2. 8 C. Relevant Events 9 On February 3, 2021, while sorting through inmates’ Regular Mail, correctional officer 10 Robinson discovered an envelope addressed to Plaintiff’s cellmate that had wrinkles near the 11 envelope’s seal. Robinson Decl., ¶ 8. Officer Robinson opened the mail and found 13 film strips 12 of Suboxone under the envelope’s seal. Robinson Decl., ¶ 8. Suboxone is a narcotic that contains 13 an opioid. Robinson Decl., ¶ 8. Suboxone is only available by prescription and considered 14 contraband pursuant to the Manual. Robinson Decl., ¶ 8. Officer Robinson observed another 15 manila envelope addressed to Plaintiff that had similar writing as the manila envelope that 16 contained Suboxone. Robinson Decl., ¶ 9. Based on his training and experience, Officer 17 Robinson suspected that this envelope was linked to the envelope containing Suboxone. Robinson 18 Decl., ¶ 9. Officer Robinson opened the envelope to search for contraband but did not find any. 19 Robinson Decl., ¶ 9. Based on his suspicion that the two envelopes were linked, Officer Robinson 20 confiscated both envelopes and placed them in the Property Room as evidence. Robinson Decl., ¶ 21 9. Officer Robinson’s investigation into the two envelopes revealed that they had been sent by the 22 same individual and were part of a scheme to smuggle Suboxone into Maguire Correctional 23 Facility. Robinson Decl., ¶ 10. As a result of Officer Robinson’s investigation into the Suboxone, 24 Plaintiff was found guilty of a major rule violation and was assessed a punishment of fourteen 25 days in C-Side, and is facing criminal charges in San Mateo County Superior Court for attempting 26 to bring a controlled substance into Maguire Correctional Facility. Robinson Decl., ¶ 11. 27 Outside of these two envelopes, Plaintiff has received all his mail after it has been found free of 1 February 3, 2021 discovery of Suboxone. Robinson Decl., ¶ 12. 2 D. San Mateo County Inmate Grievance Procedure 3 Any inmate in the San Mateo County Jail system may file a grievance about any condition 4 of confinement over which the San Mateo Sheriff’s Office has control, including telephone, mail 5 and visiting procedures. Dkt. No. 26-3 (“Guiney Decl.”), ¶ 4. The San Mateo County Jail 6 grievance procedure has three levels of review. At the first level, the inmate may make an 7 informal grievance to the correctional facility’s line staff. If the inmate is dissatisfied by the line 8 staff’s response, he may pursue a second level of review by filing a written grievance to be 9 reviewed by the appropriately assigned supervisor. The supervisor must provide a written 10 response and return the grievance to the inmate. If the inmate is dissatisfied with the supervisor 11 response, the inmate can appeal his grievance to the third and final level of review by sending a 12 written grievance to the San Mateo County Correction Division’s Administrative Lieutenant who 13 forwards the grievance to the appropriate Watch Commander. The Watch Commander provides 14 the inmate with a written response. Guiney Decl., ¶ 5. An inmate must appeal his grievance to the 15 third level of review to complete the San Mateo County Jail’s administrative grievance procedure. 16 Guiney Decl., ¶ 5. 17 E. Plaintiff’s Relevant Grievance 18 Plaintiff has identified Grievance No. 1225908, received by prison authorities on June 6, 19 2021, as the grievance raising the claim in this action. Dkt. No. 16 at 1, 6-7. In Grievance No. 20 1225908, Plaintiff complains that the new mail system, which he was forced to accept, was 21 unlawfully put into place and violates 18 U.S.C. § 1341 and Title 15’s provisions that there is no 22 limitation on the volume of mail an inmate may send or receive and that inmate correspondence 23 may be read with the approval of a facility manager when there is a valid security reason. Id. 24 The grievance does not specify what the new mail system is, but presumably refers to the policy 25 requiring senders to send mail to a P.O. Box for scanning and delivering the mail to inmates in 26 electronic format. 27 A supervisor level (second level) response was issued that same day, informing Plaintiff 1 put into place for safety and security reasons, and would remain in place. Id. Plaintiff did not 2 appeal the second level response. Dkt. No. 16 at 2. 3 In the operative complaint, Plaintiff acknowledges that he did not complete the grievance 4 process and states that he did not do so because he feared that he would suffer retaliation for 5 exercising his grievance process rights. Dkt. No. 16 at 2. However, in his opposition, Plaintiff 6 claims that he appealed his grievance to the third level but never received a response. Dkt. No. 31 7 at 6; Dkt. No. 32 at 3. 8 II. Summary Judgment Motion 9 A. Summary Judgment Motion Legal Standard 10 Summary judgment is proper where the pleadings, discovery and affidavits show there is 11 “no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of 12 law.” See Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a) (2014). Material facts are those that may affect the outcome of the 13 case. See Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986). A dispute as to a material 14 fact is genuine if the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the 15 nonmoving party. See id. 16 A court shall grant summary judgment “against a party who fails to make a showing 17 sufficient to establish the existence of an element essential to that party’s case, and on which that 18 party will bear the burden of proof at trial [,] . . . since a complete failure of proof concerning an 19 essential element of the nonmoving party’s case necessarily renders all other facts immaterial.” 20 See Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317 , 322–23 (1986). The moving party bears the initial 21 burden of identifying those portions of the record that demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue 22 of material fact. Id. The burden then shifts to the nonmoving party to “go beyond the pleadings 23 and by [his] own affidavits, or by the ‘depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on 24 file,’ designate ‘specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.’” See id. at 324 25 (citing Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(e)). 26 The court’s function on a summary judgment motion is not to make credibility 27 determinations or weigh conflicting evidence with respect to a disputed material fact. See T.W. 1 be viewed in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, and inferences to be drawn from the 2 facts must be viewed in a light most favorable to the nonmoving party. See id. at 631. If the 3 evidence produced by the moving party conflicts with evidence produced by the nonmoving party, 4 the court must assume the truth of the evidence submitted by the nonmoving party. See Leslie v. 5 Grupo ICA, 198 F.3d 1152, 1158 (9th Cir. 1999). 6 B. First Amendment Right to Receive Mail 7 Prisoners enjoy a First Amendment right to send and receive mail. See Witherow v. Paff, — 8 — 52 F.3d 264, 265 (9th Cir. 1995) (citing Thornburgh v. Abbott, 490 U.S. 401, 407 (1989)). A 9 prison, however, may adopt regulations or practices which impinge on a prisoner’s First 10 Amendment rights as long as the regulations are “reasonably related to legitimate penological 11 interests.” See Turner v. Safley, 482 U.S. 78, 89 (1987). The Turner standard applies to 12 regulations and practices concerning all correspondence between prisoners and to regulations 13 concerning incoming mail received by prisoners from non-prisoners. See Thornburgh, 490 U.S. at 14 413. The inspection for contraband of non-legal mail does not violate a prisoner’s constitutional 15 rights. See Witherow, 52 F.3d at 265-66 (upholding inspection of outgoing mail). An isolated 16 incident of mail censorship or interference due to prison officials’ “honest error” does not justify 17 relief under Section 1983. See Lingo v. Boone, 402 F. Supp. 768, 773 (N.D. Cal. 1975). 18 C. Discussion 19 The Court GRANTS defendant San Mateo County’s summary judgment motion because it 20 is undisputed that the alleged policy challenged by Plaintiff – prohibiting inmates from receiving 21 handwritten mail – does not exist. 22 In its summary judgment motion, defendant San Mateo County argues that it is entitled to 23 summary judgment because (1) Plaintiff failed to exhaust administrative remedies for this claim, 24 as required by the Prison Litigation Reform Act (“PLRA”); and (2) there is no Monell liability in 25 that Plaintiff has not suffered a constitutional violation because defendant San Mateo County 26 reasonably withheld Plaintiff’s mail on February 3, 2021 due to safety and security concerns and 27 because there is no policy preventing Plaintiff from receiving handwritten mail (or any mail) so 1 In his opposition,2 Plaintiff acknowledges that the Manual does not have a policy 2 preventing inmates from receiving handwritten mail. Dkt. No. 31 at 3. However, Plaintiff now 3 specifies that he is challenging his inability to receive handwritten mail in its original form. Dkt. 4 No. 32 at 2. Specifically, Plaintiff challenges the jail policy under which all incoming mail, 5 outside of legal mail and facility-approved newspapers, magazines and books, must be sent to the 6 Smart Communications P.O. Box, where it is scanned and then made available to inmates on a 7 tablet via “Smart Jail Mail.” Dkt. No. 32 at 2, Dkt. No. 31-2 at 2. Any mail sent directly to a San 8 Mateo County jail facility, instead of the Smart Communications P.O. Box, is returned to the 9 sender. Id. Plaintiff states that he was forced to accept the conditions of the Smart Jail Mail app 10 in order to receive his mail via Smart Jail Mail and that he objects to receiving his mail via a third 11 party on a tablet. Dkt. No. 32 at 2. With respect to the exhaustion argument, Plaintiff states that 12 he appealed the second level denial of his grievance on June 7, 2021, but has never received a 13 response. Dkt. No. 31 at 6; Dkt No. 32 at 3. 14 The policy challenged in Plaintiff’s opposition is distinct from the policy challenged in the 15 operative complaint. The operative complaint alleged that San Mateo County prohibited inmates 16 from receiving handwritten mail, and the Court found that this claim stated a cognizable claim for 17 violation of inmates’ First Amendment right to receive mail. See Dkt. Nos. 16, 21. The operative 18 complaint did not specify that Plaintiff was challenging a jail policy that prevents inmates from 19 receiving handwritten mail in its original format and instead provides inmates with a scanned copy 20 of the handwritten mail. See generally Dkt. No. 16. The claim raised in the opposition is — 21 — 2 In support of his opposition, Plaintiff has attached a declaration from fellow inmate Anthony — 22 — Webb in which Mr. Webb alleges that he has been deprived of “community handwritten mail” from his immediate family members, children, friends, and other business sources; deprived of — 23 — mail from his insurance adjuster life insurance company; deprived of religious materials, including bibles; business resources, including his college courses; and deprived of community vendor — 24 — services. Dkt. No. 30. Mr. Webb’s declaration does not address the key issue – whether defendant San Mateo County has a policy, formal or informal, that completely prevent inmates — 25 — from receiving handwritten mail. The fact that Mr. Webb did notto receive his mail does not prove that there is an informal policy preventing all inmates from receiving handwritten mail in all — 26 — formats. To the extent that inmate Webb is alleging that he has been denied his First Amendment right to receive mail, Mr. Webb must bring his own action. Plaintiff lacks standing to bring suit — 27 — for constitutional violations allegedly suffered by Mr. Webb. See Powers v. Ohio, 499 U.S. 400 , 1 therefore different from the claim raised in the operative complaint and found cognizable by the 2 Court. It is undisputed that inmates housed in San Mateo County correctional facilities are able to 3 receive handwritten mail, albeit in an electronic format. Accordingly, San Mateo County has not 4 violated Plaintiff’s First Amendment right to receive mail. Plaintiff’s claim fails as a matter of 5 law. Because Plaintiff’s claim fails on the merits, the Court declines to address whether Plaintiff 6 has complied with the Prison Litigation Reform Act’s exhaustion requirement. The Court 7 GRANTS summary judgment in favor of defendant San Mateo County with respect to the claim 8 that San Mateo County has denied Plaintiff the right to receive mail. 9 However, because Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a) provides that leave to amend should be freely 10 given and because amendments pursuant to Rule 15(a) may be made at any stage of the litigation, 11 the Court exercises its discretion and GRANTS Plaintiff leave to amend his complaint to 12 challenge San Mateo County’s policy of requiring inmates to receive their handwritten mail in 13 electronic format, if he wishes to pursue this claim. See Nguyen v. United States, 792 F.2d 1500 , 14 1503 (9th Cir. 1986) (finding that granting leave to amend after summary judgment is within 15 discretion of district court). 16 CONCLUSION 17 For the reasons set forth above, the Court GRANTS Defendants’ motion for summary 18 judgment. Dkt. No. 26. The Court GRANTS Plaintiff leave to amend his complaint to challenge 19 San Mateo County’s policy of to receive their handwritten mail in electronic format. If Plaintiff 20 wishes to pursue this claim, within twenty-eight (28) days of the date of this order, Plaintiff shall 21 an amended complaint raising this claim. The amended complaint must include the caption and 22 civil case number used in this order, Case No. C 21-09038 HSG (PR) and the words “AMENDED 23 COMPLAINT” on the first page. If using the court form complaint, Plaintiff must answer all the 24 questions on the form in order for the action to proceed. An amended complaint completely 25 replaces the previous complaints. See Lacey v. Maricopa Cnty., 693 F.3d 896, 925 (9th Cir. 26 2012). Failure to file an amended complaint in accordance with this order in the time provided 27 will result in dismissal of this action without further notice to Plaintiff. The Clerk shall include 1 This order terminates Dkt. No. 26. 2 IT IS SO ORDERED. 3 Dated: 6/22/2023 □□□ S. GILLIAM, JR. / 5 United States District Judge — 6 — — 7 — — 8 — — 9 — — 10 — — 11 — a 12 — 13 — — 14 — — 15 — — 16 — = 17 Z 18 — 19 — — 20 — — 21 — — 22 — — 23 — — 24 — — 25 — — 26 — — 27 — — 28 —