Nguyen v. Eaton

[7] 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA [10] HUNG NGUYEN, 11 Case No. 22-cv-02656 BLF (PR) Petitioner, 12 ORDER GRANTING MOTION TO v. DISMISS; DENYING CERTIFICATE 13 OF APPEALABILITY 14 PATRICK EATON, Warden, 15 Respondent. 16 (Docket No. 14) [17] 18 Petitioner, a state prisoner proceeding pro se, filed a petition for a writ of habeas 19 corpus pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254 challenging his state sentence as violating due 20 process. Dkt. No. 1. Respondent filed a motion to dismiss the petition on the grounds that 21 the sole claim raised therein is not cognizable on federal habeas. Dkt. No. 14. Petitioner 22 filed an opposition, Dkt. No. 15, and Respondent filed a reply, Dkt. No. 16. For the 23 reasons set forth below, the motion to dismiss is GRANTED. [24] I. BACKGROUND [25] 26 In Contra Costa County Superior Court, a jury found Petitioner guilty of first degree 27 murder, conspiracy to commit murder, shooting a firearm from a motor vehicle, conspiracy 1 motor vehicle. Dkt. No. 14 at 10 (Ex. 1)1. The convictions were based on two gang2 related drive-by shootings, one of them fatal. Id. The jury also found that the murder, 3 conspiracy, and shooting from a motor vehicle offenses were committed to benefit a street 4 gang; that a principal in those offenses used a firearm resulting in the death of the victim; 5 and that Petitioner intentionally used a firearm when shooting at an occupied vehicle. Id. 6 The trial court sentenced Petitioner to 73 years to life in state prison. Id. 7 On September 5, 2013, the California Court of Appeal struck the firearm 8 enhancement imposed for shooting at an occupied vehicle, remanded the matter to the trial 9 court for resentencing, and affirmed the judgment in all other respects on direct appeal. Id. 10 at 26. On December 11, 2013, the California Supreme Court denied a petition for review. [11] Id. at 28 (Ex. 2). 12 On March 30, 2016, the California Court of Appeal denied a habeas petition filed 13 by Petitioner. Id. at 30 (Ex. 3). On June 15, 2016, the California Supreme Court denied a 14 petition for review. Id. at 32 (Ex. 4). 15 In 2019, California Senate Bill 1437 amended the state’s felony murder rule and 16 natural and probable consequences doctrine as it relates to murder in order “‘to ensure that 17 murder liability is not imposed on a person who is not the actual killer, did not act with the 18 intent to kill, or was not a major participant in the underlying felony who acted with 19 reckless indifference to human life.’” People v. Martinez, 31 Cal.App.5th 719, 723 , 242 20 Cal.Rptr.3d 860 (2019); see also Dkt. No. 1 at 16-17. In addition to amending California 21 Penal Codes §§ 188 and 189, Senate Bill 1437 added Penal Code § 1170.95 which 22 provides a procedure for those people who were previously convicted of felony murder or 23 murder under a natural and probable consequences theory to seek retroactive relief under 24 the amended statutes. Id.; see also Dkt. No. 1 at 18. 25 On January 2, 2019, Petitioner filed a resentencing petition pursuant to California 26 Penal Code § 1170.95, in Contra Costa County Superior Court. Dkt. No. 1 at 15. On July [27] 1 17, 2019, the state court concluded that Petitioner was ineligible for resentencing as a 2 matter of state law. Id. at 21. The court concluded that Petitioner did not meet the 3 requirements of the statute for resentencing because he was convicted under an aiding and 4 abetting theory rather than a felony murder or natural and probable consequences theory, 5 id. at 22, and his murder conviction was valid under the amended law because there was 6 evidence that he had an intent to kill when he aided and abetted and conspired with the 7 actual killer to commit the murder, id. at 23. On June 3, 2020, the California Court of 8 Appeal affirmed the superior court’s order denying the resentencing petition on direct 9 appeal. Dkt. No. 14, Ex. 5. Petitioner did not file a petition for review. 10 On October 20, 2020,2 Petitioner filed a petition for writ of habeas corpus in the 11 California Supreme Court, alleging that the denial of his resentencing petition denied him 12 due process. Id. The state high court summarily denied the petition on January 13, 2021. 13 Id., Ex. 6. 14 On June 28, 2021,3 Petitioner filed a second resentencing petition pursuant to 15 California Penal Code § 1170.95 in the Contra Costa County Superior Court, alleging that 16 a change in state law had occurred entitling him to file a second resentencing petition. Id., 17 Ex. 7. On September 9, 2021, the state appellate court found there was no change in the 18 law and denied the petition as successive. Id. 19 On October 20, 2021,4 Petitioner filed a second petition for writ of habeas corpus in 20 the California Supreme Court, challenging the superior court’s denial of his second 21 resentencing petition as successive. Id., Ex. 7. The state high court summarily denied the 22 petition on February 23, 2022. Dkt. No. 1 at 28. 23 On April 26, 2022, Petitioner filed the instant federal habeas action, challenging the [25] 2 Applying the mailbox rule, Respondent uses the date Petitioner signed the petition, although it was not filed until October 29, 2020. Dkt. No. 14 at 3, citing id., Ex. 5. [26] 3 For this petition, the court filing date is indicated as there is no proof of the date of mailing. Dkt. No. 14 at 3, fn. 4. [27] 4 For this date, Respondent uses the date the petition was signed rather than the court filing 1 denial of his resentencing petition. Dkt. No. 1 at 5. On August 4, 2022, the Court issued 2 an order to show cause. Dkt. No. 9. [3] 4 II. DISCUSSION 5 A. Legal Claim and Analysis 6 Respondent asserts that the petition should be dismissed for failing to raise a 7 cognizable claim. Dkt. No. 14 at 4. Respondent asserts that habeas relief does not lie for 8 errors of state law, and that Petitioner’s claim is essentially that a state court misapplied its 9 own state sentencing laws, which is not cognizable on federal habeas. Id. Respondent also 10 asserts that Petitioner’s effort to turn a state law claim into a federal law claim by asserting 11 a due process violation should be rejected. Id. at 4-5. Respondent also asserts that 12 Petitioner’s attempt to attack the state court decision as arbitrary or fundamentally unfair is 13 lacking any reasoned analysis and is again essentially alleging an error in the interpretation 14 and application of state law. Id. at 5-6. Lastly, Respondent asserts that there was no due 15 process violation. Id. at 6. 16 In opposition, Petitioner challenges the rulings made by the superior court as 17 “clearly arbitrary and capricious,” violating his right to due process under the Fourteenth 18 Amendment. Dkt. No. 15 at 2. Petitioner asserts that the superior court “embellishe[d]” 19 his trial record and added exaggerations to decide that Petitioner was not entitled to be 20 resentenced. Id. at 3. Petitioner asserts that the state judge should have recused herself, 21 but instead proceeded to “engage[] in supposition to support her finding that [Petitioner] 22 was a gang member, and therefore MUST HAVE aided and abetted the murder” although 23 there was no evidence at trial to support that finding. Id. at 4-5 (original emphasis). In 24 reply, Respondent asserts that Petitioner’s opposition is non-responsive and merely repeats 25 the merits of his claim under state law. Dkt. No. 16 at 1. Respondent asserts that the very 26 fact that Petitioner repeats the state law bases for his claim confirms their assertion that 27 Petitioner raises only state-law challenges in his federal petition. Id. 1 Having reviewed the papers in this matter, the Court concludes that the sole claim 2 in the instant petition fails to state a cognizable federal claim. The Supreme Court has 3 repeatedly held that federal habeas writ is unavailable for violations of state law or for 4 alleged error in the interpretation or application of state law. See Swarthout v. Cooke, 562 5 U.S. 216 , 219 (2011); Estelle v. McGuire, 502 U.S. 62, 67-68 (1991). Petitioner’s 6 challenge to the state court’s denial of his resentencing petition under Penal Code § 7 1170.95 only involves the interpretation and application of state sentencing laws and does 8 not give rise to a federal question cognizable on federal habeas review. See Christian v. 9 Rhode, 41 F.3d 461, 469 (9th Cir. 1994) (“Absent a showing of fundamental unfairness, a 10 state court’s misapplication of its own sentencing laws does not justify federal habeas 11 relief.”). The fact that Petitioner attempts to characterize his claim as a violation of his 12 federal constitutional right to due process, without more, is not sufficient. See Langford v. 13 Day, 110 F.3d 1380, 1389 (9th Cir. 1996) (litigant cannot “transform a state-law issue into 14 a federal one merely by asserting a violation of due process”). A federal court can disturb 15 on due process grounds a state court's procedural or evidentiary ruling only if the ruling 16 was arbitrary or so prejudicial that it rendered the trial fundamentally unfair. See Walters 17 v. Maass, 45 F.3d 1355, 1357 (9th Cir. 1995) 18 This Court is bound by a state court’s interpretation of state law in habeas corpus, 19 including one announced on direct appeal of the challenged conviction. See Bradshaw v. 20 Richey, 546 U.S. 74, 76 (2005); Hicks v. Feiock, 485 U.S. 624, 629 (1988). On direct 21 appeal, the state appellate court found there was sufficient evidence to establish that 22 Petitioner was a member of a street gang, the killing was done to benefit the gang, and that 23 Petitioner was part of the conspiracy to commit the murder in a drive-by shooting. Dkt. 24 No. 14 at 11-15. When Petitioner filed a petition for resentencing under Penal Code § 25 1170.95, the trial court denied the petition because he was not entitled to relief, not having 26 been convicted of felony murder or murder under a natural and probable consequences 27 theory. Id. at 49. Rather, Petitioner was convicted based on the findings that the murder 1 committed by shooting a firearm from a motor vehicle.” Id. The state court further found 2 that there was evidence “that a reasonable trier of fact could find that [Petitioner], with the 3 intent to kill, aided and abetted the actual killer in committing the murder…” and that 4 Petitioner “conspired to commit the murder, and that the ‘jury’s guilty verdict on that 5 count supports this conclusion.’” Id. When Petitioner appealed this decision, the state 6 appellate court found no arguable issues for reversal on appeal. Id. at 50. Petitioner’s 7 petition based on a change in law was denied as successive, and because he failed to 8 demonstrate any facts or arguments to overcome the state court’s previous holdings. Id. at 9 79. Based on this record, Petitioner has failed to establish that the state courts’ rejection of 10 his resentencing claim was arbitrary and capricious. 11 The state courts clearly found that Petitioner was not entitled to resentencing under 12 Penal Code § 1170.95. But even if the state courts misapplied Penal Code § 1170.95 to 13 deny relief, Petitioner does not present a federal habeas claim. Other district courts have 14 reached the same conclusion and found that a state court’s alleged misapplication of Penal Code § 1170.95 does not present a federal habeas claim. See, e.g., Harris v. Cisneros, [15] 2022 WL 1082015 , at *3 (N.D. Cal. 2022) (dismissing section 1170.95 claim because [16] petitioner could not show state court’s decision was arbitrary and capricious); Gomez v. [17] Godwin, 2021 WL 871984 , at *1-2 (C.D. Cal. 2021) (same); Blacher v. Pollard, 2020 WL 18 8484690, at *3 (N.D. Cal. 2020) (same); see also McCavitt v. Covello, 2022 WL 17813204 [19] at *2-3 (recommending dismissal of section 1170.95 claim in part because petitioner could [20] not show the state court’s decision was arbitrary and capricious, citing Blacher). [21] Accordingly, the petition must be dismissed. [23] III. CONCLUSION [24] For the foregoing reasons, Respondent’s motion to dismiss the petition is [25] GRANTED. Dkt. No. 14. The instant petition for a writ of habeas corpus is [26] DISMISSED for failure to state a cognizable claim. [27] l No certificate of appealability is warranted in this case. See Rule 11(a) of the Rules 2 Governing § 2254 Cases, 28 U.S.C. foll. § 2254 (requiring district court to rule on 3 certificate of appealability in same order that denies petition). Petitioner has not shown 4 “that jurists of reason would find it debatable whether the petition states a valid claim of 5 the denial of a constitutional right and that jurists of reason would find it debatable 6 whether the district court was correct in its procedural ruling.” Slack v. McDaniel, 529 7 U.S. 473 , 484 (2000). g This order terminates Docket No. 14. 9 IT IS SO ORDERED. 10 |] Dated: August 16, 2023 fawnihacicen _ BETH LABSON FREEMAN 11 United States District Judge [15] a 16 [17] © [24] 25 Order Granting Motion to Dismiss; Denying COA P:\PRO-SE\BLF\HC.22\02656Nguyen_grant.mtd(non-cog) [28] -y