Cross v. RLI Insurance Company

[3] 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA [6] 7 ORESTES CROSS, et al., Case No. 23-cv-04427-AMO 8 Plaintiffs, ORDER GRANTING MOTION TO 9 v. DISMISS WITHOUT LEAVE TO AMEND 10 RLI INSURANCE COMPANY, Re: Dkt. No. 9 Defendant. [12] 13 Before the Court is Defendant RLI Insurance Company’s motion to dismiss. Plaintiffs 14 Orestes Cross and Veronica O’Neill oppose the motion. Having considered the parties’ papers, 15 the relevant legal authority, and the arguments advanced by counsel during the hearing held on 16 February 1, 2024, the Court GRANTS the motion WITHOUT LEAVE TO AMEND, for the 17 reasons set forth below. 18 I. BACKGROUND 19 A. Factual Background1 20 This insurance coverage dispute arises from RLI’s alleged failure to provide Plaintiffs 21 underinsured motorist coverage in connection with a 2017 car accident. 22 On December 2, 2017, Cross was driving with his wife, O’Neill, and their two minor 23 children. ECF 1 at 6-14 (Compl.) ¶ 12. Parham Adib, driving a vehicle owned by his father, 24 Mohammadreza Adib, ran a red light and “T-boned” Plaintiffs’ vehicle. Id. Plaintiffs were 25 severely injured. Id. [26] 27 1 The factual background is based on the allegations in Plaintiffs’ complaint, which the Court 1 Plaintiffs sued Parham and his father in state court (the “Underlying Matter”). Id. ¶ 14. 2 The Adibs were covered for the accident under a State Farm liability insurance policy (the “State 3 Farm Policy”). Id. ¶ 15. The State Farm Policy provides bodily injury liability coverage of up to 4 $1,000,000 per person and $1,000,000 per accident. ECF 10-2 (State Farm Policy) at 3. Although 5 Plaintiffs’ damages exceeded the coverage limits under the State Farm Policy, the parties settled 6 the Underlying Matter for an undisclosed amount. Compl. ¶¶ 16-17. 7 In addition to the Adibs’ State Farm Policy, two of Plaintiffs’ insurance policies were in 8 effect on the date of the accident.2 Id. ¶¶ 6-11. The first policy was Plaintiffs’ auto insurance 9 policy, issued by United Financial Casualty Company, which is part of the Progressive Group of 10 Insurance Companies. Id. ¶ 6. This policy provides uninsured/underinsured motorist coverage for 11 bodily injury in the amount of $250,000 per person and $500,000 per accident. ECF 10-3 12 (Progressive Policy) at 3. The relevant insuring agreement provides: 13 If you pay the premium for this coverage, we will pay for damages that an insured person is legally entitled to recover from the owner 14 or operator of an uninsured motor vehicle or underinsured motor vehicle because of bodily injury: 15 1. sustained by an insured person; 2. caused by an accident; and 16 3. arising out of the ownership, maintenance or use of an uninsured motor vehicle or underinsured motor vehicle. [17] 18 We will pay for damages an insured person is entitled to recover from the owner or operator of an underinsured motor vehicle only 19 after the limits of liability under all applicable bodily injury liability bonds and policies have been exhausted by payment of judgments or 20 settlements. 21 Progressive Policy at 18 (emphasis in original). The Progressive Policy defines an “underinsured 22 motor vehicle” as: 23 [A] land motor vehicle or trailer to which a bodily injury liability bond, policy, cash deposit, or self-insurance certificate applies at the [25] 2 Because Plaintiffs reference all three policies in the complaint, the Court takes judicial notice of the policy documents under the incorporation by reference doctrine. See Knievel v. ESPN, 393 26 F.3d 1068, 1076-77 (9th Cir. 2005) (holding that incorporation by reference doctrine extends “to situations in which the plaintiff’s claim depends on the contents of a document, the defendant [27] attaches the document to its motion to dismiss, and the parties do not dispute the authenticity of time of the accident, but the sum of all such bonds, policies, deposits 1 or self-insurance is less than the coverage limit for Uninsured/Underinsured Motorist Coverage shown on the 2 declarations page. 3 Progressive Policy at 19 (emphasis in original). 4 The second policy in place at the time of the accident was Plaintiffs’ personal liability 5 policy, issued by RLI. Id. ¶ 9. This “RLI Policy” provides uninsured/underinsured motorist 6 coverage through an “Excess Uninsured/Underinsured Motorist Endorsement.” ECF 10-1 (RLI 7 Policy) at 3, 15-16. The endorsement provides, in pertinent part: 8 Excess Uninsured/Underinsured Motorist Coverage. 9 We will pay those sums which you or your Relative is legally entitled to recover as damages from an uninsured or underinsured 10 motorist because of Bodily Injury to which this insurance applies, caused by an Accident and in excess of all Underlying Insurance 11 up to and not to exceed the Excess Uninsured/Underinsured Motorists Limit of Coverage shown on the Declarations. We will 12 pay only in excess of the Uninsured/Underinsured Motorist Coverage required to be maintained under the Required Basic 13 Policies as set forth in the Declarations. This coverage, except where provisions to the contrary appear in this policy including all 14 endorsements, is subject to all the conditions, agreements, definitions, exclusions and limitations of, and shall follow the 15 Required Basic Uninsured/Underinsured Motorist policy in all respects. [16] This insurance applies only if: [17] a. The policy limits of any and all Underlying Insurance have 18 been exhausted by payment of judgments or settlements. 19 b. You and your Relatives maintain Uninsured Motorist Coverage and Underinsured Motorist Coverage at limits equal to or 20 greater than the Minimum Limits of Coverage as shown in the Required Basic Policies section of the Declarations for such 21 coverages. Failure to maintain the applicable Minimum Limit of Coverage as shown in the Required Basic Policies section of 22 the Declarations for Uninsured/Underinsured Motorists eliminates coverage under this Excess Uninsured/Underinsured 23 Motorist Coverage. 24 RLI Policy at 15. The endorsement defines “Underlying Insurance” as “the Required Basic 25 Uninsured/Underinsured Policy as shown in the Declarations and any other applicable 26 liability, uninsured and/or underinsured motorist coverage, and any bond.” RLI Policy at 16. 27 The required policy was to provide minimum uninsured/underinsured motorist coverage of 1 B. Procedural Background 2 After RLI denied Plaintiffs’ claim for underinsured motorist coverage, on July 19, 2023, 3 Plaintiffs filed their complaint against RLI in Contra Costa Superior Court. ECF 1 at 6-14. They 4 assert claims for (1) declaratory relief, (2) breach of contract, and (3) breach of the covenant of 5 good faith and fair dealing. Id. ¶¶ 20-22, ¶¶ 23-27, ¶¶ 28-34. Among other relief, Plaintiffs seek a 6 judicial determination that they are entitled to underinsured motorist coverage under the RLI 7 Policy. Id. at 13. 8 RLI removed the action to this Court on August 28, 2023. ECF 1 at 1-4 (Notice of 9 Removal). It then moved to dismiss the complaint on September 1, 2023. ECF 9 (Mot.). 10 Plaintiffs filed their opposition to the motion on November 3, 2023. ECF 20 (Opp.). RLI’s reply 11 followed on November 17, 2023. ECF 21 (Reply). The Court held a hearing on the motion on 12 February 1, 2024. ECF 23. 13 II. LEGAL STANDARDS 14 A. Motion to Dismiss 15 A motion to dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) tests the legal 16 sufficiency of the claims alleged in the complaint. Ileto v. Glock, 349 F.3d 1191 , 1199-1200 (9th 17 Cir. 2003). Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8 requires a complaint to include “a short and plain 18 statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2). A 19 complaint that fails to meet this standard may be dismissed pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6). 20 To overcome a motion to dismiss brought under Rule 12(b)(6), the factual allegations in 21 the plaintiff’s complaint “‘must . . . suggest that the claim has at least a plausible chance of 22 success.’” Levitt v. Yelp! Inc., 765 F.3d 1123, 1135 (9th Cir. 2014) (quoting In re Century 23 Aluminum Co. Sec. Litig., 729 F.3d 1104, 1107 (9th Cir. 2013) (alterations in original)). In ruling 24 on the motion, courts “accept factual allegations in the complaint as true and construe the 25 pleadings in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party.” Manzarek, 519 F.3d at 1031. 26 “[A]llegations in a complaint . . . may not simply recite the elements of a cause of action 27 [and] must contain sufficient allegations of underlying facts to give fair notice and to enable the 1 F.3d 1202 , 1216 (9th Cir. 2011)). The court may dismiss a claim “where there is either a lack of a 2 cognizable legal theory or the absence of sufficient facts alleged under a cognizable legal claim.” 3 Hinds Invs., L.P. v. Angioli, 654 F.3d 846, 850 (9th Cir. 2011) (citing Johnson v. Riverside 4 Healthcare Sys., LP, 534 F.3d 1116, 1121 (9th Cir. 2008)). “[T]he non-conclusory ‘factual 5 content’ and reasonable inferences from that content must be plausibly suggestive of a claim 6 entitling the plaintiff to relief.” Moss v. U.S. Secret Service, 572 F.3d 962, 969 (9th Cir. 2009). 7 When deciding whether to grant a motion to dismiss, the court generally “may not consider 8 any material beyond the pleadings.” Hal Roach Studios, Inc. v. Richard Feiner & Co., 896 F.2d 9 1542 , 1555 n.19 (9th Cir. 1990). However, the court may consider material submitted as part of 10 the complaint or relied upon in the complaint and may also consider material subject to judicial 11 notice. See Lee v. City of Los Angeles, 250 F.3d 668, 688-89 (9th Cir. 2001). 12 B. Insurance Contract Interpretation 13 Although “insurance contracts have special features, they are still contracts to which the 14 ordinary rules of contractual interpretation apply.” Yahoo Inc. v. Nat’l Union Fire Ins. Co. of 15 Pittsburgh, PA, 14 Cal. 5th 58 , 67 (Cal. 2022) (internal quotations and citation omitted). “The 16 fundamental rules of contract interpretation are based on the premise that the interpretation of a 17 contract must give effect to the mutual intention of the parties . . . at the time the contract is 18 formed.” E.M.M.I. Inc. v. Zurich American Ins. Co., 32 Cal. 4th 465, 470 (2004) (internal 19 quotations and citations omitted). “Such intent is to be inferred, if possible, solely from the 20 written provisions of the contract.” Id. “The clear and explicit meaning of these provisions, 21 interpreted in their ordinary and popular sense, unless used by the parties in a technical sense or a 22 special meaning is given to them by usage, controls judicial interpretation.” Bay Cities Paving 23 and Grading Inc. v. Lawyers’ Mutual Ins. Co., 5 Cal. 4th 854, 867 (1993) (internal quotations and 24 citations omitted). However, “[i]f the terms are ambiguous [i.e., susceptible of more than one 25 reasonable interpretation], we interpret them to protect the objectively reasonable expectations of 26 the insured.” Yahoo, 14 Cal. 5th at 67 (internal quotations and citations omitted; modifications in 27 original). “When coverage is in dispute, the initial burden is on the insured . . . to prove that its 1 III. DISCUSSION 2 RLI seeks dismissal of all three claims in Plaintiffs’ complaint on two grounds. Mot. at 3 13-15. First, RLI contends that the Adibs’ vehicle was not an underinsured motor vehicle within 4 the plain meaning of the RLI Policy. Id. at 13-14. Second, RLI contends that Plaintiffs did not 5 exhaust the limits of all Underlying Insurance, which is an express condition for coverage under 6 the RLI Policy. Id. at 14-15. The Court addresses RLI’s first argument below. It does not reach 7 RLI’s second argument because the lack of an underinsured motor vehicle is an independently 8 sufficient basis to dismiss Plaintiffs’ complaint without leave to amend. 9 A. Whether the Adibs’ vehicle was an underinsured motor vehicle. 10 1. Whether the RLI Policy incorporates the definition of “underinsured motorist” from the Progressive Policy. [11] 12 Before turning to the core issue—whether the Adibs’ vehicle was an underinsured motor 13 vehicle within the meaning of the RLI Policy—the Court must first resolve the parties’ dispute 14 about the applicable definition of “underinsured motor vehicle.” 15 RLI contends that its Policy borrows the definition of “underinsured motor vehicle” from 16 the Progressive Policy. Mot. at 13; Reply at 11-12. In support, it points to the following language 17 in the RLI Policy: “This coverage, except where provisions to the contrary appear in this policy 18 including all endorsements, is subject to all the conditions, agreements, definitions, exclusions and 19 limitations of, and shall follow the Required Basic Uninsured/Underinsured Motorist policy in all 20 respects.” Reply at 12, see also Progressive Policy at 15. 21 This clear and explicit language supports RLI’s reading of the RLI Policy. Indeed, during 22 oral argument, Plaintiffs conceded that the RLI Policy contains no stand-alone definition of the 23 term “underinsured motor vehicle.” Plaintiffs also conceded that the RLI Policy is a “follow form 24 policy.” These concessions confirm the only reading of the RLI Policy supported by its clear and 25 unambiguous language. That is, that the RLI Policy is subject to the “conditions, agreements, 26 definitions, exclusions and limitations” and “follow[s] the Required Basic 27 Uninsured/Underinsured Motorist [i.e., the Progressive Policy] in all respects.” See Komorsky v. 1 same terms and conditions as the underlying primary policy[, and] . . . generally will contain the 2 same basic provisions as the underlying policy, with the exception of those provisions that are 3 inconsistent with the excess policy.”); Haering v. Topa Ins. Co., 244 Cal. App. 4th 725 , 734 4 (2016) (“A following form excess policy has the same terms and conditions as the underlying 5 primary policy.”). See also Hon. H. Walter Croskey (Ret.), et al., California Practice Guide: 6 Insurance Litigation Ch. 1-C ¶ 1:43 (The Rutter Group 2023) (“An excess or umbrella policy may 7 contain its own insuring agreement, exclusions and conditions; or, alternatively, it may ‘follow the 8 form’ of the underlying policy by incorporating by reference some or all of the insuring 9 agreement, exclusions or conditions contained in that policy (e.g., an underlying primary, umbrella 10 or excess policy).”) (emphasis in original). Any other reading, including the one Plaintiffs urge 11 here, would require the Court to ignore a key provision of the RLI Policy, even though it is 12 harmonious with the rest of the policy’s terms. That result is inconsistent with California law. See 13 AIU Ins. Co. v. Superior Ct., 51 Cal. 3d 807, 827 (1990) (reaffirming the fundamental rule that 14 one cannot read a policy in such a way that would render some of its words meaningless). 15 Accordingly, the RLI Policy incorporates the Progressive Policy’s definition of 16 “underinsured motor vehicle,” which reads: 17 [A] land motor vehicle or trailer to which a bodily injury liability bond, policy, cash deposit, or self-insurance certificate applies at the 18 time of the accident, but the sum of all such bonds, policies, deposits or self-insurance is less than the coverage limit for 19 Uninsured/Underinsured Motorist Coverage shown on the declarations page.[3] [20] 21 Progressive Policy at 19 (emphasis in original). Applying that definition, the Court now turns to 22 whether the Adibs’ vehicle meets it. 23 2. Whether the Adibs’ liability policy limits were less than Plaintiffs’ underinsured policy limits. [24] 25 Determining whether a vehicle is underinsured “is done by simply comparing the limits” of 26 the tortfeasor’s policy with those of the injured party. Explorer Ins. Co. v. Gonzalez, 164 Cal. 27 1 App. 4th 1258, 1264 (2008) (citation omitted). “If the liability limit of the tortfeasor’s policy is 2 || not an amount less than the uninsured/underinsured motorist limits of the injured person’s policy, 3 || that ends the inquiry, and the injured person’s uninsured/underinsured coverage is not triggered.” 4 || Id. Courts have thus repeatedly held that underinsured motor benefits are not triggered when an 5 injured party’s underinsured motorist coverage limits equal or exceed the liability limits of the 6 tortfeasor’s policy. See, e.g., Elwood v. Aid Ins. Co., 880 F.2d 204, 207 (9th Cir. 1989) 7 (underinsured motorist coverage was never triggered because the tortfeasor’s policy limits equaled 8 || the plaintiffs’ underinsured motorist coverage limits); Schwieterman vy. Mercury Cas. Co., 229 9 || Cal. App. 3d 1044, 1045-46 (1991) (affirming summary judgment in favor of the insurer where 10 || the plaintiff sought underinsured motorist coverage though his uninsured motorist benefits were 11 the same as the tortfeasor’s liability limits); State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Messinger, 232 Cal. 12 || App. 3d 508, 514 (1991) (same). 5 13 That is the case here, and the Court rejects Plaintiffs’ arguments to the contrary. The 14 || Adibs’ State Farm Policy provided for $1 million in liability coverage. See State Farm Policy at 3. 3 15 || Plaintiffs’ Progressive Policy offered $500,000 in underinsured motorist coverage per accident. a 16 || See Progressive Policy at 3. In line with the weight of authority cited above, the Adibs’ vehicle 3 17 was not underinsured and consequently, no underinsured motorist coverage is triggered. 18 || Accordingly, dismissal is appropriate because Plaintiffs cannot allege that the Adibs’ vehicle is an 19 || underinsured motor vehicle within the plain meaning of the RLI Policy. 20 || IV. CONCLUSION 71 For the reasons set forth above, the Court GRANTS RLI’s motion to dismiss. During oral 22 || argument, Plaintiffs conceded that further amendment would be futile on the purely legal question 323 || resolved by this order. Accordingly, the dismissal is WITHOUT LEAVE TO AMEND. The 24 || Clerk shall enter judgment consistent with this order and close the file in this matter. 25 IT IS SO ORDERED. 26 || Dated: February 14, 2024 ) ol Mod - □ [27] ARACELI MARTINEZ-OLGUIN 28 United States District Judge